scholarly journals Olfactory event-related potentials in a functionally anosmic patient with arrested hydrocephalus

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 1353-1358
Author(s):  
Fabrizia Caminiti ◽  
Rosella Ciurleo ◽  
Simona De Salvo ◽  
Francesco Galletti ◽  
Placido Bramanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Structural Mri ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Olfactory Loss ◽  
Large Expansion ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Arrested Hydrocephalus ◽  
Cortical Regions

Hydrocephalus is one of the lesser known causes of central olfactory loss. The pathogenesis of hydrocephalus involves the olfactory bulbs or tracts, and more rarely, other frontotemporal cortical regions. We describe a case of olfactory dysfunction in a macrocephalic 63-year-old female patient with arrested hydrocephalus. Her olfactory function was assessed by using the Sniffin’ Sticks test, olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs), and 3-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). An OERP examination suggested partial impairment of the central olfactory pathways and central parietal regions where OERP amplitude is maximal. Indeed, we found an evident olfactory potential trace with an increased latency only on Pz derivation. However, structural MRI showed important cortical brain thinning and large expansion of the third ventricle, with evident damage of the olfactory frontotemporal areas. The Sniffin’ Sticks test and MRI supported the diagnosis of anosmia, while OERP findings indicated partial preservation of olfactory function, likely due to an adaptation of the central olfactory system. These findings highlight the importance of a multi-integrated approach to detect olfactory impairment.

Central Nervous System Processing of Emotions in Children with Fecal Incontinence and Constipation

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-71
Author(s):  
Monika Equit ◽  
Justine Niemczyk ◽  
Anna Kluth ◽  
Carla Thomas ◽  
Mathias Rubly ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Fecal Incontinence ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Afferent Pathways ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cortical Regions

Abstract. Objective: Fecal incontinence and constipation are common disorders in childhood. The enteric nervous system and the central nervous system are highly interactive along the brain-gut axis. The interaction is mainly afferent. These afferent pathways include centers that are involved in the central nervous processing of emotions as the mid/posterior insula and the anterior cingulate cortex. A previous study revealed altered processing of emotions in children with fecal incontinence. The present study replicates these results. Methods: In order to analyze the processing of emotions, we compared the event-related potentials of 25 children with fecal incontinence and constipation to those of 15 control children during the presentation of positive, negative, and neutral pictures. Results: Children with fecal incontinence and constipation showed altered processing of emotions, especially in the parietal and central cortical regions. Conclusions: The main study results of the previous study were replicated, increasing the certainty and validity of the findings.

Difficulties of olfactometric evaluation in patients accusing smell disorders after head trauma

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (29) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Gabriela-Violeta Melinte ◽  
Codrut Sarafoleanu
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Evoked Potentials ◽  
Head Trauma ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Function Evaluation ◽  
Time Frequency ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Smell Function

Abstract Head trauma is considered to be the third cause of olfactory function disorders. Olfactometric assessment in patients accusing anosmia following head injury produced by car accident or aggression is important, because most of them are involved in law trials in order to obtain financial compensations from the author. It is compulsory to use both subjective and objective olfactory evaluation methods combined with a detailed anamnesis, a complete ENT examination and a good cranio-facial imaging (computed tomography or MRI) in order to exclude malingerers and to obtain an accurate diagnosis. “Sfanta Maria” ENT Department from Bucharest is the only center in Romania where the olfactory function in completely investigated. We use chemosensory (Snap and Sniff Test and n-Butanol Dynamic Olfactometry) and electrophysiological tests (electric olfactory evoked potentials of the olfactory bulb). Unfortunately, we confront with a series of difficulties in what concerns the smell function evaluation: 1) there is scarce information in the literature regarding the olfactory electric evoked potentials; 2) the electric olfactory evoked potentials register only the electrical activity in the olfactory bulb; 3) in case of olfactory impairment medically confirmed, we cannot establish a cause-effect relationship between the disturbance and the event; 4) the most accurate electrophysiological assessment method currently available in Europe is the time-frequency analysis of chemosensory event-related potentials, but we do not dispose of the necessary equipment yet; 5) sometimes patients do not give us the informed consent for a complete olfactory evaluation.

Chemosensory event-related potentials in response to trigeminal and olfactory stimulation in idiopathic Parkinson's disease

Neurology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 1424-1431 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Barz ◽  
T. Hummel ◽  
E. Pauli ◽  
M. Majer ◽  
C. J. G. Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Olfactory Nerve ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Trigeminal System ◽  
Trigeminal Stimulation ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Antiparkinsonian Drugs

Decrease of olfactory function in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) has been reported by several authors. The current study investigated olfaction in PD patients using olfactory event-related potentials (OERPs) as an electrophysiologic correlate of olfactory function in combination with psychophysical testing. A specific focus was the influence of antiparkinsonian drugs. We investigated PD patients treated with antiparkinsonian drugs (n = 13) and PD patients who received no pharmacologic treatment (n = 18). They were compared to age- and sex-matched control subjects (n = 38). To obtain OERPs, stimulants were chosen to stimulate specifically the olfactory nerve(2.1 ppm vanillin, 0.8 ppm H2S). In addition, chemosomatosensory event-related potentials were recorded after trigeminal stimulation with 52% v/v CO2. Moreover, the subjects' ability to identify and to discriminate odorants was tested by means of a "squeeze bottle" technique. The study yielded the following major results: (1) Odor identification was impaired in PD patients. It was not influenced by treatment with antiparkinsonian drugs. (2) The OERP latencies were prolonged in both PD patients taking and not taking antiparkinsonian drugs; however, this effect was more pronounced in PD patients taking antiparkinsonian drugs.(3) The intranasal chemosensory trigeminal system seemingly was neither affected by the neuronal degeneration seen in PD nor by treatment with antiparkinsonian drugs.

scholarly journals Comparison of Scalp ERP to Faces in Macaques and Humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Orczyk ◽  
Charles E. Schroeder ◽  
Ilana Y. Abeles ◽  
Manuel Gomez-Ramirez ◽  
Pamela D. Butler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Face Processing ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Primate Species ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Sensory Cortices ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Underlying Processes ◽  
The Brain

Face recognition is an essential activity of social living, common to many primate species. Underlying processes in the brain have been investigated using various techniques and compared between species. Functional imaging studies have shown face-selective cortical regions and their degree of correspondence across species. However, the temporal dynamics of face processing, particularly processing speed, are likely different between them. Across sensory modalities activation of primary sensory cortices in macaque monkeys occurs at about 3/5 the latency of corresponding activation in humans, though this human simian difference may diminish or disappear in higher cortical regions. We recorded scalp event-related potentials (ERPs) to presentation of faces in macaques and estimated the peak latency of ERP components. Comparisons of latencies between macaques and humans indicated that the 3:5 ratio is preserved in higher cognitive regions of face processing between those species.

scholarly journals Assessing Olfactory Function in Parkinson’s Disease via Entropy Analysis of Chemosensory Event Related Potentials

2015 ◽  
Vol 237 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cagdas Guducu ◽  
Serhat Taslica ◽  
Raif Cakmur ◽  
Murat Ozgoren ◽  
Ahmet Omer Ikiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Entropy Analysis ◽  
Related Potentials

Chemosensory event-related potentials in alcoholism: A specific impairment for olfactory function

2011 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Maurage ◽  
Christophe Callot ◽  
Pierre Philippot ◽  
Philippe Rombaux ◽  
Philippe de Timary
Keyword(s):  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Related Potentials

scholarly journals Olfactory Function Assessed With Orthonasal and Retronasal Testing, Olfactory Bulb Volume, and Chemosensory Event–Related Potentials

2006 ◽  
Vol 132 (12) ◽  
pp. 1346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Rombaux ◽  
Heike Weitz ◽  
Andre Mouraux ◽  
George Nicolas ◽  
Bernard Bertrand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Olfactory Bulb Volume ◽  
Related Potentials

scholarly journals Beyond olfactory cortex – severity of post-traumatic olfactory loss is associated with response to odors in frontal-parietal-insular networks

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Pellegrino ◽  
Michael C. Farruggia ◽  
Dana M. Small ◽  
Maria G. Veldhuizen
Keyword(s):  
Piriform Cortex ◽  
Posterior Cingulate Cortex ◽  
Olfactory Cortex ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Neural Responses ◽  
Brain Response ◽  
Olfactory Loss ◽  
Post Traumatic ◽  
Olfactory Impairment ◽  
Cortical Regions

Olfactory impairment after trauma is associated with changes in olfactory cortex, including decreased gray matter density and decreased response to odors. Much less is known about the role of other cortical areas in olfactory impairment. We used fMRI in a sample of 63 participants, consisting of 25 with post-traumatic functional anosmia, 16 with post-traumatic hyposmia, and 22 healthy controls with normosmia to investigate whole brain response to odors. Similar neural responses were observed across the groups to odor versus odorless stimuli in the primary olfactory areas in piriform cortex, whereas response in the frontal operculum and anterior insula (fO/al) increased with olfactory function (normosmia > hyposmia > functional anosmia). Unexpectedly, a negative association was observed between response and olfactory function in the mediodorsal thalamus (mdT), ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (pCC). Finally, connectivity within a network consisting of vmPFC, fO, and pCC could be used to successfully classify participants as having functional anosmia or normosmia. We conclude that, at the neural level, olfactory impairment due to head trauma is best characterized by heightened responses and differential connectivity in higher-order areas beyond olfactory cortex.Significance StatementOlfactory impairment affects a quarter of the population, with subjective complaints usually confirmed with psychophysical measurements. Here, we demonstrate that the degree of olfactory impairment can also be categorized using neural responses to odors. Remarkably, regions with neural responses that were predictive usually showed an increase in response to odors with degree of impairment, rather than a reduction, as might be expected. Further, predictive cortical regions were not isolated to canonical olfactory areas.

Can we Smell without an Olfactory Bulb?

2007 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 548-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Rombaux ◽  
André Mouraux ◽  
Bernard Bertrand ◽  
Thierry Duprez ◽  
Thomas Hummel
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Olfactory Bulb ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Olfactory Function ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri

Background Lack of an olfactory bulb (OB) is typically associated with anosmia. Methods We present a patient with subnormal olfactory function in whom the OB could not be detected with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Results Olfactory function was evaluated on two occasions. Orthonasal olfactory function was assessed with the “Sniffin’ Sticks” test providing a score equivalent to hyposmia. Retronasal olfactory function was studied with “smell powders” indicating a decreased, but not absence of, olfactory function. Importantly, chemosensory event-related potentials were clearly present in response to olfactory and trigeminal stimuli. Conclusion This indicates that olfactory function may be present in some subjects even when an OB can not be detected with MRI.

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