Male and Female Photographic Representation in 50 Years of Music Educators Journal

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 485-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam J. Kruse ◽  
Robin Giebelhausen ◽  
Heather N. Shouldice ◽  
Andrea L. Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Music Education ◽  
Music Educators ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Female Stereotypes ◽  
Increased Sensitivity ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Professional Expectations

Considering the potential for stereotypes to shape professional expectations, the four researchers in this study investigated photographic representation of adult men and women in implied positions of authority in 50 years (1962–2011) of issues of Music Educators Journal ( MEJ). Data included every photograph ( N = 7,288) of adults conducting, teaching or presenting, or granted the authority of having their picture labeled with their name (named persons), and were analyzed by year over the 50-year period. Results showed that females composed 28% of these photographs, with the largest representation of females being found in the teaching/presenting category (56%) and markedly smaller representations of females found in the conducting (21%) and named persons (20%) categories. Fluctuations in certain categories across the five decades suggest that while representation of males and females in MEJ has changed in 50 years, inequity persists. Implications include a call for greater attention and effort toward equitable representation in music education media for publishers, authors, and other contributors in addition to increased sensitivity to the representations of male and female stereotypes and professional expectations encountered by music educators and students.

scholarly journals Behavior and hippocampal Epac signaling to nicotine CPP in mice

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 254-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Liu ◽  
Xinrong Tao ◽  
Fei Liu ◽  
Yuting Hu ◽  
Song Xue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Place Conditioning ◽  
Addictive Behaviors ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Creb Phosphorylation ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Nicotine Abuse ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Limited Exchange ◽  
Epac Signaling

AbstractTobacco use is a major challenge to public health in the United States and across the world. Many studies have demonstrated that adult men and women differ in their responses to tobacco smoking, however neurobiological studies about the effect of smoking on males and females were limited. Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac) signaling participates in drug addictive behaviors. In this study, we examined the hippocampal Epac signaling in nicotine-induced place conditioning mice. Nicotine at 0.2 mg/kg and 0.4 mg/kg induced a conditioned place preference (CPP) in male and female mice, respectively. After CPP, male mice presented less anxiety-like behavior as demonstrated by an open-field test. The hippocampal Epac2 protein was elevated in both male and female nicotine place conditioning mice. However, Rap1 protein was elevated and CREB phosphorylation was reduced in female nicotine place conditioning mice. Our data provide direct evidence that hippocampal Epac signaling is altered in nicotine-induced CPP mice. Pharmacology manipulation Epac signaling may open a new avenue for the treatment of nicotine abuse and dependence.

scholarly journals Evidence for dysanapsis using computed tomographic imaging of the airways in older ex-smokers

2009 ◽  
Vol 107 (5) ◽  
pp. 1622-1628 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. William Sheel ◽  
Jordan A. Guenette ◽  
Ren Yuan ◽  
Lukas Holy ◽  
John R. Mayo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Tomographic Imaging ◽  
Smoking History ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Computed Tomographic ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Airway Tree ◽  
Conducting Airways ◽  
The Relationship

We sought to determine the relationship between lung size and airway size in men and women of varying stature. We also asked if men and women matched for lung size would still have differences in airway size and if so where along the pulmonary airway tree would these differences exist. We used computed tomography to measure airway luminal areas of the large and central airways. We determined airway luminal areas in men ( n = 25) and women ( n = 25) who were matched for age, body mass index, smoking history, and pulmonary function and in a separate set of men ( n = 10) and women ( n = 11) who were matched for lung size. Men had greater values for the larger airways and many of the central airways. When male and female subjects were pooled there were significant associations between lung size and airway size. Within the male and female groups the magnitudes of these associations were decreased or nonsignificant. In males and females matched for lung size women had significantly smaller airway luminal areas. The larger conducting airways in females are significantly smaller than those of males even after controlling for lung size.

scholarly journals Women and Poverty in Industrialized Countries

1996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Industrialized Countries ◽  
Relative Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Form Part ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines empirically the relationship between gender and poverty in eleven industrialized countries that form part of the Luxembourg Income Study. For each of these countries, Foster-Greer-Thorbecke poverty rates, based on a relative poverty line, are calculated separately for men and women. The overall poverty rate for adult men and women is decomposed into male and female poverty shares. These poverty shares are compared to the relative population shares of men and women. The main conclusion is that when the poverty experience of all women is compared to the poverty experience of all men, women are over-represented amongst the poor in some countries and under-represented amongst the poor in others. The latter part of this conclusion is in sharp disagreement with conventional views about the relationship between gender and poverty in industrialized countries.

Autobiographical Correlates of Achievement Motivation in Men and Women

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 811-817
Author(s):  
Arthur H. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
Achievement Motivation ◽  
Sibling Relationships ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Males And Females

Structured autobiographies were written by 352 male and 337 female entering freshmen. Separately for males and females, groups were formed of the high scorers (top 27%) and low scorers (bottom 27%) on each of the CPI variables, Achievement via Conformity (Ac) and Achievement via Independence (Ai). Chi square comparisons were made of the high and low scorers on all the variables resulting from a content analysis of the autobiographies. High-Ac male and female students perceived their parental and sibling relationships as more positive than the low-Acs. High-Ais report a less favorable perception of their mothers. During adolescence high-Ac girls apparently fare markedly better, while high-Ai boys seem significantly less happy and well adjusted during this period.

scholarly journals An Exploration of Gender Based Differences in Workplace Values

2013 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fapohunda, Tinuke. M
Keyword(s):  
Career Advancement ◽  
Work Environments ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Female Workers ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Workplace Values ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
Basic Ideas

Possible gender differences in the workplace are always a hot topic because they might explain why men continue to dominate in the jobs arena, despite the significant headway being made by women. Recent data indicate that males and females have somewhat differing priorities in their jobs but share basic ideas of what they think is important. Some research has shown that a supposed values gap between male and female workers does not explain away why men continue to enjoy greater career advancement than women. Social scientists have also theorized that work environments can embody both "male" and "female" characteristics, which may impact job satisfaction. Taking steps to better understand worker’s values can bring about important advantage in developing workable and well-supported policies. Understanding what men and women value in a job is important to designing effective approaches to human resource management and in skill development initiatives.

scholarly journals Dietary patterns related to zinc and polyunsaturated fatty acids intake are associated with serum linoleic/dihomo-γ-linolenic ratio in NHANES males and females

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Pontes Monteiro ◽  
Carlos A. Fuzo ◽  
Fábio V. Ued ◽  
Jim Kaput
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dietary Patterns ◽  
Reduced Rank Regression ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Rank Regression ◽  
Reduced Rank ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Linolenic Fatty Acid ◽  
Circulating Levels

AbstractIdentifying dietary patterns that contribute to zinc (Zn) and fatty acids intake and their biomarkers that may have an impact on health of males and females. The present study was designed to (a) extract dietary patterns with foods that explain the variation of Zn and PUFAs intake in adult men and women; and (b) evaluate the association between the extracted dietary patterns with circulating levels of serum dihomo-γ-linolenic fatty acid (DGLA) or serum linoleic/dihomo-γ-linolenic (LA/DGLA) ratio in males and females. We used reduced rank regression (RRR) to extract the dietary patterns separated by sex in the NHANES 2011–2012 data. A dietary pattern with foods rich in Zn (1st quintile = 8.67 mg/day; 5th quintile = 11.11 mg/day) and poor in PUFAs (5th quintile = 15.28 g/day; 1st quintile = 18.03 g/day) was found in females (S-FDP2) and the same pattern, with foods poor in PUFAs (5th quintile = 17.6 g/day; 1st quintile = 20.7 g/day) and rich in Zn (1st quintile = 10.4 mg/day; 5th quintile = 12.9 mg/day) (S-MDP2), was found in males. The dietary patterns with foods rich in Zn and poor in PUFAs were negatively associated with serum LA/DGLA ratio. This is the first study to associate the LA/DGLA ratio with Zn and PUFAs related dietary patterns in males and females.

scholarly journals Attitudes Toward Traditional and Nontraditional Parents

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria L. Brescoll ◽  
Eric Luis Uhlmann
Keyword(s):  
Gender Role ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Adult Men ◽  
Employed Mothers ◽  
Within Subjects ◽  
Working Out ◽  
Personal Fulfillment ◽  
At Home

Three studies investigated attitudes toward traditional parents (stay-at-home mothers and employed fathers) and nontraditional parents (stay-at-home fathers and employed mothers) among adult men and women. Using a between-subjects design, Study 1 found that nontraditional parents were liked significantly less than traditional parents. Participants also believed that stay-at-home fathers were not regarded highly by others. Study 2 replicated these results using a within-subjects design, suggesting that participants felt little compunction about expressing negative attitudes toward nontraditional parents. Study 3 further found that employed mothers were less disliked when described as working out of financial necessity rather than for personal fulfillment. Both male and female participants reported negative evaluations of employed mothers and stay-at-home fathers, suggesting that prescriptive gender role stereotypes represent a consensual ideology shared by men and women.

scholarly journals Gender identities in e-shop perfume descriptions

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-77
Author(s):  
Katarína Nemčoková ◽  
Zdena Kráľová ◽  
Aneta Holíková ◽  
Daniel P. Sampey
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Gender Stereotyping ◽  
Verbal Description ◽  
Primary Research ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Olfactory Experience ◽  
Point Of Purchase ◽  
Males And Females

Abstract Perfume descriptions serve as an important persuasive tool in fragrance advertising. Scents traditionally elude clear verbal description, yet perfumes are nowadays frequently sold online, with no direct olfactory experience on the part of the consumer at the point of purchase. The products are thus often represented by metaphorical means depicting a desirable experience or portraying attractive identities of wearers, including stereotypical images of men and women. This article analyses 80 e-shop fragrance descriptions equally divided among adverts targeted at males and females. The sample texts were collected randomly from British and American e-shops, with the primary research objective to determine how male and female identities are reflected in these descriptions. The method of discourse analysis was applied and the AntConc 3.4.4 toolkit was used to calculate the frequency of words and their collocations. It was found that current female perfume descriptions on e-shops generally suppress gender stereotypes quite successfully, while gender stereotyping is more prominent in male perfume descriptions. The possible causes as well as ramifications of this disparity are also discussed.

scholarly journals Perceptions of Good and Bad Leaders by Philippine Teachers

2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Raymond A. Zepp
Keyword(s):  
Men And Women ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Important Trait ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
And Behaviors ◽  
Good Leader ◽  
Filipino Teachers ◽  
Young Teachers

The research attempted to answer the question: “What do Philippine teachers perceive as important traits and behaviors of good and bad leaders?” Related to this were three sub questions:1. How do Philippine teachers compare with those in other countries in their perceptions on leadership?2. Do male and female Philippine teachers share similar perceptions on leadership?3. Do old and young Philippine teachers share similar perceptions on leadership?A questionnaire asked 90 Filipino teachers to rank their top three choices from among 8 traits of good leaders, then among 8 behaviors of good leaders, then 8 traits of bad leaders, and finally 8 behaviors of bad leaders. Comparisons were then drawn between the Philippine results and those in other countries, as well as between males and females within the Philippine sample, and younger and older Philippine teachers.Philippine teachers clearly valued honesty as the most important trait, and showing respect as the most important behavior of a good leader. This result is slightly different from that of some other countries, where, for example, intelligence or dependability was deemed the most important trait.Further, the study revealed several significant differences on several items between men and women, as well as between old teachers and young teachers.

879: Sensitivity Mapping of Adult Men and Women Based on Sagasf Survey

2004 ◽  
Vol 171 (4S) ◽  
pp. 233-233
Author(s):  
Justine M. Schober ◽  
Heino F.L. Meyer-Bahlburg ◽  
Philip G. Ransley
Keyword(s):  
Men And Women ◽  
Adult Men
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