scholarly journals Nutrition and body composition of elite rhythmic gymnasts from Bulgaria

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 108-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvia Miteva ◽  
Iliya Yanev ◽  
Stefan Kolimechkov ◽  
Lubomir Petrov ◽  
Lubomir Mladenov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
The Body ◽  
Ideal Weight ◽  
National Team ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Female Gymnasts ◽  
Rhythmic Gymnasts

Rhythmic gymnastics is a sport in which special consideration is given to diet and body appearance. The purpose of this study was to assess the nutrient intake and body composition of elite rhythmic gymnasts in comparison with guidelines for female gymnasts. Twenty-one elite rhythmic gymnasts from Bulgaria were divided into three groups: First National Team, mean age 24.2; Second National Team, mean age 17.8; and Junior National Team, mean age 12.6. Body fat and muscle mass were estimated by skinfold methods, and a food frequency questionnaire was applied to assess the nutrient intake. The gymnasts showed low per cent of body fat (13.9% for the First National Team, 17.0% for the Second National Team, and 15.6% for the Junior National Team) and high per cent muscle mass (44.0, 40.5, and 37.6%, respectively). They kept their weight close to the ideal one, as recommended by the coaches, and the following equation best corresponded to the recommended ideal weight: height (cm) − 118. The energy intake was lower than the calculated energy requirements, in addition to low intake of fat and carbohydrates. The relative protein intake was 1.7 g/kg for the First National Team, 1.7 g/kg for the Second National Team, and 1.9 g/kg for Junior National Team, and the energy contribution of proteins was higher than the recommended 15%. Rhythmic gymnasts should be encouraged to maintain their ideal weight without great variance from the health-related guidelines, and coaches should consider not only the body image, but also the norms relating to body composition in women when determining ideal weight.

Reaction of University Students to Body Composition Assessment in Physical Education Activity Classes

1991 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary A. Steinhardt ◽  
Debra J. Macklem
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Education ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Psychological Impact ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Composition Assessment ◽  
Technical Accuracy ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Skinfold Measurements ◽  
Education Activity

The use of skinfold measurements is a popular method to determine percentage of body fat because of its relative simplicity. Although attention has been paid to its technical accuracy and validity, less consideration has been given to the psychological impact on participants. The purpose of this study was to determine students’ (N = 128) reactions to having skinfold measurements taken in university physical education classes. Skinfold measurements were taken, and a questionnaire administered during the 2nd and 13th weeks of the semester. The questionnaire was used to assess (a) if students were self-conscious or uncomfortable during the measurements, (b) if knowing percent body fat motivated students to exercise, and (c) if the procedure should remain a standard part of class. Descriptive results indicated most students agreed that percent fat measurement was a valuable part of the class. On the pretest, after controlling for sex, regression analysis revealed that percent fat significantly predicted feelings of self-consciousness (R2 =.08; β = .36) and motivation to exercise (R2 = .07; β.24). On the posttest, percent fat again predicted feelings of self-consciousness (R2 = .21; β = .58) but did not predict motivation to exercise. Also, students with greater percent fat felt the body composition assessment should be optional (R2 = .08; β = −.36). Although results of this study support body composition assessment in university health-related activity classes, the need for sensitivity to the emotional needs and privacy of individuals is recommended.

scholarly journals Injury frequency and body composition of elite Romanian rugby players

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (15) ◽  
pp. 17-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Almăjan-Guţă ◽  
Alexandra-Mihaela Rusu ◽  
Adrian Nagel ◽  
Claudiu Avram
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Lean Mass ◽  
Sports Injuries ◽  
Physical Exertion ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
National Team ◽  
Composition Analyzer ◽  
Rugby Players

Abstract Background: The physical exertion in the game of rugby is intense and depends on the playing position. This study hypothesized that peculiarities of body composition are important and should be properly interpreted in order to improve fitness and particularly in order to reduce the risk of injuries. Purpose: The aim of the present paper is to highlight the importance of body composition evaluation and to underline the usefulness of the data thus obtained for both training individualization and sports injuries risk reduction. Material and Methods: Thirty seven senior male rugby players from the former Romanian national team were assessed on body composition using a segmental multi-frequency bio-impedance analyzer InBody 720 (The Body Composition Analyzer – South Korea). We compared the results from both the preseason and the regular season 2012 with the international norms for elite players and we categorized the data by playing positions. Results: We have analyzed the amount of lean mass on each limb (kg), body water content (l), percentage of body fat, bone mineral and protein content (kg). We observed that the number of injuries is directly correlated to high levels of body fat percentage, low lean mass, and edema scores. Conclusions: The risk of injury can be identified among elite rugby players not only by using fitness tests, but also by using a simple and objective test of body composition. These results show how important it is to monitor the level of body fat, lean muscle mass and muscular development in order to modify nutrition and food habits, individualize trainings and thus reduce the number of injuries.

scholarly journals In seasonal body composition and jump performance variation in a second league male volleyball team

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (18) ◽  
pp. 21-27
Author(s):  
Hans-Eric Reitmayer
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Fat Mass ◽  
Initial Test ◽  
Final Test ◽  
Counter Movement Jump ◽  
Study Results

Abstract Volleyball has become a sport of the giants. Under these circumstances it is desirable that players of a very large stature also possess a corresponding vertical jump. The aim of the paper was to identify the values of some parameters that we considered crucial in limiting or maximizing the in-game performance of the athletes in the study. Our intention was to verify if the body composition indicators change significantly at different stages of a competition season and if the characteristics of the jump, crucial in performing the actions through which the points arescored, are relevant in determining the level of physical conditioning. Twelve players (n=12) were selected from the second league Romanian male volleyball team CSU UVT. The subjects were tested for body composition and their spike jump and counter movement jump was measured on three separate occasions, each corresponding to a different stage of training. Study results highlighted a significant increase of 1.15kg (p=0.028) in weight at the intermediate testing compared to the initial values. There were no differences in muscle mass between the initial and the intermediate testing (p=0.88). The results have shown a significant increase of the average skeletal muscle mass in the final test by 0.77 kg over the intermediate test (p=0.012) and 0.81kg over the initial test (p=0.039).We recorded a considerable increase of body fat mass between initial and intermediate testing (p=0.0073) and there was an average decrease of 1.76 kg (p=0.0285) of body fat mass between intermediate and final testing. We have seen a significant increase in the height of the spike jump at the final test compared to the intermediate testing (p<0.0001) respectively the initial testing (p<0.0001).The counter movement jump recorded a significant decrease in the intermediate test 37.58 cm, compared to the initial test 40.57 cm (p=0.014).. Final measurements of the counter movement jump height increase in relation to intermediate testing (p=0.037). Measurements also indicate a direct correlation between the height and power developed during the jump in all the three tests: initial (r=0.76), intermediate (r=0.68) and final (r=0.84).

scholarly journals Body Composition in International Sprint Swimmers: Are There Any Relations with Performance?

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (24) ◽  
pp. 9464
Author(s):  
Milivoj Dopsaj ◽  
Ilona Judita Zuoziene ◽  
Radoje Milić ◽  
Evgeni Cherepov ◽  
Vadim Erlikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Sprint Performance ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Protein

The paper addresses relations between the characteristics of body composition in international sprint swimmers and sprint performance. The research included 82 swimmers of international level (N = 46 male and N = 36 female athletes) from 8 countries. We measured body composition using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance methods with “InBody 720” device. In the case of male swimmers, it was established that the most important statistically significant correlation with sprint performance is seen in variables, which define the quantitative relationship between their fat and muscle with the contractile potential of the body (Protein-Fat Index, r = 0.392, p = 0.007; Index of Body Composition, r = 0.392, p = 0.007; Percent of Skeletal Muscle Mass, r = 0.392, p = 0.016). In the case of female athletes, statistically significant relations with sprint performance were established for variables that define the absolute and relative amount of a contractile component in the body, but also with the variables that define the structure of body fat characteristics (Percent of Skeletal Muscle Mass, r = 0.732, p = 0.000; Free Fat Mass, r = 0.702, p = 0.000; Fat Mass Index, r = −0.642, p = 0.000; Percent of Body Fat, r = −0.621, p = 0.000). Using Multiple Regression Analysis, we managed to predict swimming performance of sprint swimmers with the help of body composition variables, where the models defined explained 35.1 and 75.1% of the mutual variability of performance, for male and female swimmers, respectively. This data clearly demonstrate the importance of body composition control in sprint swimmers as a valuable method for monitoring the efficiency of body adaptation to training process in order to optimize competitive performance.

scholarly journals PO-100 Analysis of Body Composition and Body Function of Athletes in Freestyle ski Half-pipe National Team

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Li ◽  
Hao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Lean Body Mass ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Anaerobic Power ◽  
The Body ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
National Team ◽  
Body Function

Objective The objectives were to analyze the body composition and body functions of the freestyle ski half-pipe national team athletes, to understand the body composition characteristics of the athletes , and to explore the relationship between body composition and body function in the sports program, in preparation for 2022 The Winter Olympics provides a theoretical reference. Methods 9 members of the freestyle ski half-pipe national team were used as subjects (average age 15.78±0.97, exercise age 6.38±2.75), and they were tested and analyzed using an ultrasonic body composition tester and Wingate anaerobic power bike. Body composition test indicators: body fat rate, lean body mass. Body function test indicators: maximum anaerobic power.  This paper uses literature, experimental and mathematical statistics. And the mathematical statistics method: using SPSS 2.0 to analyze the data by Pearson correlation. Results 1. The body fat rate of male and female athletes in freestyle half-pipe national team was: 7.60±1.16; 19.75±1.25. The lean body mass of male and female athletes was: 53.8±1.85KG; 44.75±0.62KG. The maximum anaerobic power of male and female athletes in freestyle half-pipe national team was: 453.80±17.87; 345.50±3.01. The lean body mass of male athletes was significantly positively correlated with the maximum anaerobic power (r=0.995, P<0.01). Female athletes' lean body mass was positively correlated with maximum anaerobic power, but not significant. There is no correlation between the body fat rate and the maximum anaerobic power of male and female athletes in the freestyle ski half-pipe national team. Conclusions 1. Freestyle ski half-pipe players have a positive correlation between lean body mass and anaerobic capacity.  According to the characteristics of the sports program, the higher lean body weight has a positive impact on improving the athletic ability and thus ensuring the completion of difficult movements.       2. Due to the relationship between athletes' age and sample size, the data in this paper is only a recommended reference for this sports program. It is not applicable to all programs. It is necessary to continue to supplement the data to establish a body composition evaluation system for the freestyle ski half-pipe team.

scholarly journals MARKERS OF INFLAMMATION AND HEALTH-RELATED FITNESS AMONG POLISH OVERWEIGHT AND OBESE ADOLESCENTS

2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (33) ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Ewa Gajewska ◽  
Ida Laudańska-Krzemińska ◽  
Janusz Maciaszek ◽  
Paweł Krol ◽  
Magdalena Sobieska
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Acute Phase Proteins ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation ◽  
Lower Reactivity ◽  
Fitness Tests ◽  
Health Related

Background Obesity is considered as one of the risk factors for heart disease, cancer, diabetes, greater rates of mortality as young adults. Objectives Body composition affects physical fitness, but no relation to sex and the degree of obesity was investigated so far in Polish adolescents. Material and methods The studies involved 118 adolescents (12 to 18 years old) who were overweight or obese. The assessment of the body composition was performed by measuring the bioimpedance. The concentration of alpha1-acid glycoprotein and alpha1-antichymotrypsin was measured by immunoelectrophoresis. The glycosylation profiles of AGP and ACT were investigated by crossed-affinity immunoelectrophoresis with Concanavalin A. Physical fitness was measured using the Eurofit test. Results In the study group of girls the body fat content determined on the basis of bioimpedance is not significantly different for overweight and obesity, whereas in the group of boys it is significantly higher in obese individuals. Fitness tests showed a heterogeneous impact of obesity on fitness: some results of the tests were good (FLB, PLT, SAR, HGR) in other tests (SBJ, SUP, BAH, ESR, SHR) the results were considerably inferior. The study of acute phase proteins showed elevated levels of AGP, higher in boys, lower reactivity with ConA in overweight boys and girls, and higher reactivity with ConA in obese boys and girls. Conclusion As the BMI percentile, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio increase, the results of fitness tests, measured using the EUROFIT test, deteriorate. The consequences of excessive body fat are greater for boys, both in terms of abnormal laboratory markers and physical fitness.

scholarly journals Body Composition, Dietary Intake and the Risk of Low Energy Availability in Elite-Level Competitive Rhythmic Gymnasts

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 2083
Author(s):  
María Villa ◽  
José G. Villa-Vicente ◽  
Jesus Seco-Calvo ◽  
Juan Mielgo-Ayuso ◽  
Pilar S. Collado
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Low Energy ◽  
Energy Availability ◽  
Future Health ◽  
Elite Level ◽  
Low Energy Availability ◽  
Rhythmic Gymnasts ◽  
Recommended Level

The aim of this study was to analyze dietary intake and body composition in a group of elite-level competitive rhythmic gymnasts from Spain. We undertook body composition and nutritional analysis of 30 elite gymnasts, divided into two groups by age: pre-teen (9–12 years) (n = 17) and teen (13–18 years) (n = 13). Measures of height, weight, and bioimpedance were used to calculate body mass index and percent body fat. Energy and nutrient intakes were assessed based on 7-day food records. The two groups had similar percentages of total body fat (pre-teen: 13.99 ± 3.83% vs. teen: 14.33 ± 5.57%; p > 0.05). The energy availability values for pre-teens were above the recommended values (>40 kcal/FFM/day) 69.38 ± 14.47 kcal/FFM/day, while those for the teens were much lower (34.7 ± 7.5 kcal/FFM/day). The distribution of the daily energy intake across the macronutrients indicates that both groups ingested less than the recommended level of carbohydrates and more than the recommended level of fat. Very low intakes of calcium and vitamin D among other micronutrients were also noted. The main finding is that teenage gymnasts do not consume as much energy as they need each day, which explains their weight and development. Moreover, they are at a high risk of developing low energy availability that could negatively impact their performance and future health.

scholarly journals Parent-of-origin effects on voluntary exercise levels and body composition in mice

2010 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-120 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Kelly ◽  
Derrick L. Nehrenberg ◽  
Kunjie Hua ◽  
Ryan R. Gordon ◽  
Theodore Garland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Voluntary Exercise ◽  
Phenotypic Variance ◽  
In Utero Environment ◽  
Dependent Activity ◽  
Health Related ◽  
Parent Of Origin ◽  
Origin Effects

Despite the health-related benefits of exercise, many people do not engage in enough activity to realize the rewards, and little is known regarding the genetic or environmental components that account for this individual variation. We created and phenotyped a large G4 advanced intercross line originating from reciprocal crosses between mice with genetic propensity for increased voluntary exercise (HR line) and the inbred strain C57BL/6J. G4 females (compared to males) ran significantly more when provided access to a running wheel and were smaller with a greater percentage of body fat pre- and postwheel access. Change in body composition resulting from a 6-day exposure to wheels varied between the sexes with females generally regulating energy balance more precisely in the presence of exercise. We observed parent-of-origin effects on most voluntary wheel running and body composition traits, which accounted for 3–13% of the total phenotypic variance pooled across sexes. G4 individuals descended from progenitor (F0) crosses of HR♀ and C57BL/6J♂ ran greater distances, spent more time running, ran at higher maximum speeds/day, and had lower percent body fat and higher percent lean mass than mice descended from reciprocal progenitor crosses (C57BL/6J♀ × HR♂). For some traits, significant interactions between parent of origin and sex were observed. We discuss these results in the context of sex dependent activity and weight loss patterns, the contribution of parent-of-origin effects to predisposition for voluntary exercise, and the genetic (i.e., X-linked or mtDNA variations), epigenetic (i.e., genomic imprinting), and environmental (i.e., in utero environment or maternal care) phenomena potentially modulating these effects.

scholarly journals Seasonal and Longitudinal Changes in Body Composition by Sport-Position in NCAA Division I Basketball Athletes

Sports ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Fields ◽  
Justin Merrigan ◽  
Jason White ◽  
Margaret Jones
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Fat Mass ◽  
Ncaa Division I ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Strength And Conditioning ◽  
Air Displacement Plethysmography ◽  
Within Subjects

The purpose of this study was to assess the body composition of male and female basketball athletes (n = 323) across season, year, and sport-position using air displacement plethysmography. An independent sample t-test assessed sport-position differences. An analysis of variance was used to assess within-subjects across season (pre-season, in-season, and off-season), and academic year (freshman, sophomore, and junior). For both men and women basketball (MBB, WBB) athletes, guards had the lowest body fat, fat mass, fat free mass, and body mass. No seasonal differences were observed in MBB, but following in-season play for WBB, a reduction of (p = 0.03) in fat free mass (FFM) was observed. Across years, MBB showed an increase in FFM from freshman to sophomore year, yet remained unchanged through junior year. For WBB across years, no differences occurred for body mass (BM), body fat (BF%), and fat mass (FM), yet FFM increased from sophomore to junior year (p = 0.009). Sport-position differences exist in MBB and WBB: Guards were found to be smaller and leaner than forwards. Due to the importance of body composition (BC) on athletic performance, along with seasonal and longitudinal shifts in BC, strength and conditioning practitioners should periodically assess athletes BC to ensure preservation of FFM. Training and nutrition programming can then be adjusted in response to changes in BC.

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