scholarly journals Olfaction and Aging: A Review of the Current State of Research and Future Directions

i-Perception ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 204166952110203
Author(s):  
Jonas K. Olofsson ◽  
Ingrid Ekström ◽  
Maria Larsson ◽  
Steven Nordin
Keyword(s):  
Warning Signs ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Current State ◽  
Challenging Tasks ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
To Come ◽  
Health Cognition ◽  
Olfactory Abilities ◽  
And Training

Olfaction, the sense of smell, is characterized by a notable age-dependency such that aging individuals are more likely to have poor olfactory abilities. These impairments are considered to be mostly irreversible and as having potentially profound effects on quality of life and food behavior, as well as constituting warning signs of mortality, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. Here, we review the current state of research on aging and olfaction, focusing on five topics which we regard to be of particular relevance for the field: nutrition and health, cognition and dementia, mortality, environment and genetics, and training-based enhancement. Under each of these headlines, we provide a state-of-the-art overview and discuss gaps in our knowledge which might be filled by further research. Understanding how olfactory abilities are diminished in aging, and how they may be alleviated or recovered, involves a set of challenging tasks for researchers in the years to come.

scholarly journals Olfaction and aging: A review of the current state of research and future directions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonas Olofsson ◽  
Ingrid Ekström ◽  
Maria Larsson ◽  
Steven Nordin
Keyword(s):  
Warning Signs ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Current State ◽  
Challenging Tasks ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
To Come ◽  
Health Cognition ◽  
Olfactory Abilities

Olfaction, the sense of smell, is characterized by a notable age-dependency such that older individuals are more likely to have poor olfactory abilities. These impairments are considered to be mostly irreversible and as having potentially profound effects on quality of life and food behavior, as well as constituting warning signs of mortality, cognitive dysfunction and dementia. Here, we review the current state of research on aging and olfaction, focusing on five topics which we regard to be of particular relevance for the field: nutrition and health; cognition and dementia, mortality; environment and genetics; training-based enhancement. Under each of these headlines, we provide a state-of-the-art overview and discuss gaps in our knowledge which might be filled by further research. Understanding how olfactory abilities are diminished in old age, and how they may be alleviated or recovered, presents a set of challenging tasks for researchers in the years to come.

scholarly journals Machine Learning Interpretability: A Survey on Methods and Metrics

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 832 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diogo V. Carvalho ◽  
Eduardo M. Pereira ◽  
Jaime S. Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
Black Boxes ◽  
Interpretable Models

Machine learning systems are becoming increasingly ubiquitous. These systems’s adoption has been expanding, accelerating the shift towards a more algorithmic society, meaning that algorithmically informed decisions have greater potential for significant social impact. However, most of these accurate decision support systems remain complex black boxes, meaning their internal logic and inner workings are hidden to the user and even experts cannot fully understand the rationale behind their predictions. Moreover, new regulations and highly regulated domains have made the audit and verifiability of decisions mandatory, increasing the demand for the ability to question, understand, and trust machine learning systems, for which interpretability is indispensable. The research community has recognized this interpretability problem and focused on developing both interpretable models and explanation methods over the past few years. However, the emergence of these methods shows there is no consensus on how to assess the explanation quality. Which are the most suitable metrics to assess the quality of an explanation? The aim of this article is to provide a review of the current state of the research field on machine learning interpretability while focusing on the societal impact and on the developed methods and metrics. Furthermore, a complete literature review is presented in order to identify future directions of work on this field.

Future Directions in Cognitive Engineering and Naturalistic Decision Making

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 450-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mica R. Endsley ◽  
Gary Klein ◽  
David D. Woods ◽  
Philip J. Smith ◽  
Stephen J. Selcon
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cognitive Engineering ◽  
Training Process ◽  
Naturalistic Decision Making ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Current State ◽  
Near Future ◽  
And Training ◽  
Research Domain

Cognitive Engineering and Naturalistic Decision Making are presented as two related fields of endeavor that seek to understand how people process information and perform within complex systems and to develop ways of applying this knowledge within the design and training process This panel presents an overview of the current state of the art in this research domain and charts paths for needed developments in the field in the near future.

scholarly journals A bibliometric study of research pertaining to the oldest-old (age eighty-five and older)

2020 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Brady Daniel Lund ◽  
Ting Wang
Keyword(s):  
Information Science ◽  
Oldest Old ◽  
Bibliometric Study ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Microsoft Excel ◽  
Current State ◽  
Visualization Software ◽  
Bibliographic Data ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
To Come

Objective: This bibliometric study investigated literature pertaining to a quickly growing population worldwide: the oldest-old, individuals age eighty-five and older. The current state of research was surveyed, based on top authors, publishers, authorship networks, themes in publication titles and abstracts, and highly cited publications.Methods: Bibliographic data was abstracted from the Web of Science database. Microsoft Excel was used for data analyses related to top author, publishers, and terms. VosViewer bibliographic visualization software was used to identify authorship networks.Results: Publications pertaining to the oldest-old have increased dramatically over the past three decades. The majority of these publications are related to medical or genetics topics. Citations for these publications remain relatively low but may be expected to grow in coming years, based on the publication behavior about and increasing prominence of this population. Claudio Franceschi and the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society were found to be the author and journal with the most publications pertaining to the oldest-old, respectively.Conclusions: The oldest-old is a population of rapidly growing significance. Researchers in library and information science, gerontology, and beyond can benefit themselves and those they serve by participating in research and specialized services to marginalized populations like the oldest-old. This bibliometric study hopefully serves as a launch-point for further inquiry and research in the years to come.

scholarly journals The educational research in the Moroccan education sector

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim BOUABDALLAH
Keyword(s):  
Educational Research ◽  
National Level ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
National Education ◽  
Strategic Vision ◽  
Training Charter ◽  
Current State ◽  
The University ◽  
And Training

Educational research constitutes a major lever for socio-economic development. It contributes to improving the quality of training, and developing the improvement of education and teaching. However, no training establishment for educational executives belonging to the Moroccan education sector appears today among research operators at the national level. To determine the current state of educational research carried out in this sector, we analyze the contents of the national education and training charter, the emergency program and the strategic vision of the reform. The results show that educational research, as the ultimate goal of the national education sector, has performed poorly on several indicators. The recovery from a pessimistic situation requires, first of all, the establishment of adequate research structures, connected to the university and accredited. In addition, the structures must be made permanent and exercising their missions in liaison with the field. Finally, they would need to be equipped with effective steering mechanisms, allowing the implementation of theoretical and practical aspects of educational research.

scholarly journals The Scarcity of Literature on the Psychological, Social, and Emotional Effects of Gastroparesis in Children

Children ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Tiffany H. Taft ◽  
Bethany Doerfler ◽  
Emily Edlynn ◽  
Linda Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Social And Emotional ◽  
Current State ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Psychosocial Impacts ◽  
Future Research Directions ◽  
State Of Research

Gastroparesis (GP) is a chronic, gastric dysmotility disorder with significant morbidity and mortality. The hallmark of GP is the delayed emptying of the contents of the stomach in the absence of any mechanical obstruction. Patients most commonly report chronic symptoms of nausea, vomiting, feeling full quickly when eating, bloating, and abdominal pain. Treatments are limited with relatively poor efficacy. As such, children with GP are at significant risk for the development of psychological co-morbidities. In this paper, we provide a topical review of the scientific literature on the psychological, social, and emotional impacts of gastroparesis in pediatric patients. We aim to document the current state of research, identify gaps in our knowledge with appropriate recommendations for future research directions, and highlight the unique challenges pediatric patients with GP and their families may face as they manage this disease. Based on the current review, research into the psychosocial impacts in children with GP is essentially non-existent. However, when considering research in children with other chronic digestive diseases, children with GP are likely to face multiple psychosocial challenges, including increased risk for anxiety and depression, stigma, and reduced quality of life. These significant gaps in the current understanding of effects of GP across domains of childhood functioning allow for ample opportunities for future studies to address psychosocial outcomes.

Telemedicine Education Amidst COVID-19: Review of Literature and Call to Action (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shil U. Punatar ◽  
Basharath A. Khan ◽  
Matthew Charnetski ◽  
Rajendram Rajnarayanan
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
Standardized Assessments ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Call To Action ◽  
Legal Guidelines ◽  
And Training

UNSTRUCTURED Intro and Objective: In the presence of COVID-19, telemedicine is being utilized to limit person-to-person spread while increasing healthcare access. While telemedicine use is increasing, a mismatch exists with the amount of training to deliver care. For this, the American Medical Association has called for an increase in formalized training for telemedicine. This literature review provides recent examples of telemedicine education techniques to provide guidance for telemedicine training in this time of immediate need. Methods: The authors conducted a literature review by searching the PubMed (MEDLINE) database for publications pertaining to telemedicine education and training. After review, 12 pieces of literature were analyzed for methods and skills taught in telemedicine, means to assess competency, and future directions. Results: This study identified a broad scope of skills to be taught from orientation to technology, to patient interaction methods, as well as the current medico-legal guidelines. Using standardized assessments and being supervised by trained physicians, there is a role of telemedicine incorporation into formal curricula. As the field of telemedicine continues to adapt, so should the mechanisms by which training is delivered. Conclusions/Discussion: While accepted that telemedicine provides access to care, especially in the time of COVID-19, this is not synonymous with quality of care if telemedicine training is lacking. The results of this work provide many current examples of telemedicine teaching to be incorporated across all healthcare disciplines. With this, we emphasize the need for growth in the area of telemedicine education and published data in the field.

A Unified Information Framework for Building A Common Vision in Sustainable City Development

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jialiang Yao ◽  
Terrence Fernando ◽  
Ian Everall
Keyword(s):  
City Development ◽  
Sustainable City ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Current State ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
To Come ◽  
Public And Private Sector ◽  
Sustainable Futures ◽  
Information Framework

Creating sustainable cities requires a stronger collaboration between a range of public and private sector organisations to ensure cities are safer, healthier, intelligent and prosperous places for citizens to experience an enhanced quality of life. Within this context, urban planning and regeneration projects play a major role where stakeholders need to come together to assess the current challenges or the opportunities within a city and implement projects that transform the physical, social and environmental dimensions to create prosperous and sustainable futures. Within these projects, stakeholders need to assess “social data intelligence” collected by individual agencies and also understand how proposed complex agendas such as transport, health, education and employment could lead to a better environment that can bring social, economical and environmental prosperity. This research proposes a novel Urban Information Framework that allows the stakeholders to integrate their datasets (both spatial and non-spatial) together to create a unified 3D virtual prototype of a city that can be used to represent both the current state of a city as well as intended futures. The proposed Urban Information Framework allows the stakeholders to combine different datasets together, whether they be social or physical transformation agendas, to understand the dependencies or to build up narratives that could be communicated visually to others. The overall framework has been developed and validated by working closely with two major regeneration projects in UK.

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