The development of a colour discrimination index

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 681-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Xu ◽  
MR Luo ◽  
M Pointer
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Discrimination Index ◽  
Colour Discrimination ◽  
Colour Space ◽  
Colour Temperature ◽  
Industrial Inspection ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Colour Rendering ◽  
Three Components

One aspect of colour rendering is to discern the difference between colours and colour discrimination. This is important for applications such as surgical procedures and industrial inspection. Two psychophysical experiments were conducted using computer generated images and real materials, including stone, wood and organs. The results were used to develop a colour discrimination index which includes three components: the CAM02-UCS uniform colour space, the correlated colour temperature and a set of test samples.

Best lighting for jeans, part 1: Optimising colour preference and colour discrimination with multiple correlated colour temperatures

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (8) ◽  
pp. 1208-1223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z Huang ◽  
Q Liu ◽  
Y Liu ◽  
MR Pointer ◽  
MR Luo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colour Vision ◽  
Lighting Design ◽  
Colour Discrimination ◽  
Shopping Malls ◽  
Colour Preference ◽  
Colour Temperature ◽  
Normal Colour ◽  
Colour Rendering ◽  
Blue Jeans ◽  
Colour Gradient

In this study, two psychophysical experiments, one on colour preference and the other on colour discrimination, were conducted. To investigate the colour preference for blue jeans, 27 subjects with normal colour vision were asked to rate their visual appreciation of seven pairs of jeans with a colour gradient pattern. Nine LEDs, with uniformly sampled correlated colour temperature (CCT) values ranging from 2500 K to 6500 K, were used to illuminate the jeans. These lights produced a constant illuminance of approximately 200 lux, and their colour rendering indexes were between 79 and 91. In addition, using a Farnsworth-Munsell (FM)-100 Hue Test, the blue-region colour discrimination of 42 observers was assessed for five LEDs of the same type but with different CCTs (2500 K–6500 K, 1000 K interval). The results indicate that there is an optimum CCT of 5500 K for jeans, at which observers were found to exhibit the greatest capability for colour discrimination and the highest rating for colour preference. Interestingly, a significant gender difference was found in this study, which had not been observed in our previous work with quite similar experimental settings but different experimental objects. The findings of this study should provide a deeper understanding for the lighting design of shopping malls for jeans.

scholarly journals Image Anomaly Detection Using Normal Data Only by Latent Space Resampling

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 8660
Author(s):  
Lu Wang ◽  
Dongkai Zhang ◽  
Jiahao Guo ◽  
Yuexing Han
Keyword(s):  
Anomaly Detection ◽  
Normal Distribution ◽  
Autoregressive Model ◽  
Probability Model ◽  
Latent Space ◽  
Industrial Inspection ◽  
Detection Stage ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Reconstruction Model

Detecting image anomalies automatically in industrial scenarios can improve economic efficiency, but the scarcity of anomalous samples increases the challenge of the task. Recently, autoencoder has been widely used in image anomaly detection without using anomalous images during training. However, it is hard to determine the proper dimensionality of the latent space, and it often leads to unwanted reconstructions of the anomalous parts. To solve this problem, we propose a novel method based on the autoencoder. In this method, the latent space of the autoencoder is estimated using a discrete probability model. With the estimated probability model, the anomalous components in the latent space can be well excluded and undesirable reconstruction of the anomalous parts can be avoided. Specifically, we first adopt VQ-VAE as the reconstruction model to get a discrete latent space of normal samples. Then, PixelSail, a deep autoregressive model, is used to estimate the probability model of the discrete latent space. In the detection stage, the autoregressive model will determine the parts that deviate from the normal distribution in the input latent space. Then, the deviation code will be resampled from the normal distribution and decoded to yield a restored image, which is closest to the anomaly input. The anomaly is then detected by comparing the difference between the restored image and the anomaly image. Our proposed method is evaluated on the high-resolution industrial inspection image datasets MVTec AD which consist of 15 categories. The results show that the AUROC of the model improves by 15% over autoencoder and also yields competitive performance compared with state-of-the-art methods.

Sludge Conditioning: Effects of Sludge Biochemical Composition

1985 ◽  
Vol 17 (4-5) ◽  
pp. 505-515 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. T. Bowen ◽  
T. M. Keinath
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Biochemical Composition ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Reactive Surface ◽  
Low Correlation ◽  
Sludge Conditioning ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Polymer Interaction ◽  
Three Components

Variations in response of three different sludges to conditioning with organic polyelectrolytes were evaluated with respect to the carbohydrate, protein and lipid content of the sludges. These biochemicals comprise the surfaces of most sludges. The difference in the concentration of these compounds is intrinsic to the sludge type. Polymer Index (PI) , a measure of minimum polymer dose required to achieve maximum dewaterability, was statistically related to each of the three components. Carbohydrate content correlated most strongly with PI. As carbohydrate content increases, PI was found to decrease indicating better polymer performance. Biopolymers, which are composed mainly of carbohydrates may surround the cells forming a highly reactive surface. These exocellular materials also promote bioflocculation. Both actions result in a lower polymer requirement for destabilizing the sludge. Protein and lipid were not observed to have strong correlation with PI. Cellular surfaces and structures are composed of these components. The low correlation indicates these components are less favored than carbohydrates for polymer interaction.

Research Note: LED chip-on-board packaging technology for strict colour tolerance

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (8) ◽  
pp. 1052-1057
Author(s):  
J Zhang ◽  
P Ge ◽  
Z Zhou ◽  
D Liu ◽  
H Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Research Note ◽  
Luminous Efficacy ◽  
Packaging Technology ◽  
Colour Temperature ◽  
Colour Rendering ◽  
Method Show

In the field of LED packaging, people usually pay more attention to colour temperature, luminous efficacy and colour rendering than colour tolerance. This paper focuses on how to meet strict colour tolerances in the process of chip-on-board packaging. The McAdam ellipses are used to explain the meaning of colour tolerance. A method based on adjusting the amount of phosphor glue and the proportions of different phosphors it contains is described. Measurements on samples packaged according to this method show that it makes it possible to meet strict colour tolerance requirements.

scholarly journals Surgical Procedures for Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Appendix: A Consensus Guideline Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-89
Author(s):  
Paulina Tr. Vladova ◽  
Sergey D. Iliev ◽  
Savelina L. Popovska
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Surgical Approach ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Right Hemicolectomy ◽  
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms ◽  
Consensus Guideline ◽  
Surgical Interventions ◽  
Proliferation Activity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Well Differentiated

Summary According to the consensus and the recommendations of the European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society (ENETS), the frequency of appendicular neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) is 0.15-0.6/100 000 a year. They are found a little more often in women aged between 40 and 50. Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the appendix are about 30 to 80% of all appendicular tumors. Their evolution is usually asymptomatic. They are diagnosed accidentally during a conventional or laparoscopic appendectomy. In the past, the surgical approach used to depend on the localization of the tumor. Currently, its localization is not a significant factor in the choice of a surgical approach. Our purpose wass to present the consensus guideline and the recommendations of ENETS 2017 for surgical procedures in neuroendocrine neoplasms of the appendix and analyze the difference in the survival rate in different surgical interventions. The literature overview includes studies on surgical treatment of neuroendocrine neoplasms of the appendix and takes into consideration the last consensus guideline of ENETS 2017 on the topic. ENETS recommends a simple appendectomy in well- differentiated appendix tumors smaller than 2 cm, regardless of their localization. Right hemicolectomy is performed for in tumors sized between 1 cm and 2 cm with positive resection lines, with deep mesoappendiceal invasion, high proliferation activity (G2) and vascular invasion. For tumors over larger than 2 cm – right hemicolectomy is recommended. Although current studies have pointed out no significant differences in survival rates between appendectomy for neuroendocrine neoplasms of the appendix and right hemicolectomy, ENETS 2017 suggests that the latest consensus guidelines should be followed.

Secondary Flow in Cascades: Two Simple Derivations for the Components of Vorticity

1974 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 391-401 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. M. Came ◽  
H. Marsh
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Flow ◽  
Secondary Circulation ◽  
Governing Equations ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Simple Theories ◽  
Fluid Particles ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Downstream Flow ◽  
Three Components

By considering a many-bladed cascade, two simple theories are developed for secondary flow in cascades. Following the work of Hawthorne (1)†, three components of vorticity are identified at exit from the cascade. An expression is obtained for the difference in the time taken for fluid particles to travel over the two surfaces of the blade, and this is used to derive the governing equations for the distributed secondary, trailing filament and trailing shed vorticities. It is shown that, for a many-bladed cascade, the total secondary circulation in the downstream flow is zero. The calculation of secondary flow for a real cascade is discussed, and it is shown that earlier calculations of secondary flow at exit from cascades are consistent with this new approach.

VISUAL EFFECTS OF OBJECTS UNDER METAMERISM WITH MULTI-SPECTRAL LIGHT SOURCE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.M. Li ◽  
H. Fan ◽  
C.H. Lin ◽  
J.U. Chong ◽  
T.X. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Light Source ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Target Object ◽  
Visual Effects ◽  
Colour Temperature ◽  
Lighting Conditions ◽  
The Future ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Colour Rendering

This study attempts to simulate the metamerism colour, and the guava was used as the target object. We design four sets of metamers with a correlated colour temperature of 4000K and an illuminance of 750lux. The light source was simulated in the LED cube. The subjects with convenience sampling observed the visual effects, including look delicious, colourful, and colour rendering of guava under metamerism, then analysed its relationship with CRI and CQS. The results showed that colour rendering and visual effects are not a positive relationship, and the effect of CQS is closer to the visual effects of the subjects. The results of this study can be used as a reference for light source lighting designers as a basis for improving lighting conditions. In the future, we can collect databases for the different objects with an optimized multi-spectral light source.

scholarly journals Midazolam for the Intravenous Induction of Anaesthesia in Children

1982 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 340-343 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Holloway ◽  
D. G. Jordaan ◽  
J. G. Brock-Utne
Keyword(s):  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Induction Time ◽  
Induction Agent ◽  
Anaesthetic Induction ◽  
Reasonable Alternative ◽  
Successful Induction ◽  
Intravenous Anaesthetic ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Minor Operations ◽  
Induction Of Anaesthesia

Midazolam was compared with thiopentone as an intravenous anaesthetic induction agent in children between four and twelve years of age undergoing elective minor surgical procedures. Successful induction of anaesthesia was achieved in both groups of patients. With midazolam induction time was longer than with thiopentone, but the difference was not statistically significant. The incidence of apnoea was greater with thiopentone, but not significantly so. It is concluded that midazolam is effective and safe, and could prove a reasonable alternative to thiopentone as an intravenous induction agent in children undergoing elective minor operations.

scholarly journals Employee Commitment in Public and Private Banks in India

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shweta Mittal ◽  
Vivek Mittal
Keyword(s):  
Affective Commitment ◽  
Employee Commitment ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Normative Commitment ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Continuance Commitment ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Banks ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Three Components

The study assesses the employee commitment in the public and private banks and finds the difference in employee commitment with regard to all the three components of employee commitment i.e. affective commitment, normative commitment and continuance commitment in the public and private banks. The primary data has been collected from 203 employees through a structured questionnaire of employee commitment that measures affective, continuance and normative commitment. The t-test has been used to compare the three components of employee commitment. It was found that the employee commitment of public sector banks is better than private banks.

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