scholarly journals An immunocytochemical study of TSH beta storage in rat thyroidectomy cells with and without D or L thyroxine treatment.

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1140-1149 ◽  
Author(s):  
G C Moriarty ◽  
R B Tobin
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Immunocytochemical Staining ◽  
Immunocytochemical Study ◽  
Beta Chain ◽  
Thyroxine Treatment ◽  
Tsh Cells

Binding sites to the beta chain of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) were localized in pituitaries of thyroidectomized rats. Immunocytochemical staining was observed in hypertrophied TSH cells ("thyroidectomy cells") and primarily located in dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. Staining was also found on the few secretory granules and on some of the intracisternal granules. Some of the thyroidectomy cells stained intensely, while others exhibited very little staining. When thyroidectomized rats were treated with thyroxine 4 days before death, the TSH cells contained more secretory granules, and the intracisternal granules were larger and more numerous. L-thyroxine was 10 times as potent as D-thyroxine in promoting the build-up of granules. Both types of granules stained intensely.

An immunocytochemical and electron microscopic study of the hyt mouse anterior pituitary gland

1986 ◽  
Vol 109 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-NP ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Noguchi ◽  
M. Kudo ◽  
T. Sugisaki ◽  
I. Satoh
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Mutant Mouse ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Ideal Model ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone

ABSTRACT The hyt mutant mouse used in this study has a hypoplastic thyroid gland and is characterized by retarded somatic growth, very low to undetectable levels of plasma thyroxine (T4), and increased levels of plasma thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). This congenital hypothyroid mouse is therefore an ideal model for studying the effects of thyroid hypofunction on the adenohypophysis. The anterior pituitary of the hyt mouse appeared less granular than that of the normal control when viewed by light microscopy, owing to a decrease in the population of somatotrophs. Many cells, in various stages of transformation into 'thyroidectomy cells', were recognized by the appearance of the characteristic granules and dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. In some cases, the enlarged rough endoplasmic reticulum also contained spherical electron-dense secretory granules. In addition there were many cells undergoing mitosis and these were identified as thyrotrophs by their characteristic granules. Administration of T4 during the first 40 days of life prevented the abnormal changes in the hyt anterior pituitary. A reduction in immunoreactive thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH) levels was seen in the median eminence of the hyt mouse. Treatment with T4 restored this to normal, suggesting that the reduced TRH content of the hypothalamus of the mutant mouse may be due to T4 deprivation. J. Endocr. (1986) 109, 163–168

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF ENDOGENOUS PEROXIDASE IN FETAL RAT SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND

1973 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
SHOHEI YAMASHINA ◽  
TIBOR BARKA
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Nuclear Envelope ◽  
Submandibular Gland ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Peroxidase Activity ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Prenatal Development ◽  
Reaction Products ◽  
Cell Type ◽  
Endogenous Peroxidase

The prenatal development of endogenous peroxidase activity in the submandibular gland of rat was investigated by means of the diaminobenzidine-H2O2 histochemical method. The submandibular gland of a 16-day-old fetus was composed of cords of uniform, undifferentiated cells which contained no secretory granules and revealed no peroxidase activity. Peroxidase activity first appeared at the 17th day of gestation in the cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope in a few cells. At the 18th day of gestation cells which exhibited reaction products in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope also contained secretory granules with a strong peroxidase activity. During the last days of gestation the number of peroxidase positive cells, which contained numerous secretory granules, increased. The peroxidase-containing cells are the immediate precursors of the proacinar cells of early postnatal stages. During the same time period, when the peroxidase-containing cells differentiated, a second cell type also differentiated in the cellular cords. The development of this cell type was marked by the appearance of secretory granules stainable with toluidine blue. Through the prenatal development, this cell type revealed no peroxidase activity and was identified with the terminal tubule cell of the newborn. The morphologic and cytochemical findings indicate that terminal tubule cells and proacinar cells are committed cells; the former differentiate toward 2nd order intercalated duct cells and the latter transform to mature acinar cells.

scholarly journals THE ELABORATION OF PROTEIN AND CARBOHYDRATE BY RAT PARATHYROID CELLS AS REVEALED BY ELECTRON MICROSCOPE RADIOAUTOGRAPHY

1971 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 596-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Nakagami ◽  
H. Warshawsky ◽  
C. P. Leblond
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Intravenous Injection ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Glycoprotein Precursor ◽  
Secretion Granules ◽  
And Migration ◽  
The One ◽  
Membrane Cell

The parathyroid glands of young rats were radioautographed after a single injection of the protein precursor tyrosine-3H in the hope of identifying the sites of synthesis and migration of newly formed protein in the gland cells. The same procedure was used after injection of the glycoprotein precursor galactose-3H. As early as 2 min after intravenous injection of tyrosine-3H, the label was mainly found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum suggesting that cisternal ribosomes are sites of protein synthesis. By 5 and 10 min, much of the label had migrated from the rough endoplasmic reticulum into the Golgi apparatus. By 20 and 30 min, some label had migrated from there into secretory granules. By 45 min and 1 hr, the label content of the cell had decreased, indicating release of labeled material outside the cell. At 2 min after intravenous injection of galactose-3H, the label was mainly present in the Golgi apparatus, where presumably galactose is taken up into glycoprotein. By 10 min, some label appeared in secretion granules and by 30 min release of the material to the outside of the cell was under way. In conclusion, it is likely that the tyrosine-labeled protein material consists mainly of the parathyroid hormone. The galactose-labeled carbohydrate material would be either associated with the hormone in the cell or be part of a distinct glycoprotein which may be the one present on the outer surface of the plasma membrane (cell coat).

scholarly journals ULTRASTRUCTURAL VARIATIONS IN N,N'-BIS(4-AMINOPHENYL)-N,N'-DIMETHYLETHYLENEDIAMINE (BED) OXIDASE LOCALIZATION IN RAT LIVER AND PAROTID GLAND WITH VARIATION IN LENGTH OF FIXATION

1972 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 1024-1030 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. ALLEN SHANNON ◽  
ARNOLD M. SELIGMAN
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Parotid Gland ◽  
Rat Liver ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Terminal Oxidase ◽  
Outer Compartment ◽  
Fixation Reaction

The localization and reactivity of a terminal oxidase which oxidizes N,N'-bis(4-amino-phenyl)-N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine (BED) were studied in rat liver and parotid gland after varying the concentration of formaldehyde fixative and the length of fixation. Reaction product was observed in mitochondrial outer compartments, smooth elements of rough endoplasmic reticulum, some Golgi lamellae, perinuclear membranes and cytoplasmic membranous structures often associated with mitochondria. A reaction also occurred in the limiting membrane and, to some degree, in the material comprising the secretory granules of the parotid. The reaction in the mitochondrial outer compartment was extremely formaldehyde-sensitive. Controls in which diaminobenzidine (DAB) was substituted for BED showed reaction only in mitochondrial cristae and outer compartments, whereas controls without either reagent showed no reactivity.

scholarly journals Compartmentalization of intracellular membrane glycocomponents is revealed by fracture-label.

1984 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Torrisi ◽  
P Pinto da Silva
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Plasma Membrane ◽  
Binding Sites ◽  
Wheat Germ Agglutinin ◽  
Wheat Germ ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
The Other ◽  
Rat Tissues ◽  
Intracellular Membrane ◽  
Definition Of

We used thin-section fracture-label to determine the distribution of wheat-germ agglutinin binding sites in intracellular membranes of secretory and nonsecretory rat tissues as well as in human leukocytes. In all cases, analysis of the distribution of wheat germ agglutinin led to the definition of two endomembrane compartments: one, characterized by absence of the label, includes the membranes of mitochondria and peroxisomes as well as those of the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope; the other, strongly labeled, comprises the membrane of lysosomes, phagocytic vacuoles, and secretory granules, as well as the plasma membrane. The Golgi apparatus was weakly labeled in all studied tissues.

Ultrastructure of the Genital Duct Epithelium of the Male Port Jackson Shark, Heterodontus-Portusjacksoni

1992 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 257 ◽  
Author(s):  
RC Jones ◽  
M Lin
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Golgi Apparatus ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Ciliated Cells ◽  
Dense Bodies ◽  
Ductuli Efferentes ◽  
Apical Vesicles

The genital ducts of Heterodontus portusjacksoni are lined by a ciliated epithelium. In the ductuli efferentes the epithelium is low and contains numerous intraepithelial leucocytes which often contain large dense bodies. All epithelial cells are ciliated and are characterised by apical vesicles, vacuoles and glycogen granules, some rough endoplasmic reticulum, dense bodies and lipid droplets, and a Golgi apparatus. The initial segment of the ductus epididymidis is lined by a very tall epithelium of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. The non-ciliated cells contain numerous apical vesicles, a large Golgi apparatus and numerous mitochondria and secretory granules in close association with an extensive endoplasmic reticulum. The terminal segment of the ductus epididymidis is lined by a low columnar epithelium. A proximal region, occupying part of the head of the epididymis, is similar to the epithelium in the ductuli efferentes. Distally, all the epithelial cells are ciliated. They are characterised by considerable dilated endoplasmic reticulum, a Golgi apparatus, apical vesicles, and numerous mitochondria and secretory granules. The secretory tubules of Leydig's glands are lined by a very tall epithelium with non-ciliated cells containing extensive, dilated, rough endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi apparatus, and numerous mitochondria and secretory granules. The significance of the structural differentiation of the duct is discussed in relation to the evolution of the mammalian epididymis.

The human fetal pituitary: An ultrastructural analysis

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 574-575
Author(s):  
S. L. Asa ◽  
K. Kovacs ◽  
E. Horvath ◽  
F. A. Laszlo ◽  
I. Domokos
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Type I ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Glycoprotein Hormone ◽  
Poorly Differentiated ◽  
Rathke's Cleft ◽  
Flocculent Material ◽  
Cytoplasmic Glycogen

An ultrastructural study was performed on 25 human fetal pituitaries to document the development of cell differentiation and hormone production in the adenohypophysis.At 5 weeks' gestation, Rathke's cleft was lined by columnar epithelium 3-4 cells deep (Fig. 1). The cells were poorly differentiated, with abundant cytoplasmic glycogen, numerous free ribosomes and occasional secretory granules. Terminal bars were formed on the lateral cell surfaces near the luminal surface of Rathke's cleft; desmosomes formed junctions between cells.By 6 weeks' gestation, cells resembling corticotrophs were identified (Fig. 2). They contained moderately developed, rough endoplasmic reticulum and numerous secretory granules of variable size, shape and electron density. In 8-week-old fetuses, type I microfilaments were found in those cells. Welldifferentiated somatotrophs were seen in the adenohypophyses of 8-9-week-old fetuses. They contained scattered profiles of rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and spherical, evenly electron dense secretory granules, measuring 300-600 nm in diameter. Cells with dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum containing flocculent material and small, dense, round secretory granules with peripheral electron lucent halos were seen in the adenohypophysis of a 14-week-old fetus; these features are characteristic of the glycoprotein hormone cell line. Typical prolactin cells were not recognizable before 23 weeks' gestation.

The fate of larval chondrocytes during the metamorphosis of the epibranchial in the salamander, Eurycea bislineata

Development ◽  
1985 ◽  
Vol 88 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-83
Author(s):  
P. Alberch ◽  
G. A. Lewbart ◽  
Emily A. Gale
Keyword(s):  
Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Thyroxine Treatment ◽  
Nuclear Degeneration ◽  
Tissue Manipulation ◽  
Eurycea Bislineata

The metamorphosis of the epibranchial cartilage, a skeletal component of the hyobranchial apparatus, in the salamander Eurycea bislineata entails a combination of the reabsorption of a larval cartilaginous element with the simultaneous genesis of an adult cartilage in the same place. In this study we focus on the fate of the larval chondrocytes. Two hypotheses are considered: one, larval cells simply die off during metamorphosis, or, alternatively, they dedifferentiate and participate in the formation of the adult element. Thyroxine treatment and experimental tissue manipulation coupled with measurements of thyroxine levels using radioimmunoassay show that, within 24 h after T4 treatment, larval chondrocytes in the epibranchials exhibit large autophagocytic vacuoles, disruption of the rough endoplasmic reticulum, abnormally shaped mitochondria, abundance of lysosomes and nuclear degeneration, all symptoms of the onset of cell death. In conclusion, evidence from light microscopy, TEM and SEM show that the larval chondrocytes in response to rising levels of thyroid hormones undergo a process of lysosomal autophagocytosis and do not participate in the formation of adult structures.

scholarly journals Immunocytochemistry of the pituitary glycoprotein hormones.

1976 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 846-863 ◽  
Author(s):  
G C Moriarty
Keyword(s):  
Secretory Granules ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Type I ◽  
Glycoprotein Hormones ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Tsh Cells ◽  
Immunocytochemical Techniques ◽  
Lh Cells ◽  
Stimulating Hormone

The storage sites of the pituitary glycoprotein hormones were identified with the use of electron microscopic immunocytochemical techniques and antisera to the beta (beta) chains of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH). The TSH cells in normal rats is ovoid or angular and contains small granules 60-160 nm in diameter. In TSH cells hypertrophied 45 days after thyroidectomy, staining is in globular patches in granules or diffusely distributed in the expanded profiles of dilated rough endoplasmic reticulum. The gonadotrophs (FSH and LH cells) exhibited three different morphologies. Type I cells are ovoid with a population of large granules and a population of small granules. Staining for FSHbeta or LHbeta was intense and specific only in the large granules (diameter of 400 nm or greater). Type II cells are angular or stellate and contain numerous secretory granules averaging 200-220 nm in diameter. They predominate during stages in the estrous cycle when FSH or LH secretion is high. Type III cells look like adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) cells in that they are stellate with peripherally arranged granules. They generally stain only with anti-FSHbeta and their staining can not be abolished by the addition of 100 ng ACTH. In preliminary quantitative studies of cycling females, we found that on serial sections FSH cells and LH cells show similar shifts to a more angular population of cells during stages of active secretion. However, the shifts are not in phase with one another. Furthermore, there are at least 1.5 times more FSH cells than LH cells at all stages of the cycle. Our collection of serial cells shows that some cells (usually type I or II) stain for both gonadotropic hormones, whereas others (usually type II or III) contain only one.

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