Skin Test Anergy among Injection Drug Users Recruited from Community Settings

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 891-904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alan R. Lifson ◽  
Suzanne Thompson ◽  
Suzanne Grant ◽  
Rose Hilk ◽  
Jennifer Lorvick
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hypersensitivity Response ◽  
Community Settings ◽  
Hiv Status ◽  
Hiv Negative

Five hundred ninety-two drug users (IDUs) from community settings in San Francisco and Oakland, California, were screened for tuberculosis using the tuberculin skin test, as well as for skin test anergy using two controls: mumps antigen and either tetanus toxoid or Candida. Those nonresponsive to one skin test were more likely to be nonresponsive to another, even after stratifying by HIV status. Skin test anergy (defined as nonresponse to the tuberculin skin test and to both controls) occurred in 37% of HIV-positive and 11% of HIV-negative IDUs (p<0.001). Among HIV-negative IDUs, anergy was associated with city of residence (p<0.001), use of cocaine by any route in the last 30 days (p=0.026) and use of speedballs (heroin and cocaine) by any route in the last 30 days (p=0.053). Skin test anergy in this population of IDUs may reflect more generalized defects in the delayed hypersensitivity response. Other exposures besides HIV which occur in IDUs may result in impaired cellular immunity.

scholarly journals Is Injection Serosorting Occurring among HIV-Positive Injection Drug Users? Comparison by Injection Partner’s HIV Status

2011 ◽  
Vol 88 (6) ◽  
pp. 1031-1043 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuko Mizuno ◽  
David W. Purcell ◽  
Lisa R. Metsch ◽  
Cynthia A. Gomez ◽  
Amy R. Knowlton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Status

Physical Activity In A Cohort Of HIV-positive And HIV-negative Injection Drug Users

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S322
Author(s):  
Ellen Smit ◽  
Carlos J. Crespo ◽  
Richard D. Semba ◽  
David Jaworowicz ◽  
David Vlahov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Negative

Physical Activity In A Cohort Of HIV-positive And HIV-negative Injection Drug Users

2005 ◽  
Vol 37 (Supplement) ◽  
pp. S322
Author(s):  
Ellen Smit ◽  
Carlos J. Crespo ◽  
Richard D. Semba ◽  
David Jaworowicz ◽  
David Vlahov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Negative

scholarly journals Spatial Analysis of HIV Positive Injection Drug Users in San Francisco, 1987 to 2005

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 3937-3955 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Martinez ◽  
Lee Mobley ◽  
Jennifer Lorvick ◽  
Scott Novak ◽  
Andrea Lopez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Analysis ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Hiv Positive

Physical activity in a cohort of HIV-positive and HIV-negative injection drug users

AIDS Care ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 1040-1045 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Smit ◽  
C. J. Crespo ◽  
R. D. Semba ◽  
D. Jaworowicz ◽  
D. Vlahov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Injection Drug Users ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Hiv Negative

scholarly journals Estimating the annual risk of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis among adolescents in Western Kenya in preparation for TB vaccine trials

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Videlis Nduba ◽  
Anna H. van’t Hoog ◽  
Annefleur de Bruijn ◽  
Ellen M.H. Mitchell ◽  
Kayla Laserson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Skin Test ◽  
Positive Tuberculin Skin Test ◽  
Target Group ◽  
Hiv Positive ◽  
Tuberculous Infection ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Vaccine Trials ◽  
Annual Risk ◽  
Hiv Negative

Abstract Background: Adolescents are a prime target group for tuberculosis (TB) vaccine trials that include prevention of infection (POI). The BCG vaccine is given at birth and does not prevent TB infection. TB infection, a critical endpoint for POI vaccine trials would need to be documented to estimate sample sizes in target populations. Methods: Adolescents aged 12-18 years of age were enrolled in an area under continuous demographic surveillance. A tuberculin skin test (TST) survey was conducted as part of a study on TB prevalence and incidence. All adolescents got TSTs at enrolment and returned after 72 hours for reading. A TST of ≥10mm if HIV negative or ≥ 5mm if HIV positive, was considered positive. Results: Of 5004 adolescents enrolled, 4808 (96%) returned for TST readings. Of these 2327(48.4%) were female, 861 (17.9%) had no BCG scar, and 23 (0.5%) were HIV positive. The baseline prevalence of tuberculous infection was 32% (95% CI 29-35%) with a corresponding ARTI of 2.6% (95% CI 2.2-3.1%). Male gender (OR 1.3, 95%CI 1.2,1.5), having a BCG scar (OR 1.4,95%CI 1.3,1.7) and not being enrolled in school (OR 1.8, 95%CI 1.4,2.3) were independent predictors of a positive tuberculin skin test at baseline. Conclusion: We conclude that the high TB transmission rates we found in this study, suggest that adolescents in this region may be an appropriate target group for TB vaccine trials including TB vaccine trials aiming to prevent infection.

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