scholarly journals Effect of intracellular uptake of nanoparticle-encapsulated trehalose on the hemocompatibility of allogeneic valves in the VS83 vitrification protocol

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 184954352098317
Author(s):  
Balamurugan Vasudevan ◽  
Qing Chang ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Siyang Huang ◽  
Yulong Sui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Heart Valves ◽  
Corn Starch ◽  
Colloidal Suspensions ◽  
Initial Step ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles ◽  
Reticular Fibers ◽  
Terminal Complement ◽  
Ammonia Method

Trehalose is a disaccharide molecule consisting of two molecules of glucose. Industrially, trehalose is derived from corn starch and utilized as a drug. This study aims to examine whether the integration of nanoparticle-encapsulated trehalose to the Ice-Free Cryopreservation (IFC) method for preserving heart valves has better cell viability, benefits to protect the extracellular matrix (ECM), and reduce immune response after storage. For the experiment to be carried out, we obtained materials, and the procedures were carried out in the following manner. The initial step was the preparation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, followed by precipitation to acquire Apatite colloidal suspensions. Animals were obtained, and their tissue isolation and grouping were done ethically. All samples were then divided into four groups, Control group, Conventional Frozen Cryopreservation (CFC) group, IFC group, and IFC + T (IFC with the addition of 0.2 M nanoparticle-encapsulated Trehalose) group. Histological analysis was carried out via H&E staining, ECM components were stained with Modified Weigert staining, and the Gomori Ammonia method was used to stain reticular fibers. Alamar Blue assay was utilized to assess cell viability. Hemocompatibility was evaluated, and samples were processed for immunohistochemistry (TNFα and IL-10). Hemocompatibility was quantified using Terminal Complement Complex (TCC) and Neutrophil elastase (NE) as an indicator. The results of the H&E staining revealed less formation of extracellular ice crystals and intracellular vacuoles in the IFC + T group compared with all other groups. The CFC group’s cell viability showed better viability than the IFC group, but the highest viability was exhibited in the IFC + T group (70.96 ± 2.53, P < 0.0001, n = 6). In immunohistochemistry, TNFα levels were lowest in both IFC and IFC + T group, and IL-10 expression had significantly reduced in IFC and IFC + T group. The results suggested that the nanoparticle encapsulated trehalose did not show significant hemocompatibility issues on the cryopreserved heart valves.

scholarly journals Silane coatings modified with hydroxyapatite nanoparticles to enhance the biocompatibility and corrosion resistance of a magnesium alloy

RSC Advances ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (42) ◽  
pp. 26127-26144
Author(s):  
Aida Nikbakht ◽  
Changiz Dehghanian ◽  
Rasoul Parichehr
Keyword(s):  
Corrosion Resistance ◽  
Magnesium Alloy ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles ◽  
Magnesium Az31

Incorporation of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in silane coatings improves both corrosion resistance and cell viability on magnesium AZ31 implants.

scholarly journals Cytotoxicity assessment of different doses of ozonated water on dental pulp cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdiye Küçük ◽  
Sibel Yıldırım ◽  
Serap Çetiner
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Dental Pulp ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Dental Pulp Cells ◽  
Time Points ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pulp Cells ◽  
Time Point ◽  
Ozonated Water

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to assess the cytotoxicity of various concentrations of ozonated water (OW) on human primary dental pulp cells. Methods Human primary dental pulp cells were isolated from exfoliated primary canine teeth of an 11-year-old patient with good systemic and oral health. Afterwards, cells were divided into 6 experimental groups; four groups of OW in concentrations of 2 mg/L, 4 mg/L, 8 mg/L, and 16 mg/L, untreated control group, and cell culture without cells. Cytotoxicity was evaluated after exposure for 5-min exposure using Mosmann’s Tetrazolium Toxicity (MTT) assay at 0 h and 48 h time points. Data were analyzed using a repeated measures analysis of variance and Post-hoc tests were performed using Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Results All experimental groups showed proliferation at 0 h time point. However, all groups also experienced a decrease in overtime at 48 h time point (p < 0.05). At both time points 2 mg/L OW showed the highest cell viability as well as proliferation. At 0 h time point, the increase in cell viability for all experimental groups was found statistically significant when compared to positive control group (p < 0.05). At 48 h time point, although 8 mg/L and 16 mg/L OW showed statistically significant reduction in compare to 0 h time point, 2 mg/L and 4 mg/L OW groups didn’t experience any statistically significant difference (p < 0.05). Conclusion Considering our findings, due to ozonated water's induced a higher proliferation rate of dental pulp cells, indicating their biocompatibility and a possible adjuvant on irrigating agent in regenerative endodontic procedures.

scholarly journals Biological characterization of implant surfaces - in vitro study

2015 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priscilla Barbosa Ferreira Soares ◽  
Camilla Christian Gomes Moura ◽  
Huberth Alexandre da Rocha Júnior ◽  
Paula Dechichi ◽  
Darceny Zanetta-Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mitochondrial Activity ◽  
Serum Total Protein ◽  
Trypan Blue Exclusion ◽  
Experimental Surface

<title>Abstract</title><sec><title>Objective</title><p>Evaluate the biological performance of titanium alloys grade IV under different surface treatments: sandblasting and double etching (Experimental surface 1; Exp1, NEODENT); surface with wettability increase (Experimental surface 2; Exp2, NEODENT) on response of preliminary differentiation and cell maturation.</p></sec><sec><title>Material and method</title><p>Immortalized osteoblast cells were plated on Exp1 and Exp2 titanium discs. The polystyrene plate surface without disc was used as control group (C). Cell viability was assessed by measuring mitochondrial activity (MTT) at 4 and 24 h (n = 5), cell attachment was performed using trypan blue exclusion within 4 hours (n = 5), serum total protein and alkaline phosphatase normalization was performed at 4, 7 and 14 days (n = 5). Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey test.</p></sec><sec><title>Result</title><p>The values of cell viability were: 4h: C– 0.32±0.01<sup>A</sup>; Exp1– 0.34±0.08<sup>A</sup>; Exp2– 0.29±0.03<sup>A</sup>. 24h: C– 0.43±0.02<sup>A</sup>; Exp1– 0.39±0.01<sup>A</sup>; Exp2– 0.37±0.03<sup>A</sup>. The cell adhesion counting was: C– 85±10<sup>A</sup>; Exp1- 35±5<sup>B</sup>; Exp2– 20±2<sup>B</sup>. The amounts of serum total protein were 4d: C– 40±2<sup>B</sup>; Exp1– 120±10<sup>A</sup>; Exp2– 130±20<sup>A</sup>. 7d: C– 38±2<sup>B</sup>; Exp1– 75±4<sup>A</sup>; Exp2– 70±6<sup>A</sup>. 14 d: C– 100±3<sup>A</sup>; Exp1– 130±5<sup>A</sup>; Exp2– 137±9<sup>A</sup>. The values of alkaline phosphatase normalization were: 4d: C– 2.0±0.1<sup>C</sup>; Exp1– 5.1±0.8<sup>B</sup>; Exp2– 9.8±2.0<sup>A</sup>. 7d: C– 1.0±0.01<sup>C</sup>; Exp1– 5.3±0.5<sup>A</sup>; Exp2– 3.0±0.3<sup>B</sup>. 14 d: C– 4.1±0.3<sup>A</sup>; Exp1– 4.4±0.8<sup>A</sup>; Exp2– 2.2±0.2<sup>B</sup>. Different letters related to statistical differences.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>The surfaces tested exhibit different behavior at dosage of alkaline phosphatase normalization showing that the Exp2 is more associated with induction of cell differentiation process and that Exp1 is more related to the mineralization process.</p></sec>

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Effects of Perioperative Dexmedetomidine in Ovarian Cancer: An In Vitro and Xenograft Mouse Model Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seokyung Shin ◽  
Ki Jun Kim ◽  
Hye Jeong Hwang ◽  
Sewon Noh ◽  
Ju Eun Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Mouse Model ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Cell Activity ◽  
Tumor Burden ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Nk Cell Activity ◽  
Dexmedetomidine Infusion

BackgroundThe surgical stress response (SSR) causes immunosuppression which may cause residual tumor growth and micrometastasis after cancer surgery. We investigated whether dexmedetomidine affects cancer cell behavior and immune function in an ovarian cancer xenograft mouse model.MethodsThe effect of dexmedetomidine on cell viability and cell cycle was assessed using SK-OV-3 cells at drug concentrations of 0.5, 0.1, 5, and 10 µg mL-1. BALB/c nude mice were used for the ovarian cancer model with the Dexmedetomidine group (n=6) undergoing surgery with dexmedetomidine infusion and the Control group (n=6) with saline infusion for 4 weeks. Natural killer (NK) cell activity, serum proinflammatory cytokines, and cortisol were measured at predetermined time points and tumor burden was assessed 4 weeks after surgery.ResultsDexmedetomidine had no effect on cell viability or cell cycle. Following a sharp decrease on postoperative day (POD) 1, NK cell activity recovered faster in the Dexmedetomidine group with significant difference vs. the Control group on POD 3 (P=0.028). In the Dexmedetomidine group, cortisol levels were lower on POD 3 (P=0.004) and TNF-α levels were lower at 4 weeks after surgery (P&lt;0.001) compared to the Control group. The Dexmedetomidine group showed lower tumor burden at 4 weeks vs. the Control group as observed by both tumor weight (P&lt;0.001) and the in vivo imaging system (P=0.03).ConclusionsDexmedetomidine infusion may improve ovarian cancer surgery outcome by suppressing the SSR and stress mediator release. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms by which dexmedetomidine acts on cancer and immune cells.

scholarly journals Silica/OCP Affects the Viability of Osteoblasts through ROS-Induced Autophagy

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Jianghao Gong ◽  
Shangjun Fu ◽  
Zhenghao Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Reactive Oxygen ◽  
Octacalcium Phosphate ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Substrate Protein ◽  
Autophagy Inhibitor ◽  
Osteoblast Cell Line

Objective. To explore the effects of silicone gel nanoparticles modified with octacalcium phosphate on the surface (silica/OCP) polymer drugs on the proliferation of osteoblasts and autophagy. Method. Silica/OCP was prepared in vitro, and the quality of the sample preparation was tested through characterization experiments. The osteoblast cell line (hFOB1.19) was treated with silica/OCP, autophagy inhibitor (3-methyladenine (3-MA)), and silica/OCP+3-MA, respectively. The proliferation of hFOB1.19 cells was detected through the methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) kit. Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell apoptosis. The change in protein beclin1 and P62 expression in hFOB1.19 cells was observed in Western blot. An ROS detection kit was used to detect the content of reactive oxygen species in hFOB1.19 cells. Results. Silica/OCP was a sphere with a particle size of 50 nm to 130 nm and had an OCP phase in electron projection microscopy and X-ray diffraction techniques. The results indicated that OCP successfully modified silica and the material was successfully prepared. An MTT kit and flow cytometry test showed that the cell viability of the cells treated with silica/OCP increased significantly ( P < 0.05 ), and the intracellular apoptosis phenomenon was significantly decreased ( P < 0.05 ) compared to the control group. Moreover, the inhibition of cell viability and promotion of apoptosis caused by the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA can be rescued. Western blotting demonstrated that the protein level of beclin1 in osteoblasts reached the highest after six hours of treatment with silica/OCP, and the protein level of p62, the substrate protein of autophagy, reached the lowest. At the same time, treatment of cells with the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA and silica/OCP+3-MA found that the protein levels of beclin1 and p62 in the silica/OCP+3-MA group were adjusted back compared to the 3-MA group. After adding the autophagy inhibitor, the reactive oxygen content in the cell was significantly increased ( P < 0.05 ) in the silica/OCP group. In the presence of intracellular reactive oxygen inhibitors catalase and silica/OCP, the cell viability of osteoblasts was significantly lower than that of the silica/OCP group but significantly higher than that of the silica/OCP+3-MA group. The apoptosis level of the silica/OCP+catalase group was also significantly lower than that of the silica/OCP+3-MA group ( P < 0.05 ) but was significantly higher than that of the silica/OCP group ( P < 0.05 ). Conclusion. Silica/OCP nanoparticles can upregulate the level of autophagy in osteoblasts and promote the proliferation of osteoblasts.

scholarly journals Biological Characteristics and Odontogenic Differentiation Effects of Calcium Silicate-Based Pulp Capping Materials

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4661
Author(s):  
Yemi Kim ◽  
Donghee Lee ◽  
Hye-Min Kim ◽  
Minjoo Kye ◽  
Sin-Young Kim
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Calcium Silicate ◽  
Cell Attachment ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Runx2 Expression ◽  
Pulp Capping ◽  
Alp Activity ◽  
Odontogenic Differentiation

We compared calcium silicate-based pulp capping materials to conventional calcium hydroxide in terms of their biological properties and potential effects on odontogenic differentiation in human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs). We cultured hDPSCs on disks (7-mm diameter, 4-mm high) of ProRoot MTA (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties), Biodentine (Septodont), TheraCal LC (Bisco), or Dycal (Dentsply Tulsa Dental Specialties). Cell viability was assessed with cell counting (CCK) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Odontogenic activity was assessed by measuring alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and gene expression (quantitative real-time PCR). CCK assays showed that Dycal reduced cell viability compared to the other materials (p < 0.05). SEM showed low and absent cell attachment on TheraCal LC and Dycal disks, respectively. hDPSCs exposed to TheraCal LC and Dycal showed higher ALP activity on day 6 than the control group (p < 0.05). The day-9 Runx2 expression was higher in the ProRoot MTA and TheraCal LC groups than in the control group (p < 0.05). On day 14, the ProRoot MTA group showed the highest dentin sialophosphoprotein levels (not significant; p > 0.05). In conclusion, various pulp capping materials, except Dycal, exhibited biological properties favorable to hDPSC viability. ProRoot MTA and TheraCal LC promoted higher Runx2 expression than Biodentine. Future studies should explore the odontogenic potential of pulp capping materials.

Mesoporous TiO2 Nanaoparticles Inhibits Malignant Pancreatic Cancer Cells Through STAT Pathway

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1716-1723
Author(s):  
Jie Li ◽  
Chao Xu ◽  
Yueyue Lu ◽  
Yan Zhang ◽  
Xiaoping Tan
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blank Group ◽  
Pancreatic Cancer Cells ◽  
Experimental Group ◽  
Stat Pathway

Nanoparticles are known to have recognition ability for targeted delivery, and are thus widely used in the treatments of diseases. Mesoporous nano-titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have characteristics of nanomaterials and their porous structure with high surface area strengthens their drug-loading capacity and targeting ability. This study aimed to investigate the effect of mesoporous nano-TiO2 on pancreatic cancer cells and STAT pathway activity. Initially, we prepared mesoporous TiO2 nanoparticles that were characterized. Pancreatic cancer cells were co-cultured with mesoporous nano-TiO2 nanoparticles at different concentrations (0.1 μg/mL, 0.5 μg/mL, 1 μg/mL, 5 μg/mL, and 10 μg/mL) or 10 μg/mL nano-TiO2 (positive control group) or cells cultured alone (blank group). Cell viability was determined at several specific time points (24 h, 48 h, and 72 h). Transwell assay and scratching assay were conducted to determine the number of migrated and invaded cells. STAT3 and JAK2 expressions were examined by RT-qPCR and Western blot analysis. The prepared mesoporous nano-TiO2 exhibited sharp diffraction peaks with enhanced intensity and diffraction rings. STAT pathway was activated in pancreas cancer cells, which had more fluorescent cells than normal cells. The presence of mesoporous nano-TiO2 nanoparticles suppressed cancer cell viability and their inhibition rate increased with increased of nano-TiO2 concentration. The concentration of 10 μg/mL exhibited greatest inhibitory effect and 10 μg/mL mesoporous nano-TiO2 thus was chosen for experimental group. The width of the scratch in the experimental group (19.97±0.82 mm) was higher than in the blank group and positive control group (P < 0.05); 10 μg/mL mesoporous nano-TiO2 significantly decreased the number of invaded cells (71.97±17.84) and number of cell clones (156.91±31.03) (P < 0.05). The expression levels of STAT3 (0.41±0.06 μg/μL) and JAK2 (0.39±0.04 ug/ul) were diminished by treatment with mesoporous nano-TiO2. Mesoporous nano-TiO2 inhibits pancreatic cancer cell growth and STAT expression, as its inhibitory effect depends on its concentration. These findings might provide a novel insight into nanoparticle-based treatment for pancreatic cancer.

Dapagliflozin protects H9c2 cells against injury induced by lipopolysaccharide via suppression of CX3CL1/CX3CR1 axis and NF-κB activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yousef Faridvand ◽  
Maryam Nemati ◽  
Elham Zamani-Gharehchamani ◽  
Hamid Reza Nejabati ◽  
Arezoo Rezaie Nezhad Zamani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Cell Viability ◽  
Sglt2 Inhibitor ◽  
Binding Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
H9c2 Cell ◽  
H9c2 Cells ◽  
Dna Binding Activity ◽  
Inflammatory Conditions ◽  
Tnf Α

Background: Dapagliflozin, a selective Sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, has been shown to play a key role in the control and management of the metabolic and cardiac disease. Objective: The current study aims to address the effects of dapagliflozin on the expression of fractalkine (FKN), known as CX3CL1, and its receptors CX3CR1, Nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB) p65 activity, Reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammation in LPS-treated H9c2 cell line. Methods: H9c2 cells were cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to establish a model of LPS-induced damage and then subsequently were treated with dapagliflozin for 72 h. Our work included measurement of cell viability (MTT), Malondialdehyde (MDA), intracellular ROS, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), NF-κB activity, and expression CX3CL1/CX3CR1. Results: The results showed that LPS-induced reduction of cell viability was successfully rescued by dapagliflozin treatment. The cellular levels of MDA, ROS, and TNF-α, as an indication of cellular oxidative stress and inflammation, were significantly elevated in H9c2 cells compared to the control group. Furthermore, dapagliflozin ameliorated inflammation and oxidative stress through the modulation of the levels of MDA, TNF-α, and ROS. Correspondingly, dapagliflozin reduced the expression of CX3CL1/CX3CR1, NF-κB p65 DNA binding activity and it also attenuated nuclear acetylated NF-κB p65 in LPS-induced injury in H9c2 cells compared to untreated cells. Conclusion: These findings shed light on the novel pharmacological potential of dapagliflozin in the alleviation of LPS-induced CX3CL1/CX3CR1-mediated injury in inflammatory conditions such as sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy.

scholarly journals Downregulated Expression of Solute Carrier Family 26 Member 6 in NRK-52E Cells Attenuates Oxalate-Induced Intracellular Oxidative Stress

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongyang Jiang ◽  
Xintao Gao ◽  
Jianan Gong ◽  
Qian Yang ◽  
Ruzhu Lan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Viability ◽  
Cell Apoptosis ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Solute Carrier Family ◽  
Sod Activity ◽  
Anion Transporter ◽  
Crystal Adhesion ◽  
Solute Carrier

Solute carrier family 26 member 6 (Slc26a6), which is mainly expressed in the intestines and kidneys, is a multifunctional anion transporter that is crucial in the transport of oxalate anions. This study is aimed at investigating the effect of Slc26a6 expression on oxalate-induced cell oxidation and crystal formation. Lentivirus transfection was used to upregulate or downregulate Slc26a6 expression in NRK cells. Cell viability and apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) generation, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were measured. Crystal adhesion and the cell ultrastructure were observed using light and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Three groups of rats, normal control, lentivirus-vector, and lentivirus-small interfering RNA (lv-siRNA) groups, were used, and after lentivirus transfection, they were fed 1% ethylene glycol (EG) and 0.5% ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) for 2 weeks. Dihydroethidium (DHE), terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) deoxyuridine dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL), and von Kossa staining were performed, and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) and osteopontin (OPN) expression were measured. In the vitro study, compared to the control group, downregulated Slc26a6 NRK cells showed alleviation of the cell viability decrease, cell apoptosis rate, ROS generation, and SOD activity decrease after oxalate treatment. Crystal adhesion and vesicles were significantly less after oxalate exposure than in the untreated controls. Rats infected with lentivirus-siRNA exhibited attenuated SOD generation, cell apoptosis, and crystal formation in the kidneys. Increased phosphorylation of NFκB and OPN was involved in the pathological process. In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that reducing the expression of Slc26a6 in the kidney may be a potential strategy for preventing stone formation.

scholarly journals The protective role of CsNPs and CurNPs against DNA damage, oxidative stress, and histopathological and immunohistochemical alterations induced by hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in male rat kidney

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israa F. Mosa ◽  
Mokhtar I. Yousef ◽  
Maher Kamel ◽  
Osama F. Mosa ◽  
Yasser Helmy
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Antioxidant Enzymes ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Nuclear Antigen ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Renal Tubules ◽  
Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles

Abstract Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAP-NPs) are an inorganic component of natural bone and are mainly used in the tissue engineering field due to their bioactivity, osteoconductivity, biocompatibility, non-inflammatory, and non-toxicity properties. However, the current toxicity data for HAP-NPs regarding human health are limited, and only a few results from basic studies have been published. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the beneficial role of chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) and curcumin nanoparticles (CurNPs) in alleviating nephrotoxicity induced by HAP-NPs in male rats. The results showed that HAP-NPs caused a reduction in antioxidant enzymes and induced lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide production and DNA oxidation. Moreover, HAP-NP administration was associated with intense histologic changes in kidney architecture and immunoreactivity to proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). However, the presence of CsNPs and/or CurNPs along with HAP-NPs reduced the levels of oxidative stress through improving the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Also, the rats administered the nanoparticles showed a moderate improvement in glomerular damage which matched that of the control group and showed mild positive reactions to PCNA–ir in glomeruli and renal tubules in the cortical and medullary portions. These novel insights confirm that the presence of chitosan and curcumin in nanoforms has powerful biological effects with enhanced bioactivity and bioavailability phenomena compared to their microphase counterparts. Also, they were able to ameliorate the nephrotoxicity induced by HAP-NPs.

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