scholarly journals Some Observations on the Adaptation of the Cathode Ray Oscillograph to the Recording of Bio-Electrical Phenomena, with Special Reference to the Electrocardiogram

1936 ◽  
Vol 29 (6) ◽  
pp. 593-608
Author(s):  
Douglas Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Time Base ◽  
Recording Device ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Electrical Recording ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Fluorescent Screen ◽  
Cathode Ray Tube

The mechanism of the Cathode Ray Oscillograph is described and illustrated. The character of the cathode ray image (“spot”), produced when the ray impinges on the fluorescent screen, is briefly considered. Simple associated circuits are explained (including a “Time base” circuit). The advantages and disadvantages of the Cathode ray tube as a bio-electrical recording device are briefly examined.Some of the problems associated with the design of a suitable amplifier are dealt with, in conjunction with the amount of amplification to be performed and the time relations of the electrical transient to be examined, taking the electrocardiogram as an illustration. A very short account of the theory of amplifier distortions is given, and a practical method of examining these by means of an “artificial patient” is described and demonstrated.

scholarly journals A New Electrocardiograph Employing the Cathode Ray Oscillograph as the Recording Device

1934 ◽  
Vol 27 (12) ◽  
pp. 1541-1554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Visual Observation ◽  
Time Base ◽  
Recording Device ◽  
Recording Instrument ◽  
Photographic Recording ◽  
Time Constants ◽  
Fluorescent Screen ◽  
High Tension ◽  
Cathode Ray Tube ◽  
Long Time

The advantages of the cathode ray tube as an electrical recording instrument are unique. It has no inherent inertia, so that there is no distortion from this source as there is in every known electro-mechanical recorder. The workings of the cathode ray oscillograph are explained and discussed. Immediate visual observation of the electrocardiogram is obtained by the use of a new fluorescent screen, which is described, and the mechanism of a suitable “time base” circuit for this purpose is explained. Some of the problems associated with the design of an amplifier, distortionless as far as electrocardiography is concerned, are dealt with, including the use of long “time constants” and the employment of a suitable filter circuit. The design of a suitable camera unit (for photographic recording) is discussed. A method of neutralizing interference picked up from alternating current electric light mains is explained and illustrated. The apparatus consists of four easily portable, and mechanically robust, units. The Recorder Unit, the Amplifier Unit, the H.T. (high tension) Supply Unit, and the Camera Unit.

THE SMUTS OF THE GENUS CINTRACTIA PARASITING KOBRESIA SPECIES

1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilkka Kukkonen
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Spore Germination ◽  
Modern Concept ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Host Genus ◽  
The Third

In this paper the modern concept of infection by species of Cintractia is briefly discussed. Three species are treated, two of which, C. elynae Sydow and C. kobresiae Mundkur, are redescribed, and the third is recognized as new, C. lindebergiae n. sp. The spore germination of C. elynae is described and illustrated. A short account of the host genus Kobresia is given with special reference to the species attacked by the above smuts.

XIV.—The Absorption of Light by Inorganic Salts. No. XI.: Conclusion

1914 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 156-165
Author(s):  
R. A. Houstoun
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Present State ◽  
Light Wave ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Inorganic Salts ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Absorption Of Light ◽  
Dispersion Of Light

In this paper a short account will be given of the present state of the theory of the absorption of light, with special reference to the results gained in this series of investigations.Theories of the dispersion of light may be divided into two classes: (1) those in which the body is regarded as consisting of particles which vibrate under the influence of the light wave; and (2) those in which the body is regarded as consisting of obstacles which diffract the light wave. According to (2), light is scattered, not absorbed; a wave going through the body diminishes in intensity, but the energy lost is radiated out laterally without change of wave-length.

scholarly journals The corpora lutea of the mouse, with special reference to fat accumulation during the œstrous cycle

1930 ◽  
Vol 106 (747) ◽  
pp. 578-595 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Special Reference ◽  
Corpus Luteum ◽  
Experimental Work ◽  
Laboratory Animals ◽  
Corpora Lutea ◽  
Mouse Ovary ◽  
Short Account ◽  
Cellular Degeneration ◽  
Pregnancy And Lactation ◽  
Considerable Period

Although the histological literature on the corpus luteum is very extensive, a description of cellular and fat changes in the organ, which distinguishes between the corpora lutea of ovulabion, pseudo-pregnancy, pregnancy, and lactation where these are differentiated, is still lacking for some laboratory animals. In view of experimental work now in progress, it was thought that a short account of the mouse corpus luteum on these lines might be of value. In the absence of pregnancy, old corpora lutea persist for a considerable period in the mouse ovary, and after the initial signs of cellular degeneration, which are not always very obvious, further changes are slow to occur. With suitable histological methods, however, it is possible to distinguish, even after they are fully developed, the corpora lutea belonging to the last one and sometimes two or more oestrous periods.

Fault Diagnosis of Analog Circuits with Tolerance Based on Simulation-before-Test and Distance Algorithm

2013 ◽  
Vol 475-476 ◽  
pp. 156-160
Author(s):  
Yong Jie Zhang ◽  
Jian Jun Hou ◽  
Liang Huang
Keyword(s):  
Fault Diagnosis ◽  
Analog Circuits ◽  
Euclidean Distance ◽  
Analog Circuit ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Fault Dictionary ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Distance Methods

Fault dictionary is the most practical method of fault diagnosis in analog circuit. Before analog circuit with tolerance is diagnosed, circuit is simulated by computer. Typical parameters of every state are used to build fault dictionary. Distance algorithm is used to calculate the similarity between current circuit and every state of fault dictionary. Analog circuit with tolerance can be diagnosed by the distance. Firstly, the method of simulation-before-test is introduced to build fault dictionary. Secondly, familiar distance algorithm is resumed, such as Euclidean distance. Finally, an example of fault diagnosis of analog circuit with tolerance is provided. In the example, simulation-before-test and distance algorithm are combined to diagnose analog circuit with tolerance. Two distance methods are compared to explain the advantages and disadvantages of the Euclidean distance algorithm.

scholarly journals Electroplating Method on Copper (Cu) Substrate with Silver (Ag) Coating Applied

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Rini Selly ◽  
Siti Rahmah ◽  
Hafni Indriati Nasution ◽  
Ricky Andi Syahputra ◽  
Moondra Zubir
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Engineering ◽  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Practical Method ◽  
Scientific Field ◽  
Chemical Processes ◽  
Metal Coating ◽  
Metal Coatings ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
The Times

Knowing about metal coating (electroplating) is the electrodeposition of coatings or coatings attached to the electrodes to protect the substrate by giving surface properties and dimensions different from the base metal or finishing technique, by coating metal that is easily corroded (corrosion) with metals that are resistant to corrosion with electrical and chemical engineering. Whereas in Indonesian society the technique for metal coating is very familiar with the name of the gilding technique. In ancient times before electroplating and gilding were discovered to avoid corrosion of metals, the incorporation of metals such as copper with tin into bronze, copper with zinc into brass in addition to being resistant to corrosion also added to the beauty of color. Among the alloys above bronze is the oldest alloys that have been used by humans. With the development of the times, more modern gilding techniques were found to be a more practical method, namely electroplating, gilding with electrical and chemical processes that make metals resistant to corrosion. Metal coating is a scientific field which is one of the applications of electro chemical technology. Very closely related to the material science and technology, surface chemistry, physical chemistry, to the engineering. Various metals can be plating. The various metals are classified into five groups: "tumbal" coatings, decorative-protective coatings, engineered metal coatings, rare-use metals, and various types of alloys. All of these have their own characteristics, both advantages and disadvantages.

Early Scanning Electron Microscopy

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 2-3
Author(s):  
W.C. Nixon
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Electron Emission ◽  
Secondary Electron ◽  
Secondary Electron Emission ◽  
Secondary Emission ◽  
Specimen Surface ◽  
Time Base ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Cathode Ray Tube ◽  
Scanning Electron

The transmission electron microscope can be traced back to the work of K. Knoll and E. Ruska in Berlin who succeeded in 1931 in demonstrating a two lens electron microscope. The scanning electron microscope may also be traced back to the work of M. Knoll in 1935, during a study of secondary electron emission from surfaces. Two cathode ray tubes were used with a time-base generator supplying deflection signals to both tubes at once. The specimen under test was sealed into the first tube and the electron beam from the gun was scanned across the specimen surface and the variations in specimen current formed the signal. This signal was used to modulate the grid of the second cathode ray tube and the image displayed gave the variation in secondary emission on the specimen surface. In one case the word “Stuggart” was shown.

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