scholarly journals Rehearsal for Volhynia: Schutzmannschaft Battalion 201 and Hauptmann Roman Shukhevych in Occupied Belorussia, 1942

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 158-193
Author(s):  
Per Anders Rudling
Keyword(s):  
Nazi Germany ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Military Experience ◽  
Commanding Officer ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Cult Of Personality ◽  
The Military

This article is part of the special cluster titled Conceptualizations of the Holocaust in Germany, Lithuania, Poland, and Ukraine since the 1990s, guest edited by Grzegorz Rossoliński-Liebe. In 2007, Roman Shukhevych (1907–1950), the commander of the Ukrainian Insurgent Army (UPA), was designated an official Ukrainian state hero. He has since become the object of an elaborate cult of personality. Lauded for his resistance to the Soviet authorities in 1944–1950, Shukhevych is highly controversial in neighbouring Poland for the ethnic cleansing that the UPA carried out in 1943–1944, as he commanded that organization. Over a few months, the UPA killed around ninety thousand Poles, expelling hundreds of thousands of others. The brutal efficiency of this campaign has to be seen in the context of the larger war, not least Shukhevych’s training by Nazi Germany, in particular the military experience he obtained as a captain in the Ukrainian formation Nachtigall, and as a commanding officer in Schutzmannschaft Battalion 201, which served in occupied Belorussia. This article is an attempt at reconstruct Shukhevych’s whereabouts in 1942, in order to establish the context and praxis under which Shukhevych operated until deserting the auxiliary police in January 1943.

scholarly journals Hannah Arendt's Ghosts: Reflections on the Disputable Path from Windhoek to Auschwitz

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 279-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Gerwarth ◽  
Stephan Malinowski
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
Mass Violence ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Sensitive Issues

Historians on both sides of the Atlantic are currently engaged in a controversy about the allegedly genocidal nature of western colonialism and its connections with the mass violence unleashed by Nazi Germany between 1939 and 1945. The debate touches upon some of the most “sensitive” issues of twentieth-century history: the violent “dark side” of modern western civilization, the impact of colonial massacres on the European societies that generated this violence and, perhaps most controversially, the origins and uniqueness of the Holocaust.

Introduction

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristen Renwick Monroe
Keyword(s):  
Political Psychology ◽  
Moral Courage ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Moral Choice ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Background Context

This chapter reflects on the curious puzzle of how identity can influence moral choice, and why. In so doing the chapter discusses the background context within which this volume operates, as it traces an initial intellectual objective of explaining the psychology of genocide to an exploration of how the themes found in the Holocaust resonate with other periods of genocide, other instances of ethnic cleansing, other acts of prejudice, discrimination and group hatred, and animosity, just as they resonate with other instances of compassion, heroic altruism, and moral courage. The psychological forces at work during the Holocaust, this chapter argues, partake of the same political psychology underlying other political acts driven by identity. From here, the chapter develops a new theory of moral choice to tackle these issues and gives a brief overview of the succeeding chapters.

Introduction

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Military Experience ◽  
The World ◽  
The Military ◽  
Civil War Soldiers

This book seeks to reconstruct the totality of the military experience by pursuing three questions. What were the cultural and ideological boundaries that framed the world as Civil War soldiers imagine it? How did soldiers respond to those moments when they felt hemmed in by the sentimental expectations of society, the military’s need for discipline, and the pleas for help from home? How did soldiers intellectually and practically navigate moments of doubt, when the nature of knowledge and its relationship to truth was overturned by war?

Jewish–Ukrainian Relations in Inter-War Poland as Reflected in Some Ukrainian Publications

1998 ◽  
pp. 232-246
Author(s):  
Shimon Redlich
Keyword(s):  
Nazi Germany ◽  
The West ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
National Minorities ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Face ◽  
Soviet Russia

This chapter surveys Jewish–Ukrainian relations in inter-war Poland as reflected in some Ukrainian publications. The historiography of Jewish–Ukrainian relations, although quite extensive, has usually tended towards partisanship, caused by the uneasy, and at times tragic, relations between Ukrainians and Jews. To provide an understanding of Ukrainian attitudes towards Jews between the two world wars, the chapter examines the perceptions and images of the Jews in the Ukrainian press in Poland in the inter-war years. The Ukrainian press reflects traditional Ukrainian attitudes towards Jews as well as some images formed specifically during the period under discussion. It also helps one understand how Ukrainians felt towards Jews during the war years in the face of the Holocaust. Since Ukrainians and Jews formed the two largest national minorities in inter-war Poland, their interrelations reflected issues relating to Poles and the Polish state as well. Moreover, Ukrainian–Jewish relations were influenced by problems relating to Poland's most significant neighbours, Soviet Russia in the east and Weimar and later Nazi Germany in the west. Thus, an examination of the Ukrainian press in Poland also throws light on broader ideological and political issues.

Belgium

2019 ◽  
pp. 35-44
Author(s):  
Michael J. Bazyler ◽  
Kathryn Lee Boyd ◽  
Kristen L. Nelson ◽  
Rajika L. Shah
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Best Practices ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Private Property ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Property Owners

Nazi Germany invaded Belgium in 1940 and occupied the country until 1944. More than 26,000 Jews were deported from Belgium during the Holocaust and less than 2,000 of them survived. Owing to unique aspects of Belgian law still in force during the occupation, less than 10 percent of Jewish real estate was sold by the German occupying power. Most private property that came under German administration was rented out and the proceeds put into blocked accounts for the benefit of the original property owners. After the war, there was no organized process for seeking payment of the rental account balances or for seeking restitution or compensation for real estate that had been sold by the German administration. In the late 1990s, the Belgian government’s Study Commission—established to examine the fate of Jewish property during the war—found it difficult to identify any remaining unrestituted immovable property because of the ad hoc manner of its return after the war. Notwithstanding this difficulty, an Indemnification Commission was established in 2001 to compensate individuals whose property (immovable and movable) had not been previously compensated/returned. Belgium endorsed the Terezin Declaration in 2009 and the Guidelines and Best Practices in 2010.

scholarly journals Fictional Crimes/Historical Crimes: Genre and Character in Philip Kerr’s Berlin Noir Trilogy

Genealogy ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Laura Major
Keyword(s):  
Popular Fiction ◽  
Crime Fiction ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
Nazi Party ◽  
Narrative Style ◽  
Good Story ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Detective Stories

This paper will explore Philip Kerr’s Berlin Noir trilogy, composed of March Violets (1989), The Pale Criminal (1990), and A German Requiem (1991), discussing the overlap and blurring of generic boundaries in these novels and the ability of this form to reckon with the Holocaust. These detective stories are not directly about the Holocaust, and although the crimes investigated by the mordant Bernie Gunther are fictional, they are interweaved with the greater crimes committed daily by the Nazi Party. The novels are brutally realistic, violent, bleak, and harsh, in a narrative style highly appropriate for crime novels set in Nazi Germany. Indeed, with our knowledge of the enormity of the Nazi crimes, the violence in the novels seems not gratuitous but reflective of the era. Bernie Gunther himself, who is both hard-boiled protagonist and narrator, is a deeply flawed human, even an anti-hero, but in Berlin, which is “alive” as a character in these novels, his insights, cloaked in irony and sarcasm, highlight the struggle to resist, even passively, even just inside one’s own mind, the current of Nazism. Although many representations of the Holocaust in popular fiction strive towards the “feel good” story within the story, Kerr’s morally and generically ambiguous novels never give in to this urge, and the solution of the crime is never redemptive. The darkness of these novels, paired with the popularity of crime fiction, make for a significant vehicle for representing the milieu in which the Holocaust was able to occur.

Barbarous Nationalism and the Liberal International Order: Reflections on the ‘Is,’ the ‘Ought,’ and the ‘Can’

1996 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 439-462
Author(s):  
Carol A.L. Prager
Keyword(s):  
International System ◽  
International Order ◽  
Second World War ◽  
Crimes Against Humanity ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Human Rights Abuses ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
First Time ◽  
Second World

It's a mistake to endow the Holocaust or any other massive case of crimes against humanity with cosmic significance. We want to do it because we think the moral enormity of the events should be balanced by an equally grand theory. But it's not. The attempt to do so is poignant.Alain FinkielkrautSavage ethnonationalism, dating back to the end of the eighteenth century, and violent ethnic conflict, as ancient as history, are sometimes viewed as if for the first time in the post-Cold War era. Still, it is the case that the end of the discipline imposed by the bipolar international system has permitted temporarily repressed ethnic and nationalist passions to reassert themselves. In response, a vast literature has sprung up discussing what states should do about genocide and ethnic cleansing, the gravest human rights abuses. In what follows I will consider barbarous nationalism in the context of the liberal international order put into place at the end of the Second World War, the roles of politics, law and morality forming a sub text to that discussion.

Ethnic Cleansing

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp Ther
Keyword(s):  
Population Policy ◽  
Mass Scale ◽  
Nazi Germany ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Nation State ◽  
Modern Nation State

One can define ethnic cleansing as a mass-scale, violent, and permanent removal of an ethnically defined group from one territory to a perceived external homeland. Deportations within a state were special in this regard because there was no vision of an external territory to which the cleansed population would be sent. It still needs to be explored why some states treated deported minorities worse than other states treated their supposed external enemies. This article examines the origins and three preconditions of ethnic cleansing: modern nationalism, the concept of the modern nation-state, and the development of population policy. It also discusses four major periods of ethnic cleansing: 1912–1925, ethnic cleansing under the hegemony of Nazi Germany (1938–1944), ethnic cleansing and the postwar order in Europe (1944–1948), and ethnic cleansing in Yugoslavia (1991–1995).

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