Damage assessment and seismic behavior of steel buildings during the Mexico earthquake of 19 September 2017

The second Christchurch earthquake on February 22, 2011, Magnitude 6.35, generated more intense shaking in the Central Business District than the September 4, 2010 Darfield earthquake, Magnitude 7.1. The second earthquake was closer to the CBD and at shallow depth, resulting in peak ground accelerations 3 times higher. There was significant failure of unreinforced masonry buildings and collapse of a few reinforced concrete buildings, leading to loss of life. Steel structures on the whole performed well during the earthquake and the plastic, inelastic deformation was less than expected given the strength of the recorded ground accelerations. For steel buildings designed to withstand earthquake loading, a design philosophy is to have some structural elements deform plastically, absorbing energy in the process. Typically elements of beams are designed to plastically deform while the columns remain elastic. In the earthquake some of these elements deformed plastically and the buildings were structurally undamaged. The question which then arises is; the building may be safe, but will it withstand a further severe earthquake? In other words how much further plastic work damage can be absorbed without failure of the structural element? Previous research at Auckland on modern structural steel, where the steel was prestrained various levels, to represent earthquake loading, the toughness was determined, as a function of prestrain for the naturally strain-aged steel. Further research, on the same steel, investigated life to failure for cyclic plastic straining in tension and compression loading at various plastic strain amplitudes. This work has shown that provided the plastic strain in the structural element is in the range 2 – 5% the steel will still meet the relevant NZ Standards. To determine the remaining life the plastic strain must be determ ined then the decision made; to use the building as is, replace the structural element or demolish.

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The Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985—Typical Cases of Repair and Strengthening of Concrete Buildings

Earthquake Spectra ◽

10.1193/1.1585518 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 175-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

M. Jara ◽

C. Hernández ◽

R. García ◽

F. Robles

Keyword(s):

Case Studies ◽

Mexico City ◽

Damage Assessment ◽

Analysis And Design ◽

Concrete Buildings ◽

Temporary Protection ◽

Practical Design ◽

Mexico Earthquake ◽

Emergency Measures ◽

Made In

It is the aim of this paper to describe the most important techniques that are being used in Mexico City to retrofit buildings damaged during the 1985 earthquake. The information is presented by means of four case studies. These cases offer practical design examples of the typical solutions adopted and illustrate the various aspects of the repair and strengthening process such as damage assessment, emergency measures for temporary protection, the retrofitting technique employed in each case and considerations and decisions made in the analysis and design.

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The behaviour, overview of damage and retrofit of steel buildings after the earthquakes of September 1985

Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering ◽

10.5459/bnzsee.20.1.30-41 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

pp. 30-41 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Enrique Martinez-Romero

Keyword(s):

Mexico City ◽

Seismic Performance ◽

Seismic Design ◽

Steel Structures ◽

The Other ◽

Design Codes ◽

Steel Buildings ◽

Steel Construction ◽

History Of

A brief introduction on the earthquake history of Mexico is made. A description of the various types of steel structures built in Mexico City is made, including comparisons of the other types of steel construction with more modern practices. Performance of steel buildings in the September 1985 earthquake are discussed and related to the local geotechnical conditions, including foundation behaviour. The evolution of seismic design Codes in Mexico City is presented and the Emergency Provisions recently issued, are discussed. Finally, some ideas of repairing damaged steel structures to improve their seismic performance meeting the higher demands of the reformed Code, are given as a retrofit.

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The Mexico Earthquake of September 19, 1985—Behavior of Steel Buildings

Earthquake Spectra ◽

10.1193/1.1585511 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 51-88 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

J. Osteraas ◽

H. Krawinkler

Keyword(s):

Case Studies ◽

Mexico City ◽

Structural Models ◽

Code Design ◽

Steel Buildings ◽

Design Strength ◽

Actual Strength ◽

Mexico Earthquake ◽

Story Building

During the September 19, 1985 earthquake about 60 post-1957 multistory steel buildings in Mexico City were subjected to a severe test. In most cases, the damage in the post-1957 structures was minor to moderate. The notable exception is the Pino Suarez complex in which one 21-story building collapsed onto a 14-story building, and two other 21-story buildings were severely damaged. The behavior of these buildings as well as two other case studies are analyzed. Conclusions are drawn on the ductility demands imposed on steel buildings in Mexico City, utilizing simplified structural models and considering the actual strength of buildings that may be much higher than the code design strength.

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Performance of Steel Structures in the September 19 and 20, 1985 Mexico Earthquakes

Earthquake Spectra ◽

10.1193/1.1585432 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 329-346 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

R. D. Hanson ◽

H. W. Martin

Keyword(s):

Mexico City ◽

Steel Structures ◽

Steel Buildings ◽

Research Issues ◽

Steel Construction ◽

Earthquake Resistant Design ◽

Earthquake Resistant

A description of the various types of steel structures built in Mexico City includes comparisons of the older types of steel construction with more modern buildings. Performance of steel buildings in the September 1985 earthquake was related to the local geotechnical conditions including foundation behavior. The collapses of the Edificio 21 Atlas and Conjunto Pino Suarez buildings raise important earthquake resistant design and research issues.

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POTENTIAL OF MULTI-TEMPORAL OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY FOR STRUCTURAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprs-annals-iii-3-355-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol III-3 ◽

pp. 355-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A. Vetrivel ◽

D. Duarte ◽

F. Nex ◽

M. Gerke ◽

N. Kerle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Damage Assessment ◽

Structural Damage ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Structural Elements ◽

Building Facades ◽

Event Information ◽

Multi Temporal ◽

Oblique Images ◽

The City

Quick post-disaster actions demand automated, rapid and detailed building damage assessment. Among the available technologies, post-event oblique airborne images have already shown their potential for this task. However, existing methods usually compensate the lack of pre-event information with aprioristic assumptions of building shapes and textures that can lead to uncertainties and misdetections. However, oblique images have been already captured over many cities of the world, and the exploitation of pre- and post-event data as inputs to damage assessment is readily feasible in urban areas. In this paper, we investigate the potential of multi-temporal oblique imagery for detailed damage assessment focusing on two methodologies: the first method aims at detecting severe structural damages related to geometrical deformation by combining the complementary information provided by photogrammetric point clouds and oblique images. The developed method detected 87% of damaged elements. The failed detections are due to varying noise levels within the point cloud which hindered the recognition of some structural elements. We observed, in general that the façade regions are very noisy in point clouds. To address this, we propose our second method which aims to detect damages to building façades using the oriented oblique images. The results show that the proposed methodology can effectively differentiate among the three proposed categories: collapsed/highly damaged, lower levels of damage and undamaged buildings, using a computationally light-weight approach. We describe the implementations of the above mentioned methods in detail and present the promising results achieved using multi-temporal oblique imagery over the city of L’Aquila (Italy).

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Productional, Operational, and Theoretical Sensitivities of Fatigue Damage Assessment in Shipbuilding

Journal of Ship Production ◽

10.5957/jsp.2002.18.4.185 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 18 (04) ◽

pp. 185-194 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Branko Blagojevic ◽

Želko Domazet ◽

Kalman Žiha

Keyword(s):

Sensitivity Analysis ◽

Fatigue Damage ◽

Damage Assessment ◽

Analysis Procedure ◽

Structural Elements ◽

Shape Parameters ◽

Design Procedures ◽

Fatigue Design ◽

Parametric Studies ◽

Simplified Procedures

First, this paper summarizes some of the theoretical and practical aspects of fatigue assessments in shipbuilding. The basics of the spectral fatigue analysis procedure for ship structures are mentioned. The simplified procedures are presented in more detail, due to their practical merit. The paper is concerned primarily with the fatigue design procedures used by classification societies, as well as with possible standardizations under the auspices of IACS. Second, an example of fatigue damage assessment for a chemical tanker recently built in Croatian shipyards is provided in order to illustrate and compare the capabilities and differences of available procedures currently used by major classification societies. Finally, parametric studies are performed in order to investigate the effects of productional structural elements misalignment, constructional and fabricational tolerances, of corrosion during operations at sea, shape parameters of theoretical distributions, of selections of the S-Ncurves, and of the combinations of local and global loads. The sensitivity analysis presented here provides suggestions for improving design and production of the critical parts of the ship hull construction with respect to fatigue damage.

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POTENTIAL OF MULTI-TEMPORAL OBLIQUE AIRBORNE IMAGERY FOR STRUCTURAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT

ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprsannals-iii-3-355-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol III-3 ◽

pp. 355-362 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

A. Vetrivel ◽

D. Duarte ◽

F. Nex ◽

M. Gerke ◽

N. Kerle ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Urban Areas ◽

Damage Assessment ◽

Structural Damage ◽

Point Clouds ◽

Structural Elements ◽

Building Facades ◽

Event Information ◽

Multi Temporal ◽

Oblique Images ◽

The City

Quick post-disaster actions demand automated, rapid and detailed building damage assessment. Among the available technologies, post-event oblique airborne images have already shown their potential for this task. However, existing methods usually compensate the lack of pre-event information with aprioristic assumptions of building shapes and textures that can lead to uncertainties and misdetections. However, oblique images have been already captured over many cities of the world, and the exploitation of pre- and post-event data as inputs to damage assessment is readily feasible in urban areas. In this paper, we investigate the potential of multi-temporal oblique imagery for detailed damage assessment focusing on two methodologies: the first method aims at detecting severe structural damages related to geometrical deformation by combining the complementary information provided by photogrammetric point clouds and oblique images. The developed method detected 87% of damaged elements. The failed detections are due to varying noise levels within the point cloud which hindered the recognition of some structural elements. We observed, in general that the façade regions are very noisy in point clouds. To address this, we propose our second method which aims to detect damages to building façades using the oriented oblique images. The results show that the proposed methodology can effectively differentiate among the three proposed categories: collapsed/highly damaged, lower levels of damage and undamaged buildings, using a computationally light-weight approach. We describe the implementations of the above mentioned methods in detail and present the promising results achieved using multi-temporal oblique imagery over the city of L’Aquila (Italy).

Download Full-text