Labyrinthine Segment and Geniculate Ganglion of Facial Nerve in Fetal and Adult Human Temporal Bones

1981 ◽  
Vol 90 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xian-Xi Ge ◽  
Gershon J. Spector
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Internal Auditory Canal ◽  
Vascular Supply ◽  
Petrous Apex ◽  
Geniculate Ganglion ◽  
Facial Canal ◽  
Lateral Plate ◽  
Nerve Segment ◽  
Temporal Bones

The later stages of development (15–40 weeks in utero) of the geniculate ganglion and labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve in the human fetus demonstrate minimal neuronal growth. The vascular supply is well established. The major changes occur in the perineural ossification pattern. The canal of the labyrinthine facial nerve segment ossifies first via the petrous apex and periotic capsule. The narrowest portion of the canal is at the geniculate ganglion in the earlier stages and at the fundus of the internal auditory canal at term. The geniculate ganglion area ossifies by means of two bony plates. The medial plate is a derivate of the periosteal growth of the petrous apex and the lateral plate is an extension of membranous bone from the squama. The major relationships to the middle ear do not change. The hiatus of the facial canal diminishes in size during gestation, but remains patent at birth.

Otopathologic Abnormalities in CHARGE Syndrome

2021 ◽  
pp. 019459982110089
Author(s):  
Rafael da Costa Monsanto ◽  
Renata Malimpensa Knoll ◽  
Norma de Oliveira Penido ◽  
Grace Song ◽  
Felipe Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Spiral Ganglion ◽  
Internal Auditory Canal ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Charge Syndrome ◽  
University Of Minnesota ◽  
Bony Canal ◽  
Ganglion Neurons ◽  
Temporal Bones

Objective To perform an otopathologic analysis of temporal bones (TBs) with CHARGE syndrome. Study Design Otopathologic study of human TB specimens. Setting Otopathology laboratories. Methods From the otopathology laboratories at the University of Minnesota and Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, we selected TBs from donors with CHARGE syndrome. These TBs were serially sectioned at a thickness of 20 µm, and every 10th section was stained with hematoxylin and eosin. We performed otopathologic analyses of the external ear, middle ear (middle ear cleft, mucosal lining, ossicles, mastoid, and facial nerve), and inner ear (cochlea, vestibule, internal auditory canal, and cochlear and vestibular nerves). The gathered data were statistically analyzed. Results Our study included 12 TBs from 6 donors. We found a high prevalence of abnormalities affecting the ears. The most frequent findings were stapes malformation (100%), aberrant course of the facial nerve (100%) with narrow facial recess (50%), sclerotic and hypodeveloped mastoids (50%), cochlear (100%) and vestibular (83.3%) hypoplasia with aplasia of the semicircular canals, hypoplasia and aplasia of the cochlear (66.6%) and vestibular (91.6%) nerves, and narrowing of the bony canal of the cochlear nerve (66.6%). The number of spiral ganglion and Scarpa’s ganglion neurons were decreased in all specimens (versus normative data). Conclusions In our study, CHARGE syndrome was associated with multiple TB abnormalities that may severely affect audiovestibular function and rehabilitation.

Distance from the Labyrinthine Portion of the Facial Nerve to the Basal Turn of the Cochlea Temporal Bone Histopathologic Study

1996 ◽  
Vol 105 (4) ◽  
pp. 323-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miriam I. Redleaf ◽  
Richard R. Blough
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Internal Auditory Canal ◽  
Middle Cranial Fossa ◽  
Geniculate Ganglion ◽  
Cochlear Function ◽  
Standard Size ◽  
Basal Turn ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cranial Fossa ◽  
Temporal Bones

The middle cranial fossa approach to lesions of the geniculate ganglion and internal auditory canal preserves cochlear function and affords access to the lateral internal auditory canal. The labyrinthine portion of the facial nerve tends to course near the basal turn of the cochlea, just beneath the middle cranial fossa floor, and is usually dissected in this approach. To determine the distance from the labyrinthine portion of the facial nerve to the basal turn of the cochlea, measurements were obtained in the temporal bones of 24 subjects (48 ears) 9 to 76 years of age. These subjects had no history of facial nerve or ear disease, and had normal audiograms. The distances ranged from 0.06 to 0.80 mm, with 21 of 24 right ears (87.5%) showing distances less than the standard size of the smallest diamond drills (0.6 mm), and 18 of 24 (75%) less than 0.5 mm. Incidental note is made of the distance from the geniculate ganglion to the ampulla of the superior semicircular canal, which ranged from 2.06 to 4.88 mm in the 48 specimens. These measurements can serve as guidelines for the surgeon working in the middle cranial fossa.

Surgical Anatomy of the Sinus Epitympani

1973 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Wigand ◽  
K. Trillsch
Keyword(s):  
Carotid Artery ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Internal Auditory Canal ◽  
Middle Cranial Fossa ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Geniculate Ganglion ◽  
Anterior Semicircular Canal ◽  
Cranial Fossa ◽  
Tensor Tympani Muscle ◽  
Temporal Bones

In the course of microsurgical interventions of the middle ear a separate bony niche was frequently encountered in front of the epitympanum, situated between the middle cranial fossa and the compartment of the tensor tympani muscle. It could be identified in 13 of 22 nonselected human temporal bones. Its size and topographical relations were studied by microdissection. The average distances to the following structures were measured: internal auditory canal, anterior semicircular canal, facial and greater superficial petrosal nerves, geniculate ganglion, carotid artery, and basal turn of the cochlea. This niche, for which the term “sinus epitympani” is suggested, deserves interest because of its role as site of hidden pathology, and as a route of approach to preepitympanic structures.

scholarly journals Resection of a Dumbbell-Shaped Facial Nerve Schwannoma With Preservation of Facial Nerve Function Through the Extended Middle Fossa Approach: 2-Dimensional Operative Video

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kaith K Almefty ◽  
Wenya Linda Bi ◽  
Walid Ibn Essayed ◽  
Ossama Al-Mefty
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Cerebellopontine Angle ◽  
Internal Auditory Canal ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Geniculate Ganglion ◽  
Nerve Function ◽  
Middle Fossa ◽  
Facial Nerve Function ◽  
Large Tumor ◽  
Middle Fossa Approach

Abstract Facial nerve schwannomas are rare and can arise from any segment along the course of the facial nerve.1 Their location and growth patterns present as distinct groups that warrant specific surgical management and approaches.2 The management challenge arises when the facial nerve maintains good function (House-Brackmann grade I-II).3 Hence, a prime goal of management is to maintain good facial animation. In large tumors, however, resection with facial nerve function preservation should be sought and is achievable.4,5  While tumors originating from the geniculate ganglion grow extradural on the floor of the middle fossa, they may extend via an isthmus through the internal auditory canal to the cerebellopontine angle forming a dumbbell-shaped tumor. Despite the large size, they may present with good facial nerve function. These tumors may be resected through an extended middle fossa approach with preservation of facial and vestibulocochlear nerve function.  The patient is a 62-yr-old man who presented with mixed sensorineural and conductive hearing loss and normal facial nerve function. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a large tumor involving the middle fossa, internal auditory meatus, and cerebellopontine angle.  The tumor was resected through an extended middle fossa approach with a zygomatic osteotomy and anterior petrosectomy.6 A small residual was left at the geniculate ganglion to preserve facial function. The patient did well with hearing preservation and intact facial nerve function. He consented to the procedure and publication of images.  Image at 1:30 © Ossama Al-Mefty, used with permission. Images at 2:03 reprinted from Kadri and Al-Mefty,6 with permission from JNSPG.

scholarly journals Memoirs: The Chorda Tympani and Middle Ear in Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals

1915 ◽  
Vol s2-61 (242) ◽  
pp. 137-160
Author(s):  
EDWIN S. GOODRICH
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Proximal Region ◽  
Geniculate Ganglion ◽  
Chorda Tympani ◽  
Tympanic Cavity ◽  
Gill Slit ◽  
Lower Region ◽  
Lower Jaw ◽  
Dorsal Edge

A comparison of the development of the various structures of the middle-ear region in the lizard, duck, and mammal, shows a remarkable uniformity in their origin and relation. The first gill-pouch separates off from the epidermis from below upwards; at its dorsal edge is an epiblastic proliferation contributing to the geniculate ganglion. The tympanum is formed between the outer epidermis and an outgrowing diverticulum of the hinder lower region of the first gill-pouch. The chorda tympani is a post-trematic branch of the facial nerve, developing behind the first or spiracular gill-slit, and passing down to the lower jaw between the tympanum and the closing spiracle. The relation of these parts to the skeleton and blood-vessels is (with the exception mentioned below) constant throughout the Amniota, and is only intelligible on the view of Reichert that the proximal region of the columella corresponds to the stapes, the quadrate to the incus, and the articular to the malleus. In the chick the chorda tympani develops as a pre-trematic branch of the facial nerve from its first appearance. In adult gallinaceous birds the chorda passes down directly from the geniculate ganglion in front of the tympanic cavity. This exceptional position is probably due to some secondary modification at present unexplained.

Patterns of Anomalies of Structures of the Middle Ear and the Facial Nerve as Revealed in Newborn Temporal Bones

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 1121-1126
Author(s):  
Miklós Tóth ◽  
Jarinratn Sirirattanapan ◽  
Wolf Mann
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Temporal Bones

Metastatic tumours of the temporal bone

1985 ◽  
Vol 99 (9) ◽  
pp. 839-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Belal
Keyword(s):  
Bone Metastasis ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Microscopic Examination ◽  
Internal Auditory Canal ◽  
Petrous Apex ◽  
Mastoid Bone ◽  
Tegmen Tympani ◽  
Temporal Bones

AbstractMetastatic tumours of the temporal bone seem to be more common than is recognized. Most of these tumours are microscopic and asymptomatic in nature. Microscopic examination of 22 temporal bones belonging to 13 cases of metastatic tumours is reported. The commonest site of involvement in the temporal bone was the petrous apex followed by the tegmen tympani, mastoid bone and internal auditory canal. Primary tumours were most commonly located in the breast. Other sites of primary tumours included the thyroid gland, brain, lungs, prostate and blood (leukaemia). Two cases had undetermined sites of origin. Full neurotologic evaluation is indicated in every case suspected of having a temporal bone metastasis. All three modalities (of surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy) are used in combination for the treatment of these tumours.

Transcranial translabyrinthine approach to vestibular schwannomas

1993 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph G. Feghali ◽  
Allen B. Kantrowitz
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Semicircular Canal ◽  
Internal Auditory Canal ◽  
Endolymphatic Sac ◽  
Vestibular Schwannomas ◽  
Translabyrinthine Approach ◽  
Vestibular Aqueduct ◽  
Temporal Bones ◽  
Suboccipital Approach

Surgeons who utilize the suboccipital approach for the removal of large vestibular schwannomas, can perform a planned labyrinthectomy from within the intracranial cavity via the suboccipital exposure. This transcranial translabyrinthine approach provides one of the major advantages of the conventional transmastoid translabyrinthine approach, namely, unambiguous identification of the facial nerve as it exits the internal auditory canal, without the need for complete mastoidectomy and labyrinthectomy. The labyrinthectomy is best performed prior to the complete exposure of the internal auditory canal. The approach requires the surgeon to identify the endolymphatic sac intracranially, then drill the temporal bone and follow the vestibular aqueduct to the utricle. The lateral and superior semicircular canal ampullae, the superior vestibular nerve, Bill's bar, and the facial nerve at the lateral end of the internal auditory canal can then be identified. After testing on multiple cadaver temporal bones, this approach was used in patients with large tumours that extended far laterally in the internal auditory canal. The steps in the technique are described in detail.

Temporal Bone Histopathological Findings in Trisomy 13 Syndrome

1975 ◽  
Vol 84 (21_suppl) ◽  
pp. 3-20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isamu Sando ◽  
Alberto Leiberman ◽  
LaVonne Bergstrom ◽  
Soji Izumi ◽  
Raymond P. Wood
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Semicircular Canals ◽  
Trisomy 13 ◽  
Obtuse Angle ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Horizontal Canal ◽  
Histopathological Findings ◽  
Middle Ear Infection ◽  
Temporal Bones

This study reports the histopathological findings of 14 temporal bones from infants with trisomy 13 syndrome. The most primitive anomalies in the structures of the inner and middle ears in the present series are those of the semicircular canals, particularly of the horizontal canals: flattened horizontal canal cristae, absence or opening of the utricular endolymphatic valve, small facial nerve, and obtuse angle of the geniculate area of the facial nerve. Each ear demonstrated more than one of those anomalies. The anomalies present features similar to those found in the structures of the normal six to ten-week fetus. Many other mild anomalies observed appear to demonstrate features similar to those seen in the same structures in later fetal life. Reviewing these findings, most of the anomalies that were found in the inner and middle ears appear to be the result of poor development of the structures for reasons which are now unclear. In addition, middle ear infection was found in all cases.

R435 – Stapedius Muscle Relations to the Facial Canal

2008 ◽  
Vol 139 (2_suppl) ◽  
pp. P190-P190
Author(s):  
Alaa A. Abou-Bieh ◽  
Thomas J Haberkamp ◽  
Jarah Ali Al-Tubaikh
Keyword(s):  
Facial Nerve ◽  
Temporal Bone ◽  
Anatomical Variations ◽  
Surgical Anatomy ◽  
Facial Canal ◽  
Sinus Tympani ◽  
Stapedius Muscle ◽  
Facial Nerve Canal ◽  
Tendon Insertion ◽  
Temporal Bones

Problem The gross anatomical variations of the stapedius muscle and its relations to the facial nerve canal. Methods Thirty-five temporal bones were dissected, and the anatomic details were studied utilizing an operating microscope and otoendoscopes with 0o, 30o and 70o angles and 2.7 and 3 mm diameters. The muscle origin, its course in its bony sulcus with its relation to the facial nerve canal, the tendon and its insertion were studied. Results Marked variations in the origin, size, and course of the muscle in its bony sulcus were detected. The shape of the sulcus itself and its relation to the facial nerve canal varied also, both mainly influenced by the sinus tympani development. These variations affected the shape and length of the tendon and the pyramidal eminence. In addition, they influenced the site of tendon insertion into the stapes. The presence of ectopic muscle bundles was confirmed in one specimen. Conclusion The stapedius muscle anatomy can vary significantly from one temporal bone to another. In some situations these variations can be of surgical importance worse enough to be recognized. Significance To add important unrecognized data to the surgical anatomy of the temporal bone.

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