The Task Analysis Process for a New Reactor

1993 ◽  
Vol 37 (14) ◽  
pp. 1024-1028 ◽  
Author(s):  
L.J Staples
Keyword(s):  
Task Analysis ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Human Reliability Analysis ◽  
Task Representation ◽  
Hierarchical Task Analysis ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
Analysis Process ◽  
Continuous Feedback ◽  
Communications Analysis ◽  
And Training

This paper discusses the application of the methodologies of Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) and Tabular Task Analysis (TTA), incorporating Human Error Analysis during the detailed design phase of a new reactor. The MAPLE-X10 reactor, currently being developed by AECL Research, is a dedicated isotope production facility, scheduled for commissioning at Chalk River Laboratories, Ontario in 1994. The task analysis process developed for MAPLE-X10 consists of the representation and analysis of task data. The aim is to ensure compatibility between the design of MAPLE-X10 and the characteristics and capabilities of the diverse users of the system. Compatibility will lead to enhanced safety, operability and maintainability. Each stage of the task analysis process is described and discussed, emphasizing the practical application of Hierarchical Task Analysis for task representation, and Tabular Task Analysis for detailed analysis of tasks during which human error may have safety or production related consequences. The benefits of applying the methods of Hierarchical Task Analysis and Tabular Task Analysis to the MAPLE-X10 project are highlighted. These include clear representation of the organization of tasks and interactions between systems in the HTA, continuous feedback to design and operations personnel regarding identified mismatches between existing procedures and the design intent, and cost effectiveness. The multiple uses of the information elicited during the task analysis process are also discussed in this paper. These include design verification, the identification of training requirements and the development / verification of operating procedures. In addition the task analyses provide a framework for other assessments to be completed for the project, such as Human Reliability Analysis, Workload Assessment, Communications Analysis and Training Needs Analysis for Mature Operations.

scholarly journals IDENTIFIKASI POTENSI BAHAYA DAN TEKNOLOGI KESELAMATAN KERJA PADA OPERASI PERIKANAN PAYANG DI PALABUHANRATU, JAWA BARAT

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 60
Author(s):  
Fis Purwangka ◽  
Sugeng Hari Wisudo ◽  
Budhi H. Iskandar ◽  
John Haluan
Keyword(s):  
Task Analysis ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Fault Tree Analysis ◽  
Reduction Technique ◽  
Error Assessment ◽  
Human Reliability Analysis ◽  
Hierarchical Task Analysis ◽  
Tree Analysis ◽  
Formal Safety Assessment

Penyebab utama kecelakaan laut yang berujung pada hilangnya nyawa manusia adalah murni kesalahan manusia (human error). Penyebab lainnya adalah pengabaian yang dilakukan oleh penyelenggara transportasi laut dan instansi-instansi terkait, serta perlengkapan keselamatan transportasi laut yang jauh dari memadai.  Khusus pada kegiatan perikanan, sebanyak 80 persen faktor kecelakaan laut disebabkan oleh kealpaan manusia.  Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui potensi bahaya pada teknologi penangkapan ikan yang saat ini digunakan nelayan dengan mengidentifikasi risiko keselamatan kerja nelayan yang disebabkan oleh human error dan melakukan pengukuran kemungkinan terjadinya human error serta memberikan rekomendasi untuk mengurangi risiko yang disebabkan oleh human error.  Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) dengan melakukan pengamatan langsung aktivitas penangkapan ikan pada perikanan payang.  Unsur manusia dapat dimasukkan ke dalam proses FSA dengan menggunakan analisis keandalan manusia (Human Reliability Analysis).  Tahapan HRA yang dilakukan adalah dengan mengidentifikasi aktivitas/tugas secara rinci dengan Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA).  Tahap kedua adalah melakukan penilaian risiko dengan menggunakan Human error Assessment and Reduction Technique (HEART).  Tahap yang terakhir adalah memilih opsi pengendalian risiko yang konsisten terhadap aktivitas yang diamati dengan menggunakan Fault Tree Analysis (FTA).  Aktivitas yang memiliki peluang risiko terbesar terjadi pada aktivitas pengoperasian alat tangkap pada saat pemasangan (setting) alat tangkap.  Peluang konsekuensi kecelakaan kerja terbesar adalah aktivitas pengangkatan alat tangkap (hauling). Pilihan minimalisasi human error, secara umum adalah dengan melakukan perencanaan pelayaran, pemilihan ABK yang kompeten, melakukan aktivitas secara aman dan mempersiapkan alat perlindungan diri (APD) saat melakukan aktivitas atau berada di atas perahu.

Understanding the Cognitive Demands, Skills, and Assessment Approaches for Endotracheal Intubation: A Cognitive Task Analysis (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor Kunkes ◽  
Basiel Makled ◽  
Jack Norfleet ◽  
Steven Schwaitzberg ◽  
Lora Cavuoto
Keyword(s):  
Airway Management ◽  
Endotracheal Intubation ◽  
Task Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Cognitive Task Analysis ◽  
Subsequent Treatment ◽  
Cognitive Demands ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
And Training

BACKGROUND Proper airway management is an essential skill for hospital personnel and rescue services to learn as it is a priority for the care of critically ill patients. It is critical that providers be properly trained and competent in performing endotracheal intubation (ETI), a widely used technique for airway management. Several metrics have been created in order to measure competence in the ETI procedure. However, there is still a need to improve ETI training and evaluation including a focus on collaborative research across medical specialties in order to establish greater competence-based training and assessments. Training and evaluating ETI should also incorporate modern, evidence-based procedural training methodologies. OBJECTIVE Cognitive task analysis (CTA) is a framework developed to identify the cognitive demands and skills needed to proficiently perform a task, elucidate differences between novice and expert performance, and provide an understanding of the workload associated with a task. The CTA framework was applied to ETI in order to capture a broad view of task and training requirements from the perspective of multiple medical specialties. METHODS A CTA interview was developed based on previous research into the tasks and evaluation methods of ETI. Six experts from multiple medical specialties were interviewed in order to capture the cognitive skills required in order to complete this task. Interviews were coded for main themes, sub-themes in each category, and differences among specialties. These findings were compiled into a skills tree in order to identify the training needs and cognitive requirements of each task. RESULTS The CTA revealed that consistency in equipment setup and planning through talk or think-aloud methods are critical to successfully mastering ETI. These factors allow the providers to avoid errors due to patient characteristics and environmental factors. Variation among specialties derived primarily from the environment in which ETI is performed, subsequent treatment plans, and available resources. Anesthesiology typically represented the most ideal cases with a large potential for training, whereas emergency medical personnel faced the greatest number of constraints based on the environment and available equipment. CONCLUSIONS While the skills tree cannot perfectly capture the complexity and detail of all potential cases, it provided insight into the nuanced skills and training techniques used to prepare novices for the variability they may find in practice. Importantly, the CTA identified ways in which challenges faced by novices may be overcome and how this training can be applied to future cases. By making these implicit skills and points of variation explicit, they can be better translated into teachable details. These findings are consistent with previous studies looking at developing improved assessment metrics for ETI and expand upon their work by delving into methods of feedback and strategies to assist novices.

Task Analysis for Developing Maintenance and Assembly VR Training Simulators

2013 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 12-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirit Yuviler-Gavish ◽  
Stas Krupenia ◽  
Daniel Gopher
Keyword(s):  
Skill Acquisition ◽  
Task Analysis ◽  
System Development ◽  
Training System ◽  
Training Simulator ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
Vr Training ◽  
Traditional Approaches ◽  
Assembly Tasks ◽  
And Training

Task analysis for the development of a virtual reality (VR) training system requires analysis and identification of the operator’s interactions with the real-world system and of the objectives of training and the trainee’s skill acquisition requirements. A task analysis approach for developing VR training simulators is presented that is based on analyzing the technology and training requirements concurrently. This approach is compared with traditional approaches for system development, with examples provided from the development of a VR training simulator for industrial maintenance and assembly tasks.

AN APPROACH FOR HUMAN ERROR MODES AND EFFECTS ANALYSIS USING HTA+ETA

2008 ◽  
Vol 15 (05) ◽  
pp. 465-478
Author(s):  
SUN ZHIQIANG ◽  
XIE HONGWEI ◽  
SHI XIUJIAN ◽  
LIU FENGQIANG ◽  
LI ZHENGYI
Keyword(s):  
Task Analysis ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Event Tree ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Event Tree Analysis ◽  
Human Errors ◽  
Hierarchical Task Analysis ◽  
Tree Analysis ◽  
Generic Framework ◽  
Analytical Tools

A framework for human error modes and effects analysis is presented. The methods of hierarchical task analysis and event tree analysis are introduced as the basic analytical tools, and a novel generic framework for human errors classification is presented as the guidance to identify human errors. Firstly, the process of human error modes and effects analysis is discussed, and the hierarchical task analysis method is introduced briefly. Secondly, the framework for human errors classification is discussed in detail. Thirdly, the multi-states event tree is designed to model the accident scenario. Finally, two scenarios are selected as the examples to illustrate the proposed process of human error modes and effects analysis.

Task Representation for Decision Support, Performance Enhancement and Training

1998 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 380-384
Author(s):  
Valerie L. Shalin ◽  
Paul F. Jacques
Keyword(s):  
Task Analysis ◽  
Performance Enhancement ◽  
Cognitive Task ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cognitive Engineering ◽  
Graph Representation ◽  
Task Representation ◽  
Air Defense ◽  
And Training ◽  
Goal Graph

We use the term cognitive task analysis (CTA) to refer to the cognitive aspects of any task (including primarily physical tasks and tasks conducted in teams), and distinguish two linked phases: 1) elicitation and 2) representation. This paper addresses the representation of cognitive task content, for its critical role in bridging CTA with cognitive engineering. An ongoing task analysis of jet fighter crewmembers on air defense supression (Wild Weasel) missions provides an opportunity to comment critically on the utility of the Plan-Goal Graph representation (Sewell & Geddes, 1990) we have been using.

How Can Personnel and Training Requirements Have an Influence on Design of Systems?

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (10) ◽  
pp. 895-895
Author(s):  
George N. Graine ◽  
James D. Baker ◽  
Merlin K. Malehorn ◽  
John M. Richardson ◽  
Lawrence M. White ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Resources ◽  
System Design ◽  
Human Resource ◽  
Human Error ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Military Capability ◽  
Training Requirements ◽  
Training Resources ◽  
The Military ◽  
And Training

During the next decade and beyond, the ability to maintain a meaningful level of military readiness will be severely tested. Simply increasing the Defense budget is not sufficient. Modern weapon and support systems are increasing in sophistication and user-system interface complexity, while the human resources pool to operate and maintain these systems is decreasing in terms of both numbers of individuals and the aptitudes, abilities, and skills these individuals bring into a military organization. This situation leads to the necessity of considering human resources as a parameter of system design, but such an effort is severely handicapped by a lack of efficient and reliable techniques that can be used by designers to estimate the human resource implications of their designs. The complexity of the systems on the drawing boards means that their contribution to the military capability and readiness will be critically influenced by (1) the extent to which new system designs are sensitized to the militaries available human and training resources and (2) the military ability to synchronize the planning, programming, and budgeting of these resources with systems development. Acquisition of new systems is a multi-billion dollar process, that is, the Weapon System Acquisition Process or WSAP. Determination of personnel and training requirements are usually considered so far downstream in the WSAP that the human resource requirements have been totally reactive to the fixed system design rather than being interactive with design engineering to influence the design for people. The results of this way of integrating people into a system means that hardware design has driven personnel and training requirements, rather than being a part of a procedure in which these requirements are used to influence equipment design or choices. Cost of personnel and training, low human reliability and increased human error in system failures are also valid reasons for now considering the topic question. The result is often predictable, that is, a large requirement for extremely limited technical personnel, inadequate training and, in many cases, degradation in operational effectiveness and personnel readiness. The four panelists take different and interesting approaches to the topic question. A case study; the utilization of a computer (for greater efficiency) during the development of a human aptitude/assessment technique; a discussion and update of the HARDMAN (hardware acquisition/manpower integration) project; and a response to the topic question from a policy point of view and asks another question, Why should personnel and training requirements have an influence on design?

Understanding Differences in Helicopter Mission Sets Prior to Human Error Analysis

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 1439-1443 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarina Morowsky ◽  
Kenneth H. Funk
Keyword(s):  
Task Analysis ◽  
Human Error ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Aviation Industry ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
Hierarchical Task Analysis ◽  
Rotor Wing ◽  
Report Analysis ◽  
Maritime Search And Rescue

Helicopters are essential for completion of many critical missions that are impossible for fixed-wing aircraft since they can operate around rough terrain and require minimal ground infrastructure. Like many complex environments, human error is thought to be a contributing factor for roughly eighty percent of helicopter accidents. While the aviation industry favors umbrella strategies within the United States Federal Aviation Regulations, this approach may be less than optimal for rotor-wing operations given the diversity of tasks within different mission sets. To understand the differences in tasks across mission sets, interviews were conducted with pilots to create Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) models of tasks required to successfully complete Helicopter Air Ambulance (HAA) and Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) missions. The HTA models were compared to identify differences in tasks across missions. The tasks identified within the HTA models will be combined with findings from subsequent accident report analysis studies to develop mitigation strategies specific to helicopter missions.

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