Car Crash Speed Estimates Not Biased by Leading Questions

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 848-853
Author(s):  
N. Raghunath ◽  
A.A. Fultz ◽  
C.A. Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Visual Quality ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Presentation Modality ◽  
Car Crash ◽  
Car Crashes ◽  
Event Recall ◽  
The Impact

Individuals’ recollections of events have been shown to be susceptible to external factors, especially when it comes to speed estimations. This study explored the impact of perceptually disfluent presentations and presentation modalities of car crashes on observers’ estimations of speed, in addition to the testing the currently accepted effect of leading questions on the same. Participants viewed videos or images of car crashes, presented in higher or lower visual quality, and reported how fast the vehicles were traveling when they “made contact” or “smashed into” each other. Results showed that neither question phrasing, visual quality, nor presentation modality of car crashes affected speed estimates. Individuals who believe cars to travel at higher speeds, however, in general estimated higher speeds when viewing car crash images, especially when presented in lower visual quality. These findings suggest that a combination of external factors may influence event recall depending on individual’s pre-existing beliefs about car speeds, and should be considered prior to obtaining eyewitness accounts.

scholarly journals Expendable or valuable?

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Visual Quality ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Organizational Changes ◽  
Breaking News ◽  
Competitive Edge ◽  
External Sources ◽  
Visual Strategies ◽  
The Impact

This study explores the impact of organizational changes on newspaper photo departments, an area of newsrooms that have arguably been particularly affected by structural changes in the field of journalism Through qualitative interviews with editors responsible for photojournalism at five Swedish newspapers that have experienced recent changes to photo staffing and routines for the sourcing of images, the study explores the following questions: Which routines do the newspapers have for sourcing images, in terms of in-house staff and external sources? How do notions of visual quality and external factors, such as audiences and competition, contribute to shaping the newspapers’ visual strategies? Findings indicate that newspapers rely on staff photojournalists for unique and in-depth coverage, but less for routine and breaking news. A certain expansion of photojournalism was found in some newsrooms where it is seen as a competitive edge; which, in part, challenges a “discourse of doom.” Uncertainty about the support for visual strategies in newsrooms lacking visual leadership was also found.

Some reflections on social structure: Theoretical and practical aspects

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 1063-1078
Author(s):  
T.N. Skorobogatova ◽  
I.Yu. Marakhovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Service Industry ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Social Infrastructure ◽  
Social Sphere ◽  
The Social ◽  
Study Results ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
The Impact

Subject. This article discusses the role of social infrastructure in the national economy and analyzes the relationship between the notions of Infrastructure, Service Industry and Non-Productive Sphere. Objectives. The article aims to outline a methodology for development of the social infrastructure of Russia's regions. Methods. For the study, we used the methods of statistical and comparative analyses. The Republic of Crimea and Rostov Oblast's social infrastructure development was considered as a case study. Results. The article finds that the level of social infrastructure is determined by a number of internal and external factors. By analyzing and assessing such factors, it is possible to develop promising areas for the social sphere advancement. Conclusions. Assessment and analysis of internal factors largely determined by the region's characteristics, as well as a comprehensive consideration of the impact of external factors will help ensure the competitiveness of the region's economy.

scholarly journals Competitiveness Determinants of Moroccan Exports: Quantity-Based Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilal Lotfi ◽  
Mohamed Karim
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Econometric Analysis ◽  
External Factors ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Export Competitiveness ◽  
Main Determinants ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Relative Concept

<p>The term competitiveness is a relative concept whose perception changes with the level of conducted analysis (nation, sector, company). Thus, a variety of internal and external factors can have deep effects on the competitiveness of a given entity. This paper aims to evaluate the competitiveness of Moroccan exports by identifying the main determinants that explain their performance. This is particularly dealing with the impact of customs’ tariff, the tariff of import, foreign demand, the share of the non-residents in the capital of domestic enterprises and the investment rate compared to the value of exporters.</p><p>Moreover, this paper presents a literature review on competitiveness and examines the main results of our econometric analysis regarding the determinants of export competitiveness applied to the top ten branches most exporters in Morocco. The gained results allow confirming the sensitivity of exports by branch to the situation of Morocco’s main trading partner namely the European Union while emphasizing, quantitatively, on the role played by the investment effort undertaken by Moroccan exporting companies in improving the competitiveness of national exports.</p>

Interactions between pupae of the pine processionary moth (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) and parasitoids in a Pinus forest

2015 ◽  
Vol 105 (5) ◽  
pp. 621-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
C.P. Bonsignore ◽  
F. Manti ◽  
E. Castiglione
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Effects ◽  
Morphological Traits ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Thaumetopoea Pityocampa ◽  
Parasitoid Species ◽  
Pine Processionary Moth ◽  
Processionary Moth ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Forest Lepidoptera

AbstractParasitoids are significant enemies of many economically important insects and there is some evidence to suggest that their actions have a role in terminating the outbreaks of forest Lepidoptera populations. In this study, we examined the impact of parasitoids on the pupae of the pine processionary moth, and highlighted the presence of several parasitoid species for this developmental stage. A higher rate of parasitism was found when the pupal density in the soil was reduced, but the rate of parasitism was not influenced by pupal morphological traits or by the presence or absence of a cocoon around a pupa. Of the external factors examined, a delay in the time of descent of larvae from the trees had a positive effect on the level of parasitism. Observational data indicated that dipteran and hymenopteran were the most abundant parasitoids to emerge from moth pupae. Our study highlights the complexity of the parasitoid–host dynamics, and stresses the importance of carefully determining environmental effects on host–parasitoid relations.

Accounting policy as a constituent of internal control and corporate economic security

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-681
Author(s):  
Yuliya N. STETSYUNICH ◽  
Andrei A. ZAITSEV
Keyword(s):  
Internal Control ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Semantic Analysis ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Accounting Policy

Subject. The article discusses the consistency of accounting policies, internal control and constituents of corporate economic security. Objectives. The study determines the process of articulating the term Accounting Policy at the legislative and normative levels nationwide and worldwide. We compare our own interpretations of corporate economic security. The article traces the impact of the accounting policy on areas of internal control and corporate economic securities. Methods. The study is based on general methods of research, such as the dialectical method, methods of analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, and semantic analysis. Results. The article shows the impact of internal and external factors, which also influence corporate economic security and translate into the formation of corporate accounting policies. Conclusions and Relevance. Economic security is an aspect that every entity pursues. Therefore, it is important to thoroughly study how clauses of accounting policies influence the aspect from perspectives of business entities. The impact of constituents of corporate accounting policies, as evaluated herein, allow to consider adverse factors and help prevent negative consequences that internal and external factors may cause to corporate economic security. The findings contribute to accounting techniques for financial management in order to ensure the economic security. They are of practical significance for business leaders and financial personnel.

scholarly journals Influence of Capital Structure on Corporate Performance of Listed Firm in PSX: Role of External Factors

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Hameed ◽  
Farheen Zahra Hussain ◽  
Khawar Naheed ◽  
Muhammad Sadiq Shahid
Keyword(s):  
Firm Performance ◽  
Capital Structure ◽  
Debt Financing ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Total Debt ◽  
Integral Role ◽  
Equity Ratio ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: A company’s capital structure is a blend of its equity and debt financing and is considered a significant factor in the valuation of any firm. The decisions related to capital structure formation play an integral role for the firms, therefore; this research tends to explore the factors of capital structure and their impact on firm performance. For this purpose, financial data for different listed companies in PSX has been gathered, and dividends and taxes are used as firm external factors.  Design/Methodology/Approach: To examine the impact, the panel data has been used for the period 2016-2020 and panel least square has been applied. Findings: The findings suggest that among the variables current ratio, dividends, taxation, total debt to total equity ratio, and the firm size are statistically significant to profitability. The study also concludes that dividends and tax have a greater impact on capital structure and firm performance.   Implications/Originality/Value: Managers and owners of the firms must make sure that their profits are used for future investments rather than payment of debts to avoid bankruptcy.  

scholarly journals Formation of an Innovative Business Model of a Trade Organization in the Context of Economic Globalization

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 92-98
Author(s):  
Pavlo Hrynko ◽  
Alla Grinko ◽  
Tatyana Shtal ◽  
Hanna Radchenko ◽  
Mariia Pokolodna
Keyword(s):  
Business Models ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Retail Trade ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Business Strategies ◽  
Sharp Change ◽  
Innovation Potential ◽  
Innovation Activities ◽  
The Impact

The development of Ukrainian trade organizations in ordinary conditions is characterized by a high degree of inertia. Therefore, when situations that need to change arise, business strategies of market participants also change dramatically. Most often, such transformations are connected with external factors, such as the overall economic crisis, a sharp change in the state “rules of the game” in a particular sector of economic relations, as well as another external factor bond to the occurrence of new serious competitors. The development of organizational and economic mechanism to ensure the innovative development of retail trade, requires comprehensive consideration of internal and external factors of the studied system, the formation of strategies and programs to increase the innovation potential of its participants, their active interaction, increasing the use of innovative technologies, generating ideas and transformations. The article considers the issues related to the impact of business globalization processes on the transformation of business models of trade organizations and their operation strategy, as the degree of trade development indicates the standard of living and the state of the economy and society. The authors of the article suggest that retail organizations adapt to the changes in the macro and micro environment, using innovative components in economic and financial activities, which will ensure their competitiveness and prevent crises. The proposed model of an innovative trade organization allows to identify the goals components of innovation activities, which combine the strategic guidelines of the state regulation and help to improve the economic condition of trade organizations

scholarly journals PENGARUH PROGRAM GERAKAN LITERASI SEKOLAH TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR BAHASA INDONESIA SISWA KELAS IX SMP NEGERI 10 KENDARI

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 400
Author(s):  
Venti Verlia ◽  
Sahlan Sahlan
Keyword(s):  
Language Learning ◽  
Family Environment ◽  
School Environment ◽  
Hypothesis Test ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Learning Achievement ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
Program Variable ◽  
The Impact

Abstract : This study aims to determine the effect of the School Literacy Movement program on the Indonesian language learning achievement of grade IX students at SMP Negeri 10 Kendari. In this study using ex post facto method and sampling technique, namely stratified sampling. The instrument used was in the form of a questionnaire. Based on the results of the research data analysis, it is known that there is a significant positive effect between the School Literacy Movement program on the Indonesian language learning achievement of grade IX students of SMP Negeri 10 Kendari. Hypothesis test results show that the significance value (Sig.) Is 0.039. When compared with the probability value or α = 0.05, then 0.039 <0.05, which means that H₀ is rejected and Hₐ is accepted. If seen from the tcount value, it is obtained a value of 2.110> t table 1.994, so it can be concluded that the School Literacy Movement program variable (X) affects the Indonesian learning achievement variable (Y). This can also be seen from the results of the determination coefficient test which reveals the contribution of the School Literacy Movement program to Indonesian language learning achievement is 6.1%. Although the contribution made is still very low, if the program is implemented very well by looking at the factors that influence its implementation, the impact on Indonesian learning achievement can be increased. The factors that influence the implementation of the School Literacy Movement program consist of two factors, namely inhibiting factors consisting of the family environment and the lack of literacy officers, and supporting factors, namely the support from the school and the provision of adequate books. Factors that affect students' Indonesian learning achievement consist of internal and external factors. Internal factors that affect student achievement are psychological aspects consisting of reading interest and student willingness, while external factors that influence are the school environment and the existence of social media. Keywords: literacy movement; Learning achievement

scholarly journals Systemic Approach to Evaluating External Factors Influencing the Resource Potential of the Catering Industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (48) ◽  
pp. 143-148
Author(s):  
M. M. Kucher ◽  
◽  
H. P. Levchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
External Factors ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
Business Practices ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Resource Potential ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Catering Industry ◽  
Indirect Impact ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
The Impact

One of the defining sectoral features of the catering business as a component of a national economy is its increased sensitivity to changes occurring in the economic situation, environment and business practices. It is a priori impossible to take into account the absolute majority of factors influencing the process of resource potential formation, so it is necessary to determine the set of those factors that have a direct or indirect impact on the catering business in general and resource potential in particular, as well as on the formation of their comprehensive evaluation system. The article is aimed at evaluating the impact of these factors on the resource potential of enterprises in the catering industry. The macroenvironment is analyzed as a set of external factors of indirect impact by the following indices: GDP, investment, consumer price index, household income. The dualistic nature of the impact made by external factors of indirect impact is established, whereas these factors can be both opportunities and threats to the catering industry depending on certain criteria of the international economic situation. A comprehensive analysis of the meso environment from the standpoint of dividing impact factors in two groups: the market group (number of business entities in catering industry; gross output and volume of sales of goods; price indices for goods and services) and resource group (financial results of the catering industry and services; investment volume and structure in this area; employment and labor costs; information technologies usage). The presence and hidden sources by types of resources are established. Synthesis of the impact areas of external factors on the activity of catering business entities is made based on a symbiosis of the following methods: PEST-analysis, SWOT-analysis, PESTEL-analysis. A set of evaluation areas of factors influencing the formation of the resource potential of an enterprise is created, providing for the application of the distribution criterion depending on the area of evaluating external factors of indirect impact. The general economic indicator (GDP) is suggested to be used as a distribution criterion, whose range of values will indicate the transition of a particular index to the plane of "threat" or "opportunity".

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