Sources and Management of Conflict: The Case of Saudi-U.S. Joint Ventures

1994 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 61-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uğur Yavaş ◽  
Doğan Eroğlu ◽  
Sevgin Eroğlu
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Conflict Management ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Joint Ventures ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Dynamic Approach ◽  
And Performance

Joint ventures predominate in business formats used by multinational corporations in developing countries. It is believed that joint ventures in these countries suffer more conflicts and performance problems than joint ventures in developed countries. However, there is little empirical research into understanding the nature of joint venture problems in less developed countries. Furthermore, what little research exists examines the issue from the perspective of the parent company at the expense of the local partner's point of view. The study reported here is intended to fill this void. Specifically, the study examines severity of various conflicts in Saudi-U.S. joint ventures operating in Saudi Arabia from the perspective of Saudi partners. Three critical sources of conflict are identified and analyzed in detail. The discussion concludes by recommending a dynamic approach to conflict management with a special emphasis on developing communication capabilities.

scholarly journals Political risk management practices of Multinational Corporations: their approaches to deal with developing countries under economic sanctions

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-247
Author(s):  
Yoel Modesto Gonzalez-Bravo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Management ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Political Risk ◽  
Economic Sanctions ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Main Determinants

This article explores adjustments to the traditional political risk management practices followed by Multinational Corporations (MNCs) in their international operations to incorporate an increasingly concerning risk arising from the more frequent imposition of economic sanctions on developing countries over the last ten years for political purposes. In order to identify the main determinants of this risk and its consequences, a literature review is conducted, highlighting the models proposed by Tsebelis (1990) and Kakutami (2017) as the main frameworks to understand the dynamics for sanctions impositions, their frequency and the management of this risk by traditional MNCs from developed countries. Kakutami’s model is further enhanced in this article with a game theoretical model to understand the dynamic behavior of MNCs under this context, considering evidences of a growing presence in international markets of MNCs from developing countries, whose motivations for their expansion are explored. Finally, different political risk mitigating strategies are reviewed to explore their suitability to MNCs, with particular emphasis on the use of insurance to cover this risk and its effects on MNCs’ willingness to engage with sanctioned countries. As a general finding, from a reputational point of view, MNCs should take a more active role in their network analysis to identify their direct and indirect exposure to this risk, given the more frequent imposition of sanctions with an extraterritorial reach.

scholarly journals Loss of work productivity in a warming world: Differences between developed and developing countries

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuang Yu ◽  
Zhongwei Yan ◽  
Jiangjiang Xia ◽  
Alcide Zhao ◽  
Anzhi Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Climate Models ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Productivity Loss ◽  
Work Productivity ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The World ◽  
Warming World

<p>Comparable estimates of the heat-related work productivity loss (WPL) in different countries over the world are difficult partly due to the lack of exact measures and comparable data for different counties. In this study, we analysed 4363 responses to a global online survey on the WPL during heat waves in 2016. The participants were from both developed and developing countries, facilitating estimates of the heat-related WPL across the world for the year. The heat-related WPL for each country involved was then deduced for increases of 1.5, 2, 3 and 4 °C in the global mean surface temperature under the representative concentration pathway scenarios in climate models. The average heat-related WPL in 2016 was 6.6 days for developing countries and 3.5 days for developed countries. The estimated heat-related WPL was negatively correlated with the gross domestic product per capita. When global surface temperatures increased by 1.5, 2, 3 and 4 °C, the corresponding WPL was 9 (19), 12 (31), 22 (61) and 33 (94) days for developed (developing) countries, quantifying how developing countries are more vulnerable to climate change from a particular point of view. Moreover, the heat-related WPL was unevenly distributed among developing countries. In a 2°C-warmer world, the heat-related WPL would be more than two months in Southeast Asia, the most influenced region. The results are considerable for developing strategy of adaptation especially for developing countries.</p>

Leading From Powerlessness: A Third-way Neutrosophic Leadership Model For Developing Countries

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Christianto ◽  
◽  
Florentin Smarandache ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Third Way ◽  
Leadership Model ◽  
New Approach ◽  
The Third ◽  
Leadership Models

We argue that there are essentially two chief leadership models: the hard-style and soft-style leadership. From Neutrosophic point of view, there can be a third way, between hard-style leadership and soft-style leadership model, which may be more relevant to many of people in developing countries as well as in developed countries, who feel “powerless” and “hopeless” especially in this pandemic situation. We prefer to call this new approach: leading from powerlessness. The third-way Neutrosophic leadership model may also mean partially hard-style and partially soft-style leadership.

From physical to virtual store: factors that spur Bangladeshi manufacturers/retailers to introduce multi-channel retailing

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Md Thohidul Karim ◽  
Xu Qi
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Technology Acceptance ◽  
Consumer Satisfaction ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Business Innovation ◽  
Major Factors

Purpose Multi-channel business operations are standard practice in most business contexts today. The popularity of multi-channel adoption among developing countries is growing fast. In Bangladesh, the retailers who adopted multi-channel retailing have been getting a very good response from the consumers. This study aims to understand the factors that influence manufacturers’ decisions to adopt multiple channels in Bangladesh. The authors applied an extended technology acceptance model with three variables: business innovation, business competition and consumer satisfaction. Design/methodology/approach Partial least squares-structural equation modeling was applied to test the data collected from 157 companies and relevant hypotheses. Findings The study findings show that Bangladeshi manufacturers are positive about, and expect benefits from, applying the new channel. The study also revealed that customer satisfaction considerably affects multi-channel adoption in Bangladesh. Similarly, business innovation and business competition play a significant role in introducing multiple business channels. Research limitations/implications This research was conducted in Bangladesh, and data are collected from Dhaka and Chittagong that may limit the generalizability of findings. Practical implications The research goal was to understand a manufacturer’s perception to adopt multi-channel in business. The proposed research model was able to address the major factors that drive a manufacturer to introduce multiple business channels, especially in Bangladesh. Originality/value Many research and case studies have been done the past couple of decades, but most of them are consumer oriented. Little research has been done to investigate a manufacturer’s point of view adapting innovation in business. Though some research articles are available online, most of them from developed countries. So, the study’s goal was to study developing countries scenario; thus, the authors choose Bangladesh.

scholarly journals The Paths of Internationalization of Chinese Innovative Firms

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2575
Author(s):  
Hongping Du ◽  
Liliana Mitkova ◽  
Na Wang
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Mode Choice ◽  
Entry Mode ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Entry Mode Choice ◽  
Market Location ◽  
Wholly Owned Subsidiary ◽  
Entry Speed

Innovative enterprises from emerging markets, such as China, are a group of understudied enterprises, which could generate new and important views on internationalization. Some unique characteristics of Chinese innovative enterprises are creating new ideas that help to a better understanding of entry mode choice, market location choice, and entry speed in the paths of internationalization. Drawing on an unbalanced panel of Chinese innovative enterprises’ outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) event data, we analyzed the tendency of the paths of internationalization of Chinese innovative enterprises and the determining factors that influence the Chinese innovative enterprises’ choice in entry mode, market location, and entry speed. The results show that: (1) Chinese innovative enterprises are more likely to choose developing countries than developed countries. (2) When these firms conduct investment activities in developed countries, the probability rank (from high to low) of entry mode choice is acquisition, along with the wholly-owned subsidiary, exporting and joint venture. When these firms expand the business in developing countries, the entry mode of export is most likely to be chosen and the acquisition is least likely to be chosen. (3) This tendency and paths choice of internationalization in entry mode, market location and entry speed are influenced by the international experience, the multidimensional proximity, psychic distance, internationalization motivation, ownership structure, and innovation ability. Finally, we discuss these contributions and make some suggestions for future research.

Control, Conflict, and Performance: A Study of U.S.-Chinese Joint Ventures

1997 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 31-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Z. Ding
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Joint Ventures ◽  
Questionnaire Survey ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Managerial Control ◽  
Foreign Partner ◽  
Venture Performance ◽  
General Managers ◽  
And Performance

This study was designed to test empirically the linkages between control, conflict, and performance using a sample of U.S.-Chinese joint ventures established in China during the period of 1979–1989. Data were gathered through a questionnaire survey among U.S. managers and personal interviews with both U.S. and Chinese general managers in the selected joint ventures. Results showed that dominant managerial control exercised by the foreign partner had a positive impact on the perceived joint venture performance. The study identified major areas in which conflict between joint venture partners occurred. Empirical evidence was found that conflict between joint venture partners significantly hindered joint venture performance.

scholarly journals Steps towards a CSR binding paradigm

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-124
Author(s):  
Léna Masson
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Multinational Corporations ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Labor Standards ◽  
Global Regulation ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Voluntary Regulation ◽  
Private Power

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to pursue the dialogue on the global firms’ regulation vis-à-vis human rights and labor standards in developing countries. Design/methodology/approach Locke’s book The Promise and Limits of Private Power is analyzed and discussed with respect to more recent global regulation literature and mechanisms. Findings Locke advocates that private voluntary regulation has to be combined with local laws in developing countries to fully enforce labor standards and workers’ rights. In light of recent changes, the interesting model proposed by Locke shows some weaknesses. Originality/value To enforce labor standards and workers’ rights in developing countries, the author argue that governments in developed countries need to be seen as major players in multinational corporations (MNCs) regulations. But above all, the economic model needs to be questioned.

scholarly journals DIFFICULTIES IN FORMING A KNOWLEDGE-BASED ECONOMY

2018 ◽  
pp. 188-193
Author(s):  
TAMAR DOLIDZE
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Knowledge Economy ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Schematic Model ◽  
Knowledge Based ◽  
Knowledge Based Economy ◽  
Statistical Mechanism ◽  
Definition Of

In scientific literature there is no defining explanation and no relevant theoretical model of knowledge and information. Consequently, the definition of the knowledge economy is very eclectic and vague. As a result of the research, we have presented the definition and the general schematic model of knowledge and information. Knowledge is a product that is hard to define due to its nature, which makes it difficult to determine its value It is natural when it is difficult to determine the value of the knowledge as a product it is actually impossible to commercialize it. There is also no adequate statistical mechanism for assessing the knowledge economy. The issue has been insufficiently studied scientifically both in theoretical and quantitative parameters’ point of view. All these and other factors complicate the formation of a knowledge-based economy in developed countries. As for developing countries, in the best case there are only discussions on these issues.

Interdependency in joint ventures: the relationship between dependence asymmetry and performance

2001 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kemp ◽  
P. Ghauri
Keyword(s):  
Joint Ventures ◽  
Joint Venture ◽  
Potential Threat ◽  
Dependence Asymmetry ◽  
Management Literature ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship

This paper reports the results of a survey on joint venture collaborations. It focuses on the relations between the level and intensity of conflict, trust and norms of exchange, and ultimately the performance of a joint venture, in case of dependency asymmetry between the partners. In management literature, the relative dependency position of the partners is often indicated as an important antecedent of conflict. In a survey of 78 Dutch companies in joint ventures, we investigated these relationships in depth. Contrary to expectations, we did not find a relationship between the relative dependency of the partners, conflict and performance. The potential threat of conflict seems to be mediated by the norms of exchange shared by the partners. We therefore tentatively conclude that the best way to manage the dependency position in a JV might be to invest time and effort in discussing the norms of exchange up-front, which will help the partners develop a trusting relationship..

The Evolution of ICT, Economic Development, and the Digitally-Divided Society

2008 ◽  
pp. 91-103
Author(s):  
Sadayoshi Takaya
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Cooperative Effort ◽  
The Public ◽  
Digital Devices ◽  
Divided Society

In this chapter, we mention that a digital divide could bring about an income divide both within a country and between countries. The more the uses of the Internet diffuse, the more the divide may introduce serious concerns. From a macroeconomic point of view, the increase in the digital divide diminishes ICT investments and delays the innovation of ICT. As a result, we propose that the public policies of each government provide the devices of ICT as social capital and infrastructure. On the global stage, the digital divide exists between developed and developing countries. Therefore, international provision of the digital devices should be achieved through a cooperative effort between developed countries and international organizations.

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