scholarly journals Parkinson’s Disease and Symptomatic Osteoarthritis Are Independent Risk Factors of Falls in the Elderly

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 117954411988493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anneli Teder-Braschinsky ◽  
Aare Märtson ◽  
Marika Rosenthal ◽  
Pille Taba
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Knee Osteoarthritis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Symptomatic Knee ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
Risk Factors For Falls

Objectives: Deteriorating functionality and loss of mobility, resulting from Parkinson’s disease, may be worsened by osteoarthritis, which is the most common form of joint disease causing pain and functional impairment. We assessed the association between symptomatic hip or knee osteoarthritis, falls, and the ability to walk among patients with Parkinson’s disease compared to a control group. Methods: A total of 136 patients with Parkinson’s disease in Southern Estonia and 142 controls with an average age of 76.8 and 76.3 years, respectively, were enrolled in a retrospective case-control study. Information on falls and related fractures during the previous year was collected from the patients with Parkinson’s disease and controls. Covariates included gender, age, mobility, duration of Parkinson’s disease, and fractures. Results: Patients with Parkinson’s disease were at an increased risk of falls compared to the control group, and for the higher risk of fractures. Symptomatic knee or hip osteoarthritis was a significant independent predictor of falls in both patients with Parkinson’s disease and controls. The higher risk for fractures during the previous year was demonstrated in symptomatic osteoarthritis. Risk factors for falls included also female gender, use of sleep pills, and the inability to walk 500 m. Conclusions: Symptomatic hip and knee osteoarthritis are risk factors for falls and related fractures among the elderly population with and without Parkinson’s disease. The inability to walk 500 m could be used as a simple predictive factor for the increased risk of falls among elderly populations.

scholarly journals Assessment of Risk Factors for Falls among Patients with Parkinson’s Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Jacek Wilczyński ◽  
Magdalena Ścipniak ◽  
Kacper Ścipniak ◽  
Kamil Margiel ◽  
Igor Wilczyński ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Fear Of Falling ◽  
External Factors ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Risk Of Falling ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
Risk Factors For Falls

Introduction. The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors for falls in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Materials and Methods. The study comprised 53 participants (52.8% women and 47.2% men). The Hoehn and Yahr 5-point disability scale was used to assess the severity of Parkinson’s disease. The Tinetti Balance and Gait Scale were used to evaluate the risk of falls. The Katz scale was used to test the independence of people with PD. The Falls Efficacy Scale-International Short Form (FES-I) was implemented to assess fear of falling. Results. The majority of participants was at a high risk of falls, being at the same level for women and men. A significant relationship was noted between the risk of falls and subjective assessment of mobility ( χ 2 = 31.86 , p < 0.001 ), number of falls ( χ 2 = 37.92 , p < 0.001 ), independence of the subjects ( χ 2 = 19.28 , p < 0.001 ), type of injury suffered during the fall ( χ 2 = 36.93 , p < 0.001 ), external factors ( χ 2 = 33.36 , p < 0.001 ), and the level of fear of falling ( χ 2 = 8.88 , p < 0.001 ). A significant relationship also occurred between the number of falls and the fear of falling ( χ 2 = 33.49 , p < 0.001 ) and between the number of falls and disease severity ( χ 2 = 45.34 , p < 0.001 ). The applied physiotherapy did not reduce the risk of falls ( χ 2 = 3.18 , p = 0.17 ). Conclusions. Individuals who rated their mobility as good or excellent were at a low risk of falls. People who fell more times were at a high risk of falling. People more independent were at a low risk of falls. Previous injuries were the most associated with being at risk of falling. Uneven surfaces and obstacles on one’s path are the external factors most associated with the risk of falling. People with low levels of fall anxiety were at a low risk of falls. Most people with low fall anxiety have never fallen. Additionally, the majority of patients with stage 1 of the disease have not fallen at all. The reason for the ineffectiveness of physiotherapy may be due to the exercise programs used and the lack of systematic implementation of them. PD is different for each patient; thus, it is important to select individually customized physiotherapy depending on motor and nonmotor symptoms, as well as general health of a patient.

Effects of mental practice strategies associated to physiotherapy on gait and risk of falls in Parkinson’s disease: a pilot study of a randomized clinical trial

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
T Silva ◽  
L Silva ◽  
K Silva ◽  
S Silva ◽  
D Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Mental Practice ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Timed Up And Go ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
Degenerative Disorder

Abstract Introduction Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder that interferes with the voluntary movements due to dysfunction of the basal ganglia and presenting with motor signals, such as the reduction of gait speed. This contributes to an increased risk of falls. In rehabilitation, mental practice (MP) has been shown to promote plastic modulation of neural circuits and improve motor learning, but the results of research with MP in PD are still ambiguous due to the diversity of intervention strategies. Objectives To compare the effects of MP strategies associated to physiotherapy in gait and risk of falls in PD patients. Methodology We performed a pilot study of a clinical randomized, single blind, trial, conducted in accordance with the consort checklist. Patients with idiopathic PD were included and allocated to four groups: Control group (CG); Group with mental practice guided by images (MPI); Group with mental practice guided by audio (MPA); group with mental practice without a guide (MPWG). The subjects of the experimental groups were submitted to 15 sessions of physiotherapy and mental practice, while the CG received only physiotherapy. The sessions were held 2 times per week, 40 minutes for physiotherapy and approximately 5-10 minutes for the corresponding mental practice protocol. Spatial-temporal parameters of gait were assessed with the 10 meters Walking Test (TC10m), and the risk of falls was evaluated with the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Results The MPI group showed significant results for the parameters time (p = 0.027) and speed (p = 0.025) when compared with the results of the CG. No main effects for the group were observed concerning cadence and risk of falls had. Groups MPWG and MPA showed no significant results for the TC10m and TUG when compared with the CG. Conclusion The results of this pilot study suggest that MP guided by images associated to physical therapy was more effective to increase the gait speed than the alternative strategies.

scholarly journals 145 Antihypertensive Medications and Falls in the Older Person

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. iv34-iv39
Author(s):  
Jing Yao Quah ◽  
Reena Nadarajah ◽  
Elizabeth Gar Mit Chong ◽  
Rizah Mazzuin Razali ◽  
Fatt Soon Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Older Person ◽  
Antihypertensive Medications ◽  
Recurrent Falls ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Geriatric Clinic ◽  
Risk Of Falls

Abstract Background There have always been concerns about the increased risk of falls in the older person taking antihypertensive medications. This retrospective study is aimed to determine whether different classes and number of antihypertensive medication used were associated with increased risk of falls in the older person. Methods Data was obtained from the geriatric clinic database in HKL from 2015-2018. The data for fallers were extracted from the Falls Clinic while data for the control group of non-fallers were extracted from the General Geriatric clinic. Socio-demographic details, types of falls, types of medications, and risk factors of falls were analysed. Results 117 of the cases who were fallers and 39 cases of non-fallers were analysed. Univariate logistic regression revealed that age, Parkinson’s disease and hypertension to have significant association with falls. The fallers were then analysed to assess falls risk with the use of antihypertensive medications. Those on one anti-hypertensive medication had an increased risk of recurrent falls (AOR = 3.16; 95% CI: 1.47–6.82) compared to those without antihypertensive medications (AOR = 0.37; CI: 0.13-1.03) and those with two or more antihypertensive medications (AOR = 0.56; CI: 0.27-1.16). Multivariate logistic regression also revealed that the use of all antihypertensive classes were not associated with recurrent falls and injuries from falls. However, patients who were on diuretics had significant odds of admission for falls (AOR 3.05; 95% CI 1.14-8.21) compared to ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (AOR 0.88; CI 0.38-2.10), beta blockers (AOR 0.88; CI 0.35-2.24), calcium channel blockers (AOR 0.96; CI 0.42-2.23) or alpha blockers (AOR 0.41; CI 0.09-1.99). Conclusion Older person with advanced age and Parkinson’s disease should be screened for risk of falling. In addition, all older people on antihypertensive medications especially diuretics should also be monitored for increased risk of falls.

scholarly journals Genetic risk factors for Parkinson’s disease in Ukraine

2015 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
A. K. Koliada ◽  
T. V. Pletneva ◽  
A. S. Sosedko ◽  
M. A. Chyvlyklyj ◽  
A. M. Vaiserman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Genetic Risk ◽  
Genetic Risk Factors ◽  
Genotype Frequency ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Genotype Frequencies ◽  
Cyp1a1 Gene ◽  
Increased Risk

The paper focuses on the genetic risk factors for Parkinson’s disease (PD) such as polymorphisms in genes CYP1A1, GSTM1 and APOE. A total number of 516 people were examined. 300 persons were in the control group (mean age 67,0 ± 0,4 years; 200 males and 100 females) and 216 persons were patients with PD (mean age 65,0 ± 0,7 years, 116 males and 100 females). Whole blood samples collected from each person were genotyped using PCR-RFLP. Amplification and restriction results were assessed by conducting vertical agarose gel electrophoresis. The study analyzed marker с.2452C>A in the CYP1A1 gene. In the control group, allele C frequency was 0.79, and allele A frequency – 0.21. Genotype frequencies were: CC – 0.61, AC – 0.36, AA – 0.03. In the group of patients alleles C and A frequencies were 0.64 and 0.36 correspondingly. Genotype frequencies were: CC – 0.35, AC – 0.58, AA – 0.07. There was a significant difference between both groups in allele A frequency. It is considered that 0/0 genotype for the GSTM1 gene is a risk factor for PD. In the controls, +/+ and 0/0 genotypes frequencies were 0.67 and 0.33 correspondingly. In the group of patients +/+ genotype frequency was 0.55 and 0/0 genotype frequency – 0.45. The difference was statistically significant. In the control group genotype frequencies for the АРОЕ gene were 0.715 (Е3/Е3), 0.077 (Е3/Е4), 0.009 (Е4/Е4), 0.167 (Е2/Е3), 0.031 (Е2/Е4) and 0.000 (Е2/Е2). In the group of patients with PD they were 0.634 (Е3/Е3), 0.148 (Е3/Е4), 0.032 (Е4/Е4), 0.157 (Е2/Е3), 0.023 (Е2/Е4) and 0.000 (Е2/Е2). Е3/Е4 genotype frequency was significantly higher in the group of patients with PD than in the control group. Pathogenic allele с.2452C>A of the CYP1A1 gene is associated with increased risk of PD (OR = 1.72). 0/0 genotype carriers have higher risk to develop PD (OR = 1.72). Allele έ4 of the АРОЕ gene may be associated with increased risk of PD. Risk of the disease is higher in έ2 allele carriers (OR = 2.35) and έ4 allele carriers (OR=1.97). People with genotype Е4/Е4 have chances to be affected by PD 3.48 times higher (OR = 3.48). Associations revealed in the different human populations between genetic factors and PD may vary that is associated with the genetic heterogeneity and proportion of environmental factors which affect people. Despite the results are sometimes controversial, they can be helpful in developing DNA-tests for early diagnosis of PD.

scholarly journals Genetic Markers as Risk Factors for the Development of Impulsive-Compulsive Behaviors in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease Receiving Dopaminergic Therapy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1321
Author(s):  
Anna Fedosova ◽  
Nataliya Titova ◽  
Zarema Kokaeva ◽  
Natalia Shipilova ◽  
Elena Katunina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Drug Induced ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Compulsive Behaviors ◽  
Healthy Control ◽  
Pcr Techniques

Impulsive–compulsive and related behavioral disorders (ICD) are drug-induced non-motor symptoms of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Recently research has focused on evaluating whether ICD could be predicted and managed using a pharmacogenetic approach based on dopaminergic therapies, which are the main risk factors. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of candidate genes such as DBH, DRD2, MAOA, BDNF, COMT, SLC6A4, SLC6A3, ACE, DRD1 gene polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of ICD in PD. We compared patients with PD and ICD (n = 49), patients with PD without ICD (n = 36) and a healthy control group (n = 365). ICD was diagnosed using the QUIP questionnaires and specific diagnostic criteria for subtypes of ICD. Genotyping was conducted using a number of PCR techniques and SNaPshot. Statistical analysis was performed using WinPepi and APSampler v3.6 software. PCA testing was conducted using RStudio software v1.4.1106-5. The following substitutions showed statistically significant correlations with PD and ICD: DBH (rs2097629, rs1611115), DRD2 (rs6275, rs12364283, rs1076560), ACE (rs4646994), DRD1 (rs686), BDNF (rs6265), these associations are novel in Russian PD patients. Our findings suggest that polymorphisms in DBH, BDNF, DRD2, ACE genes in Russian subjects are associated with an increased risk of ICD development.

scholarly journals Risk of Falls in Parkinson’s Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study of 160 Patients

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana Contreras ◽  
Francisco Grandas
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Balance Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
Risk Factors For Falling

Falls are a major source of disability in Parkinson’s disease. Risk factors for falling in Parkinson’s disease remain unclear. To determine the relevant risk factors for falling in Parkinson’s disease, we screened 160 consecutive patients with Parkinson’s disease for falls and assessed 40 variables. A comparison between fallers and nonfallers was performed using statistical univariate analyses, followed by bivariate and multivariate logistic regression, receiver-operating characteristics analysis, and Kaplan-Meier curves. 38.8% of patients experienced falls since the onset of Parkinson’s disease (recurrent in 67%). Tinetti Balance score and Hoehn and Yahr staging were the best independent variables associated with falls. The Tinetti Balance test predicted falls with 71% sensitivity and 79% specificity and Hoehn and Yahr staging with 77% sensitivity and 71% specificity. The risk of falls increased exponentially with age, especially from 70 years onward. Patients aged >70 years at the onset of Parkinson’s disease experienced falls significantly earlier than younger patients.

Anemia in the Elderly and the Risk of Injurious Falls.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 1333-1333
Author(s):  
Mei S. Duh ◽  
Samir H. Mody ◽  
Patrick Lefebvre ◽  
Richard C. Woodman ◽  
Sharon Buteau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Linear Trend ◽  
Head Injuries ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Significant Linear Trend ◽  
Injurious Falls ◽  
Risk Of Falls ◽  
Increasing Risk ◽  
Risk Factors For Falls

Abstract Background: Anemia commonly occurs in the elderly (≥65), and has been associated with a number of adverse consequences. Thirty percent of the community-dwelling elderly fall annually and this risk increases to 50% by the age of 80. Serious injuries caused by a fall, such as fractures and head injuries, are sustained by about 10% of the elderly and often lead to functional disability, increased health care costs, and increased mortality. Identification of reversible risk factors is critical for the management of falls and related injuries. The purpose of the current study is to investigate whether anemia increases the risk of injurious falls (IF) in the elderly. Methods: Health claims data from over 30 health plans from 01/1999 through 04/2004 were used. Patients ≥65 years with ≥1 hemoglobin (Hb) measurement were selected. IF were defined as a fall claim followed by an injurious event claim within 30 days after the fall. Injurious events were defined as fractures of the hip, pelvis, femur, vertebrae, ribs, humerus, and lower limbs, Colle’s fracture, head injuries, or hematomas. An open-cohort design was employed to classify patients’ observation periods by: (1) by anemia status based on WHO criteria (&lt; 12 g/dL for women; &lt; 13 g/dL for men), and (2) by Hb level: &lt;10, 10-&lt;12, 12-&lt;13, and ≥13 g/dL. The incidence rates (IF events / person-years of observation) were compared by anemia status and Hb levels, respectively. Subset analyses based on IF of the hip (including pelvis and femur) and the head were further conducted. The association of IF with anemia and Hb levels, respectively, was analyzed using both univariate and multivariate (adjusted for age, gender, health plan, comorbidities, concomitant medications) approaches. Results: Among the 47,530 study subjects, a statistically significant linear trend of increasing risk of falls (i.e., IF and non-IF events) with decreasing Hb was observed (p&lt;.0001). The incidence of IF was 15.8, 14.0, 9.8, and 6.5 per 1,000 person-years for Hb levels of &lt;10, 10-&lt;12, 12-&lt;13, and ≥13 g/dL, respectively (trend: p&lt;.0001). Based on the univariate analysis, anemia increased the risk of IF by 1.66 times (95% CI: 1.41–1.95) compared to no anemia, and the effects of anemia on IF of the hip and head were more pronounced (rate ratio (RR)=2.25 [95% CI: 1.74–2.89] and 1.77 [95% CI: 1.22–2.55], respectively, (p&lt;.01 for both)). Multivariate analysis revealed that Hb levels were significantly associated with the risk of IF (RR = 1.57, 1.48, 1.17 for Hb levels of &lt;10, 10-&lt;12, 12-&lt;13 g/dL, respectively, compared to Hb≥ 13 g/dL), and the negative linear trend of the risk of IF by Hb levels remained statistically significant (p&lt;.0001). In the subset of hip and head IF, the association with anemia was even stronger (Hip: RR=3.37, 1.83, 1.36 for Hb levels of &lt;10, 10-&lt;12, 12-&lt;13 g/dL, respectively; Head: RR=1.65, 1.47, 1.18, respectively), with a statistically significant linear trend observed (Hip: p&lt;.0001; Head: p=0.07). Anemia (esp. Hb &lt; 10) had comparable risk to other well-known risk factors for falls such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and osteoarthritis. Conclusion: Anemia was significantly and independently associated with an increasing risk for IF, especially IF to the hip and head, in elderly persons. Furthermore, the risk of IF increased as the anemia worsened. The impact of anemia correction on the risk of falls and IF needs to be evaluated.

scholarly journals Orofacial Functions and Chewing Effiency in Elderly Patients with Parkinson’s Disease Rehabilitated with Removable Prostheses

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Corsalini Massimo ◽  
Rapone Biagio ◽  
Cagnetta Giovanni ◽  
Carossa Massimo ◽  
Sportelli Pasquale ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Study Group ◽  
Dental Prostheses ◽  
Masticatory Efficiency ◽  
Masticatory Ability ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. It is one of the movement disorders that can affect oro-facial conditions. It is more common in the elderly, having an average age of onset of around 60 years. Objective: The aim was to study orofacial functions in patients suffering from PD with partial or total edentulism, wearing removable prostheses. Methods: Forty-eight (48) elders, rehabilitated with removable dentures, were included: 24 patients suffering from Parkinson's disease constitute the Study Group (SG), and 24 subjects not suffering from Parkinson's disease or neurological degenerative diseases represent the Control Group (CG). In SG, the severity of Parkinson's disease was assessed according to the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating objective motor scale III, and oro-facial dysfunctions were evaluated using Nordic Orofacial Test-Screening (NOT-S). The duration of the use of dental prostheses expressed in years has been reported. In both the groups, the subjective chewing index for the analysis of masticatory ability and the two-color chewing gum test for the analysis of masticatory efficiency were conducted . Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the SG and CG compared to the NOT-S (P = 0.001). Analyzing the study group, a statistically significant correlation was found between the masticatory efficiency and prosthetic years of use (rs = 0.436; P <0.05); instead, no statistically significant correlation was found between the masticatory efficiency and the severity of Parkinson's disease. Conclusion: In our study, we did not find differences between SG and CG in terms of the degree of masticatory efficiency; therefore, only a correlation between the duration of use of dental prostheses and the degree of masticatory efficiency was found.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Psychosis in Parkinson’s Disease

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (02) ◽  
pp. 78
Author(s):  
Matthew J Barrett ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Visual Processing ◽  
Severe Disease ◽  
Executive Dysfunction ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptom ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Common Manifestation ◽  
Gba Mutations

Psychosis is a characteristic neuropsychiatric symptom of Parkinson’s disease (PD) that is common and associated with worse outcomes. The purpose of this article is to review identified risk factors for visual hallucinations in PD, the most common manifestation of psychosis. With the possible exception of dopamine agonists, antiparkinsonian medications are only considered modifiers of psychosis in PD. Dementia in PD has consistently been shown to be associated with psychosis, and executive dysfunction and impairment in visual processing appear to play a role in its pathogenesis. The association of psychosis with disorders of sleep–wake dysregulation and autonomic dysfunction supports the involvement of brainstem dysfunction in PD psychosis. Despite many studies evaluating genetic risk factors for hallucinations, GBA mutations are the only variants consistently reported to be associated with an increased risk of hallucinations in PD. Lastly, psychosis in PD is associated with a more severe disease burden, both related and unrelated to PD pathology. Any explanatory model of psychosis in PD must incorporate pharmacological, neuroanatomic, pathological, and genetic factors before there can be a complete understanding of this common and disabling neuropsychiatric symptom.

scholarly journals Associations between concussion and risk of diagnosis of psychological and neurological disorders: a retrospective population-based cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. e000390
Author(s):  
Marc P Morissette ◽  
Heather J Prior ◽  
Robert B Tate ◽  
John Wade ◽  
Jeff R S Leiter
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Increased Risk

ObjectiveTo investigate associations between concussion and the risk of follow-up diagnoses of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mood and anxiety disorders (MADs), dementia and Parkinson’s disease.DesignA retrospective population-based cohort study.SettingAdministrative health data for the Province of Manitoba between 1990–1991 and 2014–2015.ParticipantsA total of 47 483 individuals were diagnosed with a concussion using International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes (ICD-9-CM: 850; ICD-10-CA: S06.0). All concussed subjects were matched with healthy controls at a 3:1 ratio based on age, sex and geographical location. Associations between concussion and conditions of interest diagnosed later in life were assessed using a stratified Cox proportional hazards regression model, with adjustments for socioeconomic status and pre-existing medical conditions.Results28 021 men (mean age ±SD, 25±18 years) and 19 462 women (30±21 years) were included in the concussion group, while 81 871 men (25±18 years) and 57 159 women (30±21 years) were included in the matched control group. Concussion was associated with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.39 (95% CI 1.32 to 1.46, p<0.001) for ADHD, 1.72 (95% CI 1.69 to 1.76; p<0.001) for MADs, 1.72 (95% CI 1.61 to 1.84; p<0.001) for dementia and 1.57 (95% CI 1.41 to 1.75; p<0.001) for Parkinson’s disease.ConclusionConcussion was associated with an increased risk of diagnosis for all four conditions of interest later in life.

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