Measurements of the Transmission Loss of a Radome at Different Rain Intensities

2008 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1590-1599 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikko Kurri ◽  
Asko Huuskonen
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Significant Influence ◽  
Complex Permittivity ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Transmission Loss ◽  
Water Layer ◽  
Transmission Measurement ◽  
Rain Intensity ◽  
The One ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract Results on the transmission loss of a dry and a wet C-band weather radar radome at different rain intensities are presented. Two methods were used in the study, both carried out under laboratory conditions. In the first method, the complex permittivity of a dry radome is measured and the transmission loss calculated. To analyze the transmission loss of a wet radome, the thickness of a continuous water layer on the surface of a radome at different rain intensities and the complex permittivity of water are calculated. In the second method, the transmission loss is measured as a free space transmission measurement with a 1.3-m2 piece of a radome panel. The piece is measured as dry and as doused by a rain system designed for the measurements. The measurements are performed with a dirty, cleaned, and waxed radome to examine the effects of maintenance measures with an old radome on the transmission loss. Because the transmission loss as a function of rain intensity is measured with a small piece of radome, a method is developed to scale the free space measurements for a complete 6.7-m-diameter radome with equal dielectric properties. Results of the one-way transmission loss of a dry radome with the permittivity and free space measurements are in a good agreement (0.34 and 0.35 dB, respectively). According to the analysis, a continuous water layer on a radome has a significant influence on the transmission loss. A 3-dB two-way transmission loss caused by a dirty radome is observed at a rain intensity of 15.1 mm h−1. Waxing gives promising results in reducing the wet radome loss because the waxing prevents the formation of a continuous water layer on the surface of the radome.

Effect of leakage and blockage on the acoustic behavior of particle filters

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 483-492
Author(s):  
Seonghyeon Baek ◽  
Iljae Lee
Keyword(s):  
Transfer Matrix ◽  
Particle Filters ◽  
Acoustic Analysis ◽  
Transmission Loss ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Filter System ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One ◽  
Analytical Approaches ◽  
Good Agreement

The effects of leakage and blockage on the acoustic performance of particle filters have been examined by using one-dimensional acoustic analysis and experimental methods. First, the transfer matrix of a filter system connected to inlet and outlet pipes with conical sections is measured using a two-load method. Then, the transfer matrix of a particle filter only is extracted from the experiments by applying inverse matrices of the conical sections. In the analytical approaches, the one-dimensional acoustic model for the leakage between the filter and the housing is developed. The predicted transmission loss shows a good agreement with the experimental results. Compared to the baseline, the leakage between the filter and housing increases transmission loss at a certain frequency and its harmonics. In addition, the transmission loss for the system with a partially blocked filter is measured. The blockage of the filter also increases the transmission loss at higher frequencies. For the simplicity of experiments to identify the leakage and blockage, the reflection coefficients at the inlet of the filter system have been measured using two different downstream conditions: open pipe and highly absorptive terminations. The experiments show that with highly absorptive terminations, it is easier to see the difference between the baseline and the defects.

scholarly journals Complex permittivity of FeSiAl/Al2O3 ceramic composite at X-band frequencies

2021 ◽  
Vol 297 ◽  
pp. 01013
Author(s):  
Youssef Ouhassan ◽  
Seddik Bri ◽  
Mohamed Habibi
Keyword(s):  
Complex Permittivity ◽  
Ceramic Composite ◽  
Alumina Matrix ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
Inclusion Content ◽  
The Real ◽  
X Band ◽  
Absorbing Material ◽  
The One ◽  
Good Agreement

The objective of this paper is to extract and study the complex permittivity of the FeSiAl/Al2O3 ceramic composite at X-band frequencies. We studied by simulation the complex permittivity of four composites with FeSiAl content varying from 0% to 15% by volume in the alumina matrix. The influence of the FeSiAl content on the complex permittivity of the FeSiAl / Al2O3 composite was also studied. The results obtained show on the one hand that the complex permittivity depends on the frequency. Indeed, the values of the real and imaginary parts of the complex permittivity decrease with the increase in frequency over the entire frequency range in the X band. On the other hand, the high FeSiAl content has a significant impact on the values of the real and imaginary parts of complex permittivity. Higher values were obtained for composites with a high inclusion content. In this work, we obtained a good agreement between the simulation results and the published experimental results. These results indicate that the FeSiAl / Al2O3 composite can be used in applications as an electromagnetic wave absorbing material.

scholarly journals Estimation methods to extract complex permittivity from transmission coefficient in the terahertz band

2021 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuang Yang ◽  
Jian Wang ◽  
Cheng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Coefficient ◽  
Iterative Algorithm ◽  
Complex Permittivity ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Extraction Technique ◽  
Initial Value ◽  
Terahertz Band ◽  
Terahertz Frequencies

AbstractIn this paper, the characteristics of the transmission coefficient (S$$_{21}$$ 21 ) measured in free-space at terahertz frequencies are analyzed. The analysis results are used to estimate the permittivity of the material under test, and the estimated permittivity is adopted as an initial-value for the iterative algorithm to extract the complex permittivity of the material from the S$$_{21}$$ 21 . The iterative extraction technique based on the estimation is efficient, while the iterative extraction technique without the estimation is inefficient. Various known materials in the literature are used to validate the technique in the terahertz band.

scholarly journals Estimation of the Noise Source Level of a Commercial Ship Using On-Board Pressure Sensors

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1243
Author(s):  
Hongseok Jeong ◽  
Jeung-Hoon Lee ◽  
Yong-Hyun Kim ◽  
Hanshin Seol
Keyword(s):  
Noise Source ◽  
Pressure Sensors ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Frequency Resolution ◽  
Source Strength ◽  
Recording Time ◽  
Source Level ◽  
The One ◽  
Hydrophone Array ◽  
Good Agreement

The dominant underwater noise source of a ship is known to be propeller cavitation. Recently, attempts have been made to quantify the source strength using on-board pressure sensors near the propeller, as this has advantages over conventional noise measurement. In this study, a beamforming method was used to estimate the source strength of a cavitating propeller. The method was validated against a model-scale measurement in a cavitation tunnel, which showed good agreement between the measured and estimated source levels. The method was also applied to a full-scale measurement, in which the source level was measured using an external hydrophone array. The estimated source level using the hull pressure sensors showed good agreement with the measured one above 400 Hz, which shows potential for noise monitoring using on-board sensors. A parametric study was carried out to check the practicality of the method. From the results, it was shown that a sufficient recording time is required to obtain a consistent level at high frequencies. Changing the frequency resolution had little effect on the result, as long as enough data were provided for the one-third octave band conversion. The number of sensors affected the mid- to low-frequency data.

scholarly journals Post-liquefaction reconsolidation of sand

2016 ◽  
Vol 472 (2186) ◽  
pp. 20150745 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Adamidis ◽  
G. S. P. Madabhushi
Keyword(s):  
Void Ratio ◽  
One Dimensional ◽  
Geotechnical Centrifuge ◽  
Significant Damage ◽  
Pore Water Pressures ◽  
The One ◽  
Crucial Parameter ◽  
Excess Pore ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Made In

Loosely packed sand that is saturated with water can liquefy during an earthquake, potentially causing significant damage. Once the shaking is over, the excess pore water pressures that developed during the earthquake gradually dissipate, while the surface of the soil settles, in a process called post-liquefaction reconsolidation. When examining reconsolidation, the soil is typically divided in liquefied and solidified parts, which are modelled separately. The aim of this paper is to show that this fragmentation is not necessary. By assuming that the hydraulic conductivity and the one-dimensional stiffness of liquefied sand have real, positive values, the equation of consolidation can be numerically solved throughout a reconsolidating layer. Predictions made in this manner show good agreement with geotechnical centrifuge experiments. It is shown that the variation of one-dimensional stiffness with effective stress and void ratio is the most crucial parameter in accurately capturing reconsolidation.

Microwave Nondestructive Sensing of Moisture Content and Water Activity of Almonds

2021 ◽  
Vol 64 (4) ◽  
pp. 1373-1379
Author(s):  
Samir Trabelsi
Keyword(s):  
Dielectric Constant ◽  
Dielectric Properties ◽  
Dielectric Loss ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Water Activity ◽  
Free Space ◽  
Loss Factor ◽  
Dielectric Loss Factor ◽  
List Type

HighlightsMoisture and water activity were determined nondestructively and in real time from measurement of dielectric properties.Moisture and water activity calibration equations were established in terms of the dielectric properties.Situations in which bulk density was known or unknown were considered.SEC ranged from 0.41% to 0.68% for moisture and from 0.02 to 0.04 for water activity.Abstract. A method for rapid and nondestructive determination of moisture content and water activity of granular and particulate materials was developed. The method relies on measurement of the dielectric constant and dielectric loss factor at a single microwave frequency. For the purpose of illustration, the method was applied to predicting the moisture content and water activity of almond kernels. A free-space transmission technique was used for accurate measurement of the dielectric properties. Samples of Bute Padre almond kernels with moisture content ranging from 4.8% to 16.5%, wet basis (w.b.), and water activity ranging from 0.50 to 0.93 were loaded into a Styrofoam sample holder and placed between two horn-lens antennas connected to a vector network analyzer. The dielectric properties were calculated from measurement of the attenuation and phase shift at 8 GHz and 25°C. The dielectric properties increased linearly with moisture content, while they showed an exponential increase with water activity. Situations in which the bulk density was known and unknown were considered. Linear and exponential growth regressions provided equations correlating the dielectric properties with moisture content and water activity with coefficients of determination (r2) higher than 0.96. Analytical expressions of moisture content and water activity in terms of the dielectric properties measured at 8 GHz and 25°C are provided. The standard error of calibration (SEC) was calculated for each calibration equation. Results show that moisture content can be predicted with SECs ranging from 0.41% to 0.68% (w.b.) and water activity with SECs ranging from 0.02 to 0.04 for almond kernel samples with water activity ranging from 0.5 to 0.9 and moisture contents ranging from 4.8% to 16.5% (w.b.). Keywords: Bulk density, Dielectric constant, Dielectric loss factor, Free-space measurements, Loss tangent, Microwave frequencies, Moisture content, Water activity.

scholarly journals A General Expression for the Stagnant Thermal Conductivity of Stochastic and Periodic Structures

2018 ◽  
Vol 140 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Bai ◽  
C. Hasan ◽  
M. Mobedi ◽  
A. Nakayama
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
General Expression ◽  
Metal Foam ◽  
Solid Angle ◽  
Periodic Structures ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
High Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Numerical Calculations ◽  
The One ◽  
Good Agreement

A general expression has been obtained to estimate thermal conductivities of both stochastic and periodic structures with high-solid thermal conductivity. An air layer partially occupied by slanted circular rods of high-thermal conductivity was considered to derive the general expression. The thermal conductivity based on this general expression was compared against that obtained from detailed three-dimensional numerical calculations. A good agreement between two sets of results substantiates the validity of the general expression for evaluating the stagnant thermal conductivity of the periodic structures. Subsequently, this expression was averaged over a hemispherical solid angle to estimate the stagnant thermal conductivity for stochastic structures such as a metal foam. The resulting expression was found identical to the one obtained by Hsu et al., Krishnan et al., and Yang and Nakayama. Thus, the general expression can be used for both stochastic and periodic structures.

Pion structure in a modified quark loop model

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (7) ◽  
pp. 964-968 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Kim ◽  
L. Resnick
Keyword(s):  
Form Factor ◽  
Bound State ◽  
Weak Decay ◽  
Loop Model ◽  
Vector Structure ◽  
Pion Structure ◽  
The One ◽  
System Coupling ◽  
State Nature ◽  
Good Agreement

The pion is assumed as usual to couple to the electroweak currents through its constituent quarks. The bound state nature of the [Formula: see text] system coupling to the electroweak currents is simulated by a form factor at the [Formula: see text] vertex, parametrized by an effective mass M and coupling strength f. Calculations are performed at the one loop level, with a prescription used to ensure electromagnetic gauge invariance. Isospin invariance is assumed. f, M, and the effective quark mass m are determined by the normalization condition for the pion electromagnetic form factor and the charged and neutral pion lifetimes. The charge radius of the pion is calculated and found to be in good agreement with experiment. The ratio of the axial to vector structure functions in the radiative weak decay π → evγ is also determined.

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