scholarly journals Investigation of the priority among the roentgenogram measurements in acetabular dysplasia

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 230949902095057
Author(s):  
Mayumi Sonekatsu ◽  
Motoki Sonohata ◽  
Takao Inoue ◽  
Hidefumi Honke ◽  
Masaru Kitajima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Hip Osteoarthritis ◽  
Developmental Dysplasia ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Radiographic Parameters ◽  
Acetabular Head Index ◽  
Center Edge ◽  
Wilks Lambda ◽  
Group A

Purpose: There are many radiographic parameters to evaluate developmental dysplasia of the hip joint (DDH); however, the priority between the parameters is unclear. We evaluated the priority of radiographic parameters in DDH. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the radiographs of 82 consecutive patients aged above 85 years without hip osteoarthritis (OA; no osteoarthritis (NO) group), and 28 patients with early stage hip OA were set as the control group (OA group). We used the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) to consider the priority of the following parameters: acetabular roof obliquity (ARO), center-edge (CE) angle, Sharp angle, acetabular head index (AHI), and acetabular depth ratio (ADR). Results: The LDA of five different parameters revealed that the NO and OA groups could be almost distinguished with 83.6% accuracy ( p < 0.0001, Wilks’ lambda test). The standardized scoring coefficients were as follows: ARO, −0.23; CE, −0.43; Sharp, −0.29; AHI, 0.97; and ADR, 0.11. The AHI was particularly noticeable in the NO group. Conclusion: Dissociation of the AHI in the OA group was significantly higher than that of the other parameters in the OA group compared to the parameters in the NO group. A small AHI may be a risk parameter for hip OA due to DDH.

scholarly journals Influence of periodontal treatment on blood microbiotas: a clinical trial

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e10846
Author(s):  
Wenyi Zhang ◽  
Yang Meng ◽  
Jin Jing ◽  
Yingtao Wu ◽  
Shu Li
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Periodontal Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Total Bacterial Count ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Air Polishing ◽  
Α Diversity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Blood Microbiota

Objective To investigate the effects of periodontal treatment on the abundance and diversity of blood microbiota. Methods and Materials Twenty-seven periodontitis patients were randomly allocated to a control group (A) and two test groups (B1 and B2). Group A patients received full-mouth scaling and root planing (SRP), group B1 patients received subgingival glycine air polishing (GAP) right after SRP, and group B2 patients received subgingival glycine air polishing right before SRP. Peripheral blood samples were obtained at the baseline, the day after periodontal treatment, and 6 weeks after treatment and evaluated using nested polymerase chain reaction and 16SrRNA Gene Sequencing (Miseq platform). Results All participants exhibited significant improvements in the clinical parameters evaluated at the 6-week follow-up visit compared to the values at the baseline, but no significant differences were observed between the three groups. The total bacterial count was lowest in group B2. The bacterial species diversity (α-diversity) in group B1 was significantly higher (Chao-1 index, P = 0.03) and Porphyromonas and Pantoea were the dominant genera (linear discriminant analysis (LDA > 2)) in this group the day after treatment compared to the baseline. No significant difference was detected in the relative abundance and α-diversity of blood microbiota between the baseline and 6 weeks after treatment. Conclusion Local periodontal treatment merely disrupts the stability of blood microbiota in the short term. Periodontitis treatment using full-mouth SRP followed by adjunctive GAP is a promising approach to reduce the introduction of bacteria into the bloodstream during the procedure.

Distinct Pattern of Inflammation of Articular Cartilage and the Synovium in Early and Late Hip Femoroacetabular Impingement

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 2481-2488
Author(s):  
Masahiko Haneda ◽  
Muhammad Farooq Rai ◽  
Lei Cai ◽  
Robert H. Brophy ◽  
Regis J. O’Keefe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femoroacetabular Impingement ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Hip Osteoarthritis ◽  
Cartilage Degeneration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Acetabular Cartilage ◽  
Similar Expression ◽  
Related Proteins ◽  
Head Neck

Background: The molecular mechanism of how femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) morphology leads to hip osteoarthritis (OA) is yet to be determined. The expression and location of inflammation-related molecules during early- and late-stage FAI have not been previously described. Moreover, the characterization of intra-articular inflammation away from the cam deformity as well as the nature of adjacent synovial tissue have also not been extensively reported. Hypothesis: Early-stage FAI has a similar expression of inflammation-related markers in the head-neck and acetabular cartilage but less synovitis than late-stage FAI. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Head-neck cartilage, acetabular cartilage, and synovial samples were obtained from patients undergoing hip preservation surgery for the treatment of symptomatic cam FAI (early FAI group; n = 15) and advanced OA secondary to cam FAI (late FAI group; n = 15). Samples procured from healthy young adult donors served as the control group (n = 7). Cartilage degeneration was assessed by histology, and the expression of inflammation-related proteins (interleukin–1 beta [IL-1β], matrix metalloproteinase–13 [MMP-13], a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs–4 [ADAMTS-4], type II collagen [COL2], and aggrecan neoepitope [NITEGE]) was measured by immunostaining. Synovial samples in the early and late FAI groups were examined for synovitis and the expression of IL-1β. Results: Head-neck cartilage in the early FAI group showed significantly more degeneration than the control group and an increased expression of inflammation-related proteins (IL-1β: 69.7% ± 18.1% vs 20.2% ± 4.9%, respectively; MMP-13: 79.6% ± 12.6% vs 25.3% ± 9.5%; ADAMTS-4: 83.9% ± 12.2% vs 24.3% ± 11.1%; NITEGE: 89.7% ± 7.7% vs 39.8% ± 20.5%) ( P < .001). Head-neck and acetabular cartilage in the early and late FAI groups showed a similar degree of degeneration. Moreover, a similar expression of inflammation-related proteins was observed between the early and late FAI groups for head-neck cartilage (IL-1β: 69.7% ± 18.1% vs 72.5% ± 13.2%; MMP-13: 79.6% ± 12.6% vs 71.4% ± 18.8%; ADAMTS-4: 83.9% ± 12.2% vs 82.6% ± 12.5%; COL2: 93.6% ± 3.9% vs 92.5% ± 5.8%; NITEGE: 89.7% ± 7.7% vs 95.7% ± 4.7%) and acetabular cartilage (IL-1β: 83.3% ± 24.8% vs 80.7% ± 15.6%; MMP-13: 94.3% ± 9.7% vs 85.2% ± 12.3%; ADAMTS-4: 98.5% ± 2.3% vs 98.4% ± 3.4%; COL2: 99.8% ± 0.7% vs 99.7% ± 1.1%; NITEGE: 96.7% ± 6.7% vs 99.2% ± 2.2%). In contrast, synovitis was minimal with a low expression of IL-1β in the early FAI group compared with the late FAI group. Conclusion: Hip cartilage exhibited an OA phenotype in patients with early-stage FAI, similar to what was observed in hip OA secondary to FAI. Severe synovitis was only evident with late-stage FAI. Clinical Relevance: This study supports the concept that early hip impingement is associated with cartilage degeneration and catabolism.

HIP MORPHOLOGY: COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN EGYPTIANS AND JAPANESE ADULTS

2013 ◽  
Vol 16 (03) ◽  
pp. 1350013
Author(s):  
Tarek Aly ◽  
Genji Fuji
Keyword(s):  
Body Height ◽  
Hip Osteoarthritis ◽  
Acetabular Head Index ◽  
Center Edge ◽  
Acetabular Morphology ◽  
Hip Morphology ◽  
Japanese Adults ◽  
Pelvic Radiography ◽  
Hip Trauma ◽  
Ethnic Variations

The prevalence of osteoarthritis appears to vary widely among ethinic groups. Many studies had been published describing the acetabular morphology of Chinese, Nigerians, Singaporeans and Japanese. No previous studies comparing Egyptian Arabs and Japanese Orientals work available. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the ethnic variations of acetabular morphology between Egyptian and Japanese populations. Patients and Methods: A total of 844 Egyptian and 757 Japanese consecutive patients with no clinical evidence of hip osteoarthritis and who underwent pelvic radiography in the supine position for hip trauma or a routine health check were analyzed for the relationships between the center-edge (CE) angle, Sharp angle, acetabular head index, as well as the relationships of the above-mentioned variables with age, gender, body height. Results: Comparing the measurements of those three parameters in both populations showed statistically significant values (all Egyptian versus Japanese, all female versus male are significant). Conclusion: Our data confirm the presence of ethnic variations in acetabular morphology which predispose to various pathologies of the hip joint.

An International Multi-Center Study To Define the Application of Microarrays in the Diagnosis and Subclassification of Leukemia (MILE Study): Interim Analysis Based on 1,889 Patients Achieves 95.4% Prediction Accuracy.

Blood ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (11) ◽  
pp. 103-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torsten Haferlach ◽  
Alexander Kohlmann ◽  
Giuseppe Basso ◽  
Marie-Christine Bene ◽  
James Downing ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Accuracy ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
Normal Karyotype ◽  
Classification Model ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Linear Discriminant ◽  
Clinical Accuracy ◽  
Group A ◽  
Multi Center Study

Abstract We have demonstrated that microarrays can identify differentially expressed genes associated with distinct clinical and prognostically relevant classes of pediatric and adult leukemias. In 2005, the MILE (Microarray Innovations in LEukemia) study research program was initiated within 11 centers: 7 from the European Leukemia Network (WP13), 3 from the US, and 1 in Singapore. In this study, the clinical accuracy of gene expression profiles (GEP) was compared to current routine diagnostic workup. As a first step, microarray analysis protocols and procedures were successfully standardized. All participating laboratories demonstrated high proficiency in this pre-phase. Here, we present data on MILE stage I where n=1,889 samples were profiled between 10/2005 and 7/2006 (HG-U133 Plus 2.0, Affymetrix). In 98.24%, the generated GEP did pass our strict quality acceptance criteria. GEP from this study were then combined with previous data obtained by the research groups from Munich (Haferlach) and Memphis (Downing) to generate a dataset of n=2,916 samples that includes 16 subclasses of acute and chronic leukemias (mature B-ALL with t(8;14), pro-B-ALL with t(11q23)/MLL, c-ALL/pre-B-ALL with t(9;22), T-ALL, ALL with t(12;21), ALL with t(1;19), ALL with hyperdiploid karyotype, c-ALL/Pre-B-ALL without t(9;22), AML with t(8;21), AML with t(15;17), AML with inv(16)/t(16;16), AML with t(11q23)/MLL, AML with normal karyotype or other abnormalities, AML with complex aberrant karyotype, CML, CLL), MDS, as well as non-leukemia and healthy bone marrows as a control group. A linear discriminant classification algorithm was created and predicted these 18 classes with a 91.4% accuracy (30-fold CV). Miscalls were mostly observed in the distinction between MDS and AML with normal karyotype. As a consequence, a classification model trained on n=2,647 samples representing 17 classes and excluding MDS reached a prediction accuracy of 95.4%. In particular, the classes Pro-B-ALL with t(11q23)/MLL, T-ALL, ALL with t(1;19), AML with t(8;21), AML with t(15;17), AML with inv(16)/t(16;16), CLL, CML, as well as non-leukemias were classified with a ≥97.2% sensitivity. The specificity was ≥98.4% for all 17 classes, respectively. Based on these results a customized microarray was designed using 1,449 probe sets. In conclusion, this international multi-center research study demonstrates a very high accuracy for leukemia classification by GEP. This effort led to an innovative customized microarray designed for a routine diagnostic application. Starting in 9/2006 additional n=2,000 samples will be prospectively analyzed with the custom research AmpliChip Leukemia Test (MILE Stage II).

scholarly journals Is It Possible to Define Reference Values for Radiographic Parameters Evaluating Juvenile Flatfoot Deformity? A Case-Control Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Hamel ◽  
Hubert Hörterer ◽  
Norbert Harrasser
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Roc Curve Analysis ◽  
First Metatarsal ◽  
Radiographic Parameters ◽  
Metatarsal Angle ◽  
Radiographic Measurements ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Control Study

Abstract BackgroundNumerous radiographic parameters are described to evaluate juvenile flexible flatfeet. Reference values for these measurements are based on few studies. The purpose of this study was to determine boundary values among the most widely used radiographic measurements to evaluate juvenile flatfeet.MethodsTwenty-two patients with normal hind-, midfoot configuration (group A: control group; 22 feet, mean age: 12,1 years) and 19 patients with flatfoot deformity (group B: study group; 22 feet, mean age: 12,4 years) were retrospectively analyzed. Nine radiographic parameters were measured (Talocalcaneal-angles, Calcaneal-pitch-angle, Costa-Bartani-angle, Talo-metatarsal-I-angles, Talo-first-metatarsal-base-angle, Talo-navicular-coverage, Calcaneus-fifth-metatarsal-angle). ROC curve analysis was used to calculate optimal differentiating thresholds of each parameter.ResultsFour out of nine parameters (TC-dp, TC-lat, Calc-MTV, Calc-P) were not statistically different between the groups and their ability to distinct between normal foot and flatfoot was low (AUC values= 0,660 - 0,819). Calculation of reference values for these parameters was not performed due to threshold ranges between the groups of >10°. Reference values could be defined only for three parameters: TMTInd >(-)31°, TMTIB >(-)7,5°, TMT-lat >(-)13,5°. The TMTInd was shown to be a very reliable and valid combination of two measurements (TMTIB and TMT-lat) in the differentiation of normal feet and flatfeet (AUC=0,998).ConclusionThe calculation of reference values for established radiographic parameters used to evaluate juvenile flatfeet is difficult for most parameters. The TMTInd as a combination of TMTIB and TMT-lat has been shown to be reliable and valuable to distinct normal feet from flatfeet.

Anatomical parameters of and differences in the proximal femoral cavity in adult patients with developmental hip dysplasia

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Ran Zhao ◽  
Hong Cai ◽  
Hua Tian ◽  
Ke Zhang ◽  
Admin
Keyword(s):  
Femoral Head ◽  
Developmental Dysplasia ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Marrow Cavity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Dysplasia Of The Hip ◽  
Anatomical Parameters

Objective: To explore the anatomical parameters proximal femoral cavity and developmental dysplasia of the hip. Methods: The retrospective study was conducted at Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China, and comprised data of adult patients of either gender who underwent total hip arthroplasty from January 2009 to August 2015. Paients with a diagnosis of primary osteoarthrosis or aseptic necrosis of the femoral head were taken as the control group A, while patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip in group B were graded into subgroups I-IV using the Crowe classification. For each patient, the inner diameter of the proximal femoral medullary cavity was measured on preoperative radiographs using Noble’s technique. Data was analysed using SPSS 20. Results: Of the 835 hips, 571(68.4%) were in group A and 264(31.6%) in group B. The mean age of the patients at the time of surgery was 58.3 ± 12.3 years. Overall, there were 404(48.4%) hips of male patients; 59(22.3%) in group B. There were 431(51.6%) hips of female patients; 205(77.7%) in group B. In group B, 186(70.5%) hips were graded I, 38(14.4%)grade II, 22(8.3%)grade III, and 18(6.8%) hips were graded IV. There were significant differences in femoral offset, height of the femoral head, and canal flare index of the metaphysis between groups A and B (p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the morphology of the marrow cavity between subgroups II and III.

EFFECT OF COMBINATED APPLICATION OF PROBIOTIC AND ENTEROSORBENT ON THE DYNAMICS OF CORTISOL IN CHICKENS IN THE EARLY POSTEMBRIONIC PERIOD

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Marked Reduction ◽  
Marked Decrease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Stable Growth ◽  
The Relationship

The research is devoted to the study of chickens’ cortisol dynamics at an early stage ofpost-embryonic development with the use of probiotics such as zoonorm, enterosorbent based on polymethylsilxane polyhydrate and their complex. To achieve the goal, 4 groups of analogue chickens were formed, 1 was a control group, 2 - received a probiotic in a mixture with feed at a dose of 0.2 g per head in morning feeding; 3 - 0.3% weight enterosorbent 2 hours after evening feeding; 4 - a combination of two preparations at the appropriate time. The introduction of drugs was carried out from 5- to 25-day age. All the indicators were analyzed in 5-, 15-, 25- and 35-day chicks. As a result of the research, chicks in all groups showed an increase in cortisol concentrations. In the control group a stable growth of the indicator was observed, which reached a maximum in 35 days, an increase in the concentration of the hormone by 41.6% was accompanied by an increase in glucose to 14.6 to 0.5 mmol/L, a decrease in cholesterol and triglycerides. In chicks 2 and 3 groups the highest value of cortisol is noted in 25 days, 4 - in 15 days. In 2 and 3 groups, with maximum cortisol levels, glucose concentrations were 14.64 and 14.91 mmol/L, with a marked decrease in triglycerides and cholesterol. In the 4th group of 15-day-old chicks, an 8.4% increase in cholesterol and triglycerides resulted in a 37.3 and 68.9% decrease in cholesterol and triglycerides. At the end of the experiment, the 4th group was found to reduce cortisol to 5.07 nmol/L, glucose to 12.32 to 0.13 mmol/L, and a relative increase in triglycerides. In conclusion, the relationship between synthesis of cortisol, cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose and their metabolism was confirmed. There has been a marked reduction in the influence of stress factors and increased resistance of chickens with the complex use of probiotic and enterosorbent.

scholarly journals Isolated arthroscopic treatment of intra-articular pathologies in mild hip dysplasia: a short-term case control study

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Enrico Tassinari ◽  
Federica Mariotti ◽  
Francesco Castagnini ◽  
Stefano Lucchini ◽  
Francesco Perdisa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Labral Repair ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
Capsular Plication ◽  
Small Series ◽  
Center Edge ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Lateral Center Edge Angle

Abstract Purpose The aim is to compare the results of isolated hip arthroscopy in patients with borderline dysplasia with Lateral center edge angle (LCEA) between 18° and 25° with a control group of patients with normal LCEA (> 25°). Methods Fifty hip arthroscopies performed in 45 patients were retrospectively evaluated. Exclusion criteria were: age > 40, hip arthritis > grade 2 according to Tonnis classification, femoral head avascular necrosis, pediatric’s orthopaedics conditions and true dysplasia with LCEA < 18°.Two groups were identified: group A with 15 hips with LCEA between 25° and 18° and Group control B made of 35 hips with LCEA > 25°. Results The groups were homogeneous for demography and pre-operative WOMAC and HOOS. Osteoplasty for CAM were performed in 100% of patients in both groups, only in 12 hips (34.4%) in group B we had both femoral and acetabular osteoplasty. Labral repair was performed in 86% of patients in group A, in 60% of patients in group B, capsular plication in 93% of group A, in 5% of case of group B. WOMAC and HOOS statically significant improved in both groups at final follow-up (24 months). No cases in both groups required conversion to total hip arthroplasty. Clinical outcomes of study group were comparable to the control group. Conclusion Even if the present small series is not conclusive, we suggest isolated arthroscopic management of patients with FAI and LCEA between 18° and 25°, but capsular plication and careful labral management are strongly recommended. Level of evidence Level IV.

scholarly journals Is it possible to define reference values for radiographic parameters evaluating juvenile flatfoot deformity? A case-control study

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Hamel ◽  
Hubert Hörterer ◽  
Norbert Harrasser
Keyword(s):  
Reference Values ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Roc Curve Analysis ◽  
First Metatarsal ◽  
Radiographic Parameters ◽  
Metatarsal Angle ◽  
Radiographic Measurements ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Control Study

Abstract Background Numerous radiographic parameters are described to evaluate juvenile flexible flatfeet. Reference values for these measurements are based on few studies. The purpose of this study was to determine boundary values among the most widely used radiographic measurements to evaluate juvenile flatfeet. Methods Twenty-two patients with normal hind-, midfoot configuration (group A: control group; 22 ft, mean age: 12,1 years) and 19 patients with flatfoot deformity (group B: study group; 22 ft, mean age: 12,4 years) were retrospectively analyzed. Nine radiographic parameters were measured (Talocalcaneal-angles, Calcaneal-pitch-angle, Costa-Bartani-angle, Talo-metatarsal-I-angles, Talo-first-metatarsal-base-angle, Talo-navicular-coverage, Calcaneus-fifth-metatarsal-angle). ROC curve analysis was used to calculate optimal differentiating thresholds of each parameter. Results Four out of nine parameters (TC-dp, TC-lat, Calc-MTV, Calc-P) were not statistically different between the groups and their ability to distinct between normal foot and flatfoot was low (AUC values = 0,660 - 0,819). Calculation of reference values for these parameters was not performed due to threshold ranges between the groups of > 10°. Reference values could be defined only for three parameters: TMTInd >(−)31°, TMTIB >(−)7,5°, TMT-lat > (−)13,5°. The TMTInd was shown to be a very reliable and valid combination of two measurements (TMTIB and TMT-lat) in the differentiation of normal feet and flatfeet (AUC = 0,998). Conclusion The calculation of reference values for established radiographic parameters used to evaluate juvenile flatfeet is difficult for most parameters. The TMTInd as a combination of TMTIB and TMT-lat has been shown to be reliable and valuable to distinct normal feet from flatfeet.

Biological and Phytochemical Screening of Fumaria indica extract on Chemically Induced Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Reference to Biochemical Parameters

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irfan Aziz ◽  
Birendra Shrivastava ◽  
Chandana Venkateswara Rao2 ◽  
Sadath Ali
Keyword(s):  
Free Radicals ◽  
Liver Disease ◽  
Liver Cancer ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Food Additives ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Hepatoprotective Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Toxic Industrial Chemicals

Liver disease or liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer mortality in the world. Hepatitis viral infection, food additives, alcohol, fungal toxins (aflatoxins), toxic industrial chemicals, air and water pollutants are the major risk factors of liver cancer. Moreover, due to high tolerance of liver, HCC is seldom detected at an early stage and once detected treatment faces a poor prognosis in most cases.Fumaria indica possesses hepatoprotective activity as evidenced by the significant and dose dependent restoring the activities of entire liver cancer marker enzymes, diminution in tumor incidence, decrease in lipid peroxidation (LPO) and increase in the level of antioxidant enzymes (GSH, CAT, SOD, GPx and GST) through scavenging of free radicals, or by enhancing the activity of antioxidant, which then detoxify free radicals. These factors protect cells from ROS damage in NDEA and CCl4-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Histopathological observations of liver tissues too correlated with the biochemical observations. Thus, present investigation suggested that the Fumaria indica would exert a chemoprotective effect by reversing the oxidant-antioxidant imbalance during hepatocarcinogenesis induced by NDEA and CCl4. Besides Fumaria indicais very much effective in preventing NDEA-induced multistage hepatocarcinogenesis possibly through antioxidant and antigenotoxic nature, which was confirmed by various liver injury and biochemical tumour markers enzymes. The hepatoprotective activity of a Fumaria indicaof 50 % ethanolic extract was studied using rats. The animals received a single intraperitoneal injection of N-nitrosodiethylamine 200mg/kg body wt followed by subcutaneous injection of CCl4 in a dose of 3 ml/kg body wt. Fumaria indica extract dose dependently and significantly the increase in serum hepatic enzyme levels after NDEAand CCl4 treatment compared to the toxin control group. The results of this study confirmed the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of the Fumaria indicaextract against carbon tetrachlorideand N-nitrosodiethylamine induced hepatotoxicity in rats. In addition to this, studies on molecular aspect of hepatoprotective therapy will give mechanistic information in hepatoprotective therapy and also critical balance should be there between the animal model and clinical research. The hepatoprotective properties of Fumaria indicashould provide useful information in the possible application in hepatic liver disease.

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