2 The Impact of Russian Advances into Central Asia on Kazakh-Russian Relations

The One Belt One Road (OBOR) initiative is implemented to improve the linkage between China and its neighboring countries in terms of economic ties, connectivity, partnership, and security cooperation. The crucial challenge encountered in OBOR initiative is the different gauge standards from different countries in the development of railway along the Silk Road. Another issue arose from the regulation of education sector in the aspect of quality, cost, and efficiency. To the best of our knowledge, there is still lack of study on the transportation infrastructure and education towards the GDP in the selected Asian countries, especially for Central Asia. Therefore, this study aims to examine the impact of OBOR initiative and its importance towards economic growth by further investigating the determinants such as transportation infrastructure, education, labor, trade, and inflation rate. This study employs panel data analysis using the annual data from the period of 2000–2015. The selected Asian countries are divided into three regions, namely Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz Republic, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan), ASEAN (Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia), and East Asia (China, Mongolia). Besides, we use fixed effect model (FEM) to obtain the results based on the support of Hausman test and Poolability F-test. The findings reveal that transportation infrastructure possess a positive effect on GDP. Surprisingly, education is negatively related to GDP. With this, policy makers are suggested to encourage OBOR countries to expand and upgrade their system in terms of transportation infrastructure, human capital, culture, and education. In future studies, the advanced model is recommended to investigate the pre- and post-efficiency of OBOR initiative.

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The Era of Inter-Mongol Warfare

The Mongols and the Islamic World ◽

10.12987/yale/9780300125337.003.0008 ◽

2017 ◽

Author(s):

Peter Jackson

Keyword(s):

Central Asia ◽

Urban Economy ◽

Islamic World ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

This chapter examines the conflicts among the Mongol successor-states that developed after 1260, along with the turbulent activities of nomads within such states and the measures of reconstruction that the various Mongol regimes put in place. It begins with a discussion of the Mongol empire's fragmentation into four virtually independent khanates, where the conquered Muslims of the empire were now divided: the dominions of the ‘Great Khan’ (qaghan) in China and Mongolia proper; the Ilkhanate in Iran, Iraq and Anatolia; the ulus of Chaghadai in Central Asia; and the ulus of Jochi in the western steppes. The chapter then considers the relationship between the khans and the qaghans, the problems of warfare between different Mongol khanates, and the Jochids' incursions into Ilkhanid territory. It also explores the impact of the inter-Mongol warfare upon the agrarian and urban economy of the Islamic world.

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KAZAKHSTAN-CHINESE RELATIONS AND CHALLENGE OF FOREIGN FORCES

BULLETIN Series Historical and socio-political sciences ◽

10.51889/2020-3.1728-5461.23 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 66 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Kanat Kakar ◽

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Central Asia ◽

International Organizations ◽

The United States ◽

Rich Country ◽

One Belt One Road ◽

Road Project ◽

The One ◽

External Forces ◽

The Impact

In 2013, China's Silk Road Initiative, the One Belt One Road project, was first mentioned in Kazakhstan and has been widely discussed by major countries and international organizations. Kazakhstan's participation in this project, a resource-rich country in Central Asia, has attracted world attention, and the impact of external forces on Central Asia will have its own impact on the implementation of this project. The interests of countries such as Russia and the United States in Central Asia and the views of international organizations are important factors in the implementation of this project. This article examines the relations between China and Kazakhstan in the framework of the "One Belt - One Road" initiative and the competition of external forces influencing it, their views on the project, their interests, the project and competing projects, and highlights important international organizations and agreements. and the toothed conclusion is pronounced.

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“One Belt One Road” and Central Asia: A New Trend in Internationalization of Higher Education?

International Higher Education ◽

10.6017/ihe.2018.92.10216 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 14

Author(s):

Aisi Li

Keyword(s):

Higher Education ◽

Study Abroad ◽

International Relations ◽

Central Asia ◽

Internationalization Of Higher Education ◽

One Belt One Road ◽

Confucius Institutes ◽

The Impact

China’s One Belt One Road (OBOR) strategy is the latest trend in international relations, and it is making a real impact on higher education in Central Asia. This article discusses the impact of three aspects of the plan: Chinese funding for study abroad, the Confucius Institutes, and the role of Xinjiang, China’s northwestern frontier.

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PENGARUH GAYA KEPEMIMPINAN TERHADAP KOMITMEN ORGANISASI MELALUI ASPEK KEPUASAN KERJA KARYAWAN DAN KEPERCAYAAN PADA SEKTOR PERBANKAN

Jurnal Manajemen dan Pemasaran Jasa ◽

10.25105/jmpj.v8i1.1406 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 145

Author(s):

Nina Zahra

Keyword(s):

Job Satisfaction ◽

Data Analysis ◽

Central Asia ◽

Structural Equation Model ◽

Leadership Style ◽

Structural Equation ◽

Equation Model ◽

Organization Commitment ◽

The Impact

This research refers to the previous research which has done by Chiang and Wang (2012) and also completed by Kalber and Cenker (2007). This research is about “the impact of leadership style on organization commitment mediating by job satisfaction and trust on employed at bank sectors”. The background of this research is to know the impact of leadership style on organization commitment. The purpose of this research is to examine the impact of leadership style on organization commitment mediating by job satisfaction and trust. The research is using primary data by spreading questionnaires to 250 employes of banking sectors in DKI Jakarta, such as: Bank Mandiri, Bank Negara Indonesia, Bank Jabar, Bank Bukopin and Bank Central Asia during 2015, however there are 201 questionnaires were returned. The method of data analysis used is Structural Equation Model (SEM). The result of this research concludes that there are positive impacts of leadership style on organization commitment mediating by job satisfaction and trust. Keywords: Leadership Style, Job Satisfaction, Trust, Organization Commitment, Banking Sectors.

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Images of the Supernatural World: Bactria-Margiana Seals and Relations With the Near East and the Indus

Ancient Civilizations from Scythia to Siberia ◽

10.1163/157005799x00098 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 12-30

Author(s):

Joan Aruz

Keyword(s):

Central Asia ◽

Near East ◽

Divine Power ◽

Artistic Rendering ◽

Southern Iran ◽

Indus Valley ◽

The Arts ◽

East And West ◽

The Impact ◽

The Way

AbstractThis paper focuses on one aspect of the representation of divinity in the Oxus region: the way in which animal and human characteristics are combined to create various supernatural creatures. Both the presence and absence of certain attributes are emphasized in the attempt to define the extent to which the Oxus region relates to that of its neighbours both east and west. There are some pervasive similarities in the artistic rendering of divine power throughout the Near East, western Central Asia and the Indus Valley. However, there are also major differences, which seem to illustrate the impact of Mesopotamian divine imagery on Harappan art, while the deities and demons of Bactria-Margiana belong to a world similar, in part, to that expressed in the arts of southern Iran.

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