scholarly journals The evolution of factor XI and the kallikrein-kinin system

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (24) ◽  
pp. 6135-6147
Author(s):  
Michał B. Ponczek ◽  
Aleksandr Shamanaev ◽  
Alec LaPlace ◽  
S. Kent Dickeson ◽  
Priyanka Srivastava ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Egg Laying ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
Factor Xi ◽  
Kinin System ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Factor Xiia ◽  
Kallikrein Kinin System ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Land Vertebrates

Abstract Factor XI (FXI) is the zymogen of a plasma protease (FXIa) that contributes to hemostasis by activating factor IX (FIX). In the original cascade model of coagulation, FXI is converted to FXIa by factor XIIa (FXIIa), a component, along with prekallikrein and high-molecular-weight kininogen (HK), of the plasma kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). More recent coagulation models emphasize thrombin as a FXI activator, bypassing the need for FXIIa and the KKS. We took an evolutionary approach to better understand the relationship of FXI to the KKS and thrombin generation. BLAST searches were conducted for FXI, FXII, prekallikrein, and HK using genomes for multiple vertebrate species. The analysis shows the KKS appeared in lobe-finned fish, the ancestors of all land vertebrates. FXI arose later from a duplication of the prekallikrein gene early in mammalian evolution. Features of FXI that facilitate efficient FIX activation are present in all living mammals, including primitive egg-laying monotremes, and may represent enhancement of FIX-activating activity inherent in prekallikrein. FXI activation by thrombin is a more recent acquisition, appearing in placental mammals. These findings suggest FXI activation by FXIIa may be more important to hemostasis in primitive mammals than in placental mammals. FXI activation by thrombin places FXI partially under control of the vitamin K-dependent coagulation mechanism, reducing the importance of the KKS in blood coagulation. This would explain why humans with FXI deficiency have a bleeding abnormality, whereas those lacking components of the KKS do not.

MORPHOLOGY OF THE FEMALE TERMINALIA IN LEPIDOPTERA, AND ITS TAXONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (7) ◽  
pp. 1055-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Mutuura
Keyword(s):  
Morphological Characters ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Food Plants ◽  
Taxonomic Significance ◽  
Genealogical Tree ◽  
Genital Opening ◽  
Phylogenetic Classification ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractIn the phylogenetic classification of the Lepidoptera, the position of the genital opening and its modifications help to clarify the relationship of the Zeugloptera to the lepidopterous suborders. Three different systems of the suborder classification of the Lepidoptera, into Homoneura and Heteroneura (Tillyard, Imms, etc.), Monotrysia and Ditrysia (Borner), and Dacnonypha, Monotrysia, and Ditrysia (Hinton), are not supported by evidence obtained in the study of the female genitalia.The development of the female terminalia is closely associated with the mode of oviposition. Several types of female terminalia are found in the primitive Lepidoptera (Hepialidae, Neopseustidae, Tischeriidae, Lyonetiidae, Agathiphagidae, Tineidae, Nepticulidae, and Eriocraniidae). They are divided into four categories: hepialid type — the eggs are dropped randomly; typical lepidopterous type — the eggs are laid on the surface of food plants; eriocraniid type — the eggs are laid inside the food plants; tineid type — the eggs are laid in crevices of food. Each of the types is derivable from the types occurring in Neopseustidae, Tischeriidae, Agathiphagidae, and Eriocraniidae, respectively. These types are still far removed from the type of female terminalia in Micropterygidae of the Zeugloptera.The modes of egg-laying as well as the morphological characters of the female genitalia must be taken into consideration in suborder classification of the Lepidoptera.A genealogical tree based on the female terminalia suggests four main branches: hepialid branch — includes Neopseustidae and Prototheoridae; typical lepidopterous branch — includes all Ditrysia and Nepticulidae; tineid branch — includes only Tineidae; eriocraniid branch — includes Incurvariidae, Prodoxidae, Adelidae, and Heliozelidae.

The Effect of Barometric Pressure Upon Oviposition of the Imported Cabbageworm, Pieris rapae (L.)

1949 ◽  
Vol 81 (5) ◽  
pp. 132-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. P. Stephen ◽  
R. D. Bird
Keyword(s):  
Pieris Rapae ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Barometric Pressure ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Vegetable Gardens ◽  
Insect Activity ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

It is a well known fact that the flight of moths and some other insects is affected by barometric pressure, but it is not well known how this phenomenon affects other insect activity. In a study of the ecology of insects in vegetable gardens at Brandon, Man., in 1948, the relationship of barometric pressure to insect activity was recorded.It was noted in the field that the imported cabbageworm adults behaved differently under varying weather conditions. During warm, clear days they did little but move about freely and feed, but on days that were overcast, particularly preceding rain, they became active about the plants and appeared to be engaged mainly in egg laying.

scholarly journals The Relationship of Weight and Ovarian Development in Bombus terrestris L. Workers under Different Social Conditions

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-58
Author(s):  
Ayhan Gosterit ◽  
Ozgur Koskan ◽  
Fehmi Gurel
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Development ◽  
Bombus Terrestris ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Social Conditions ◽  
Starting Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Egg Laying Behaviour ◽  
Group 1

Abstract Egg-laying behaviour of bumblebee workers is highly flexible and influenced by the bees’ social status and social environment. In this study, the dependence of the starting time of ovarian development in Bombus terrestris workers was determined under four different social conditions. The purpose was to test the effect of group stimulation and the presence of a queen on ovarian development. The relationship between weight and the commencement of ovarian development in workers was also investigated. We created four test groups: (1) 8 callow workers with a queen, (2) 8 callow workers without a queen, (3) 1 callow worker with a queen, and (4) 1 callow worker without a queen. Mated and hibernated (freshly awoken) B. terrestris queens made up Group 1 and 3. There was no significant difference between the starting times of ovarian development in the experimental groups composed of 8 callow workers in queenright (9.81 ± 2.44 days) and queenless (9.53 ± 2.53 days) conditions. However, ovaries of workers confined singly with a queen started to develop significantly earlier (11.77 ± 3.30 days) than workers confined singly without a queen (14.70 ± 3.56 days). The observations indicate that the presence of a queen does not inhibit the ovarian development of workers. The Point-Biserial Correlation Coefficient between the starting of ovarian development in workers and their weight was −0.013. However, there was a positive correlation between the weight and the ovarian developmental status of workers in groups containing 8 workers.

scholarly journals Kallikrein directly interacts with and activates Factor IX, resulting in thrombin generation and fibrin formation independent of Factor XI

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. e2014810118
Author(s):  
Katherine J. Kearney ◽  
Juliet Butler ◽  
Olga M. Posada ◽  
Clare Wilson ◽  
Samantha Heal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thrombin Generation ◽  
Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Dodecyl ◽  
Coagulation Factor ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
Coagulation Cascade ◽  
Contact Activation ◽  
Kinin System ◽  
Fibrin Formation ◽  
Kallikrein Kinin System

Kallikrein (PKa), generated by activation of its precursor prekallikrein (PK), plays a role in the contact activation phase of coagulation and functions in the kallikrein-kinin system to generate bradykinin. The general dogma has been that the contribution of PKa to the coagulation cascade is dependent on its action on FXII. Recently this dogma has been challenged by studies in human plasma showing thrombin generation due to PKa activity on FIX and also by murine studies showing formation of FIXa-antithrombin complexes in FXI deficient mice. In this study, we demonstrate high-affinity binding interactions between PK(a) and FIX(a) using surface plasmon resonance and show that these interactions are likely to occur under physiological conditions. Furthermore, we directly demonstrate dose- and time-dependent cleavage of FIX by PKa in a purified system by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis and chromogenic assays. By using normal pooled plasma and a range of coagulation factor-deficient plasmas, we show that this action of PKa on FIX not only results in thrombin generation, but also promotes fibrin formation in the absence of FXII or FXI. Comparison of the kinetics of either FXIa- or PKa-induced activation of FIX suggest that PKa could be a significant physiological activator of FIX. Our data indicate that the coagulation cascade needs to be redefined to indicate that PKa can directly activate FIX. The circumstances that drive PKa substrate specificity remain to be determined.

Haemorrhagic Diathesis as the Result of Severe Deficiency of Plasma Thromboplastin Antecedent (PTA, Factor XI)

1964 ◽  
Vol 11 (01) ◽  
pp. 167-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. I de Vries ◽  
M. A. J. Braat-van Straaten
Keyword(s):  
Factor Xii ◽  
Factor Xi ◽  
Factor Xi Deficiency ◽  
Severe Deficiency ◽  
Coagulation Mechanism ◽  
Haemorrhagic Diathesis ◽  
Diagnostic Difficulties ◽  
Viii And Ix ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Relationship Of

SummaryThe coagulation mechanism in a patient with multiple cerebral formation of haematomas after a relatively slight trauma gave rise to diagnostic difficulties. In the beginning a diagnosis of Hageman factor (factor-XII-) deficiency was made, but the results had to be reconsidered and the diagnosis changed into PTA(factor-XI-) deficiency. The authors communicate their difficulties in detail and explain their wrong interpretations which are attributable to the fact that both factors XI and XII are involved in the process of glass activation. Further it was pointed out that the activation of the factors VIII and IX is dependent on both PTA and HF. The narrow relationship of both factors is stressed.

Modeling Human Zymogen Factor IX

2001 ◽  
Vol 85 (04) ◽  
pp. 596-603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lalith Perera ◽  
Thomas Darden ◽  
Lee Pedersen
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Domain ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Coagulation Factors ◽  
Factor Ix ◽  
Dimensional Structure ◽  
Aqueous Environment ◽  
Factor Ixa ◽  
Backbone Atoms ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryModern theoretical techniques are employed to provide complete three dimensional structure for the zymogen and activated forms of human coagulation factors IX and IXa. These structures are fully calcium bound and equilibrated in an electrically neutral aqueous environment. The relationship of structure to mutational data is examined. We find that a substantial relative orientational change of the catalytic domain occurs on activation. Also, we find that the electrostatistically dipolar nature of the catalytic domain is substantially modified upon activation, with cleavage of the negatively charged activation peptide leaving behind a largely hydrophobic face in factor IXa. While the backbone atoms of the catalytic residues have little relative movement, nearby loops are found that do move. The presence or absence of these changes likely defines specificity.

Activation of Factor XII and Kallikrein-kinin System Combined with Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in Diabetic Retinopathy

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Da Young Song ◽  
Ja-Yoon Gu ◽  
Hyun Ju Yoo ◽  
Young Il Kim ◽  
Il Sung Nam-Goong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
High Molecular Weight ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Factor Xii ◽  
High Molecular Weight Kininogen ◽  
Kinin System ◽  
Factor Xiia ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Kallikrein Kinin System

Abstract Background In diabetic retinopathy (DR), neutrophil extracellular traps (NET) and kallikrein-kinin system are considered as contributing factors. However, the detail activation mechanisms has not been fully understood. Since the NET could provide negative-charged surface for factor XII activation and the activated factor XII (XIIa) can initiate kallikrein-kinin system, this study investigated whether patients with DR show activation of NET, factor XII and kallikrein-kinin system. Methods The markers related to NET (DNA-histone complex) and kallikrein-kinin system (high-molecular-weight kininogen, prekallikrein, bradykinin) and factor XIIa were measured in 253 patients with diabetes. To access ex vivo effect of glucose, DNA-histone complex and factor XIIa were measured in whole blood stimulated by glucose. Results The circulating level of DNA-histone complex and factor XIIa were significantly higher in patients with DR than those without DR. In logistic regression analysis, DNA-histone complex, factor XIIa, and high-molecular-weight kininogen were the risk factors of DR. In recursive partitioning analysis, among patients with diabetes duration less than 10 years, patients with high level of DNA-histone complex (>426 AU) showed high risk of DR. In ex vivo experiment, glucose significantly elevated both DNA-histone complex and factor XIIa. Conclusion Our findings suggest that activation of factor XII and kallikrein-kinin system combined with NET formation actively occur in patients with DR and circulating levels of DNA-histone complex, factor XIIa and HMWK can be potential biomarkers to estimate the risk of DR. Strategies against factor XII activation may be beneficial to inhibit DR.

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