scholarly journals Can you believe it? Examining the influence of safety behavior beliefs on speech task outcomes

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 204380872110121
Author(s):  
Jessica S. Tutino ◽  
Allison J. Ouimet
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Treatment Outcomes ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Random Assignment ◽  
Safety Behavior ◽  
Medical Settings ◽  
Client Expectations ◽  
The Relationship

Beliefs and expectations about treatment have been shown to significantly impact treatment outcomes in medical settings. However, researchers have seldom examined the role of beliefs within the context of cognitive behavioral therapy. Beliefs may be particularly salient for safety behavior (SB) use in exposure therapy, as clinicians often hold opinions about whether judicious SB use facilitates or inhibits treatment. These beliefs may consequently be relayed during psychoeducation, influencing client expectations of SB helpfulness and exposure efficacy. We investigated experimentally the influence of SB beliefs on working memory, speech predictions, speech duration, anxiety, performance, and speech acceptability. Speech anxious undergraduate participants ( N = 144) received psychoeducation on exposure and were told (using random assignment) either that SBs: increase anxiety (unhelpful), decrease anxiety (helpful), or were provided with no information on SBs (control). People in the helpful condition only believed the exposure would be more successful. Crucially, exposure expectancy mediated the relationship between the helpful (but not unhelpful) condition and willingness to engage in future exposures. There were no effects of condition on most cognitive, emotional, or behavioral outcomes, suggesting that SBs (and SB beliefs) may have less impact on exposure outcomes than is currently believed.

Working Memory Predicts Reading Skills of Children at Risk of Dyslexia

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandhyarani Hawbam
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Reading Skills ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Children At Risk ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Current Thinking ◽  
The Relationship

Working memory enables storage of information in our mind for brief periods and makes it available for current thinking and activities. Many studies have documented the role of working memory in academic achievements. The study examines the relationship between working memory and reading skills among children at risk of dyslexia. It also attempts to see if working memory can significantly predict these reading skills. The study comprises 40 children at risk of dyslexia selected through purposive sampling method. Various standardized tools were used to assess working memory and reading skills of the participants. The data were quantitatively analyzed using correlation and regression analysis methods. The findings of the study show that there is statistically significant relationship between working memory and reading skills among children at risk of dyslexia and working memory can predict reading skills such as reading rate, accuracy and fluency. However no significant relationship was found between working memory and comprehension. It confirms various theories that emphasize on the role working memory in reading. Thus it can be inferred that training targeting working memory may improve reading skills.

Effects of working memory on L2 linguistic knowledge and L2 listening comprehension

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-28
Author(s):  
Miki Satori
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Listening Comprehension ◽  
Linguistic Knowledge ◽  
L2 Proficiency ◽  
Processing Efficiency ◽  
Proficiency Levels ◽  
L2 Listening ◽  
Group B ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This paper examined the relationship between working memory (WM) and L2 linguistic knowledge as well as L2 listening comprehension with 150 Japanese EFL learners. The study also investigated the extent to which these relationships vary across L2 proficiency levels. The results in the study were as follows: (a) WM capacity was more strongly associated with L2 listening comprehension, L2 perceptual processing, and L2 syntactic parsing processing in the lower-proficiency group than in the higher-proficiency group; (b) L1 WM capacity still accounted for the unique variance in L2 listening comprehension after adjusting for the L2 language-related variables in the lower-proficiency group. The results suggest that the relationship between WM capacity and L2 listening comprehension may be mediated by L2 proficiency and depend on the domain-general processing efficiency reflecting central executive attention when the listening comprehension task requires conscious attention for less proficient listeners. The findings provide suggestive evidence for variation in the role of WM in L2 listening comprehension across proficiency levels and the significant role of L1 WM capacity in L2 listening comprehension as the general cognitive factor independent of L2 linguistic knowledge for L2 learners with limited linguistic knowledge.

scholarly journals Unconscious Visual Working Memory: a critical review and Bayesian meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Filippo Gambarota ◽  
Naotsugu Tsuchiya ◽  
Massimiliano Pastore ◽  
Nicola Di Polito ◽  
Paola Sessa
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between consciousness and working memory (WM) has been recently debated both at the theoretical and methodological levels (Persuh et al., 2018; Velichkovsky, 2017). While there is behavioral and neural evidence that argues for the existence of unconscious WM, several methodological concerns have been raised, rendering this issue highly controversial. To address the robustness of the previous findings, here we adopt a meta-analytic approach to estimate the effect size and heterogeneity of the previously reported unconscious WM results, also including unpublished results. We used meta-regression to isolate relevant experimental variables, in particular, consciousness manipulation and WM paradigm to identify the source of the heterogeneity in the reported effect size of the unconscious WM. Our meta-analysis supports the existence of the unconscious WM effect and critically reveals several experimental variables that contribute to relevant heterogeneity. Our analysis clarifies several theoretical and methodological issues. We recommend that future studies explicitly operationalize the definition of consciousness, standardize the methodology and systematically explore the role of critical variables for the unconscious WM effect.

scholarly journals The Crucial Role of Working Memory in Intellectual Functioning

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 260-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cesare Cornoldi ◽  
David Giofrè
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Active Component ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Memory Training ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Intellectual Performance ◽  
The Relationship

Cognitive psychology offers an important contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying intelligence. In this paper, we synthesize the research showing that, among the different cognitive mechanisms associated with intelligence, working memory has a particularly high explanatory power, especially when considered in its active component involving not only the maintenance (as in short-term memory) but also the manipulation of information. The paper considers two main implications of this finding for the applied and clinical fields. For a start, we examine how intelligence tests take into consideration working memory. Secondly, we consider the highly debated literature on the effects of working memory training on intellectual performance. Theoretical and applied implications for the relationship between working memory and intelligence are discussed.

Paying Attention to Trust: Exploring the Relationship Between Attention Control and Trust in Automation

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 817-821
Author(s):  
Claire Textor ◽  
Richard Pak
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Exploratory Study ◽  
Attention Control ◽  
Negative Attitudes ◽  
Trust In Automation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fundamental Mechanism

As automation continues to pervade people’s lives, it is critical to understand the reasons why some interactions are successful while others fail. Previous research attempting to explain this variability in HAI through individual differences in working memory has been mixed. Research in cognitive psychology has demonstrated the importance of attention control as a fundamental mechanism underlying higher-order cognition. In the realm of automation, early work has demonstrated a link between attention control and performance (Foroughi et al., 2019). The purpose of this exploratory study was to investigate the relationship between attention control and attitudes towards automation, particularly trust. Our results found attention control to be correlated with propensity to trust and negative attitudes towards robots. These results encourage further inquiry into the role of attention control in HAI.

The Mediating Role of Intrinsic Motivation on the Relationship Between Developmental Feedback and Employee Job Performance

2014 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 731-741 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Guo ◽  
Jianqiao Liao ◽  
Shudi Liao ◽  
Yanhong Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Job Performance ◽  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Social Exchange ◽  
Behavioral Outcomes ◽  
Mediating Effect ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Developmental Feedback ◽  
Managerial Implications ◽  
The Relationship

Although previous researchers have paid significant attention to the effect of feedback on employee behavioral outcomes, few have specifically examined the influence of developmental feedback on employee job performance. In this study we examined the influences of intrinsic motivation and social exchange on the relationship between developmental feedback and job performance. Participants were 202 supervisor-subordinate dyads from 12 enterprises in China. We found that developmental feedback had a significant positive effect on both intrinsic motivation and job performance. In addition, intrinsic motivation had a significant positive relationship with job performance but it also had a partial mediating effect on the relationship between developmental feedback and job performance. Managerial implications and directions for further research are discussed.

scholarly journals Mediating Role of Cerebellar Subregion Volume in the Relationship Between Gait Speed and Working Memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Junyeon Won ◽  
Daniel D. Callow ◽  
Jeremy J. Purcell ◽  
J. Carson Smith
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Gait Speed ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Neural Mechanism ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Mediating Role ◽  
Human Connectome Project ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Introduction: The relationship between gait speed and working memory is well-understood in older adults. However, it remains to be determined whether this relationship also exists in younger adults; and there is little known regarding the possible neural mechanism underlying the association between gait speed and working memory. The aims of this study are to determine if there is: 1) an association between gait speed and working memory performance; and 2) a mediating role of cerebellar subregion volume in the correlation between gait speed and working memory in healthy younger adults.Methods: 1054 younger adults (28.7±3.6 years) from the Human Connectome Project were included in the analyses. A four-meter gait test was used to assess gait speed. The N-back task was conducted to measure working memory performance [accuracy and response time(RT)]. T1-weighted structural MRI data (obtained using Siemens 3T MRI scanner) was used to assess cerebellar subregion volumes. Linear regression and mediation analysis were used to examine the relationships between the variables after controlling for age, sex, and education. Results: Faster gait speed was associated with faster working memory RT in younger adults. Greater cerebellar subregion volumes were associated with faster gait speed and better working memory performance. Faster gait speed was correlated with faster working memory RT through greater volume of cerebellar region VIIIa. Conclusions: The present study suggests faster gait speed is associated with faster RT during working memory tasks in younger individuals. The specific subregion of the cerebellum (VIIIa) may serve as an important neural basis linking gait speed and working memory.

Further Support for the Acceptability-Enhancing Roles of Safety Behavior and a Cognitive Rationale in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Anxiety Disorders

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 303-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah C. Levy ◽  
Jessica M. Senn ◽  
Adam S. Radomsky
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Anxiety Disorders ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Previous Treatment ◽  
Behavioral Theory ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral ◽  
Safety Behavior ◽  
General Distress ◽  
Cognitive Behavioral Theory

It has been proposed that the judicious use of safety behavior may enhance the acceptability of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Indeed, Milosevic and Radomsky (2013a) found that descriptions of CBT incorporating safety behavior were more acceptable than those that discouraged safety behavior. This study aimed to replicate and extend this work. Participants were 688 undergraduates who rated the acceptability of descriptions of CBT varying in safety behavior (judicious or discouraged) and rationale (cognitive or extinction). Consistent with Milosevic and Radomsky, CBT with safety behavior was significantly more acceptable than traditional CBT. Cognitively based CBT was preferred over extinction-based CBT. The effects of prior treatment and general distress were also examined. Overall, previous treatment and greater anxiety were associated with significantly lower acceptability ratings. Results support the acceptability-enhancing role of safety behavior in CBT and are discussed in terms of cognitive-behavioral theory and treatment of anxiety and related disorders.

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