scholarly journals Update on biology and management of mesothelioma

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (159) ◽  
pp. 200226
Author(s):  
Rachelle Asciak ◽  
Vineeth George ◽  
Najiib M. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Asbestos Exposure ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Pleural Mesothelioma ◽  
Incurable Cancer ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
New Treatment

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive, incurable cancer that is usually caused by asbestos exposure several decades before symptoms arise. Despite widespread prohibition of asbestos production and supply, its incidence continues to increase. It is heterogeneous in its presentation and behaviour, and diagnosis can be notoriously difficult. Identification of actionable gene mutations has proven challenging and current treatment options are largely ineffective, with a median survival of 10–12 months.However, the past few years have witnessed major advances in our understanding of the biology and pathogenesis of mesothelioma. This has also revealed the limitations of existing diagnostic algorithms and identified new treatment targets.Recent clinical trials have re-examined the role of surgery, provided new options for the management of associated pleural effusions and heralded the addition of targeted therapies. The increasing complexity of mesothelioma management, along with a desperate need for further research, means that a multidisciplinary team framework is essential for the delivery of contemporary mesothelioma care.This review provides a synthesised overview of the current state of knowledge and an update on the latest research in the field.

scholarly journals Malignant pleural mesothelioma: an update on investigation, diagnosis and treatment

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (142) ◽  
pp. 472-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna C. Bibby ◽  
Selina Tsim ◽  
Nikolaos Kanellakis ◽  
Hannah Ball ◽  
Denis C. Talbot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma ◽  
Imaging Techniques ◽  
Asbestos Exposure ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Incidence Rates ◽  
Pleural Mesothelioma ◽  
Global Epidemic ◽  
Pleural Surface ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Trimodality Treatment

Malignant pleural mesothelioma is an aggressive malignancy of the pleural surface, predominantly caused by prior asbestos exposure. There is a global epidemic of malignant pleural mesothelioma underway, and incidence rates are predicted to peak in the next few years.This article summarises the epidemiology and pathogenesis of malignant pleural mesothelioma, before describing some key factors in the patient experience and outlining common symptoms. Diagnostic approaches are reviewed, including imaging techniques and the role of various biomarkers. Treatment options are summarised, including the importance of palliative care and methods of controlling pleural effusions. The evidence for chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery is reviewed, both in the palliative setting and in the context of trimodality treatment. An algorithm for managing malignant pleural effusion in malignant pleural mesothelioma patients is presented. Finally new treatment developments and novel therapeutic approaches are summarised.

scholarly journals The Pathophysiology of Antiphospholipid Syndrome

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pablo Ruiz Sada ◽  
Hannah Cohen ◽  
David Isenberg
Keyword(s):  
Antiphospholipid Syndrome ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Pathogenic Mechanisms ◽  
The Past ◽  
New Approaches ◽  
Glycoprotein I ◽  
New Treatment

Advances in our knowledge of the pathogenic mechanisms of antiphospholipid syndrome have been achieved in the past few years. Apart from the well-known role of anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibodies, complement, endocrine and genetic factors and a variety of other molecules are now under investigation. These new approaches should lead to novel explanations and potential new treatment options.

Current state and main directions of preservation and strengthening of health of the working population of Russia

2020 ◽  
pp. 527-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Bukhtiyarov
Keyword(s):  
Working Conditions ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Production Environment ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
The Past ◽  
Production Factors ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Russian Federation

The article presents the results of the analysis of health, working conditions and prevalence of adverse production factors, the structure of the detected occupational pathology in the working population of the Russian Federation. The article presents Statistical data on the dynamics of the share of workplaces of industrial enterprises that do not meet hygienic standards, occupational morbidity in 2015-2018 for the main groups of adverse factors of the production environment and the labor process. The indicators of occupational morbidity over the past 6 years in the context of the main types of economic activity, individual subjects of the Russian Federation, classes of working conditions, levels of specialized occupational health care. The role of the research Institute of occupational pathology and occupational pathology centers in solving organizational, methodological and practical tasks for the detection, treatment, rehabilitation and prevention of occupational diseases is shown. The basic directions of activity in the field of preservation and strengthening of health of workers, and also safety at a workplace are defined.

scholarly journals Therapeutic Advances in Oncology

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 2008
Author(s):  
Jinsha Liu ◽  
Priyanka Pandya ◽  
Sepideh Afshar
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecules ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Bispecific Antibodies ◽  
Gene Therapies ◽  
Therapeutic Modalities ◽  
The Past ◽  
Drug Conjugates ◽  
Novel Targets

Around 77 new oncology drugs were approved by the FDA in the past five years; however, most cancers remain untreated. Small molecules and antibodies are dominant therapeutic modalities in oncology. Antibody-drug conjugates, bispecific antibodies, peptides, cell, and gene-therapies are emerging to address the unmet patient need. Advancement in the discovery and development platforms, identification of novel targets, and emergence of new technologies have greatly expanded the treatment options for patients. Here, we provide an overview of various therapeutic modalities and the current treatment options in oncology, and an in-depth discussion of the therapeutics in the preclinical stage for the treatment of breast cancer, lung cancer, and multiple myeloma.

Jerzy Topolski’s Marxist Anthropocentrism

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 361-377
Author(s):  
Ewa Domańska ◽  
Paul Vickers
Keyword(s):  
Historical Materialism ◽  
Philosophy Of History ◽  
Marxist Theory ◽  
Collective Agency ◽  
Future Developments ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
The World ◽  
Separate Discipline

Abstract In this article I demonstrate that the ideas outlined in Jerzy Topolski’s Methodology of History (Polish 1968, English translation 1976) could not only offer a reference point for and indeed enrich ongoing debates in the philosophy of history, but also help to set directions for future developments in the field. To support my argument, I focus on two themes addressed in Topolski’s work: 1) the understanding of the methodology of history as a separate discipline and its role both in defending the autonomy of history and in creating an integrated knowledge of the past, which I read here through the lens of the current merging of the humanities and natural sciences; and 2) the role of a Marxist anthropocentrism based on the notion of humans as the creators of history, which I consider here in the context of the ongoing critique of anthropocentrism. I point to the value of continuing to use concepts drawn from Marxist vocabulary, such as alienation, emancipation, exploitation and overdetermination, for interpreting the current state of the world and humanity. I stress that Marxist anthropocentrism, with its support for individual and collective agency, remains crucial to the creation of emancipatory theories and visions of the future, even if it has faced criticism for its Eurocentrism and might seem rather familiar and predictable when viewed in the context of the contemporary humanities. Nevertheless, new manifestations of Marxist theory, in the form of posthumanist Marxism and an interspecies historical materialism that transcends anthropocentrism, might play an important role in redefining the humanities and humanity, including its functions and tasks within human and multispecies communities.

scholarly journals Natural Compounds in Sex Hormone-Dependent Cancers: The Role of Triterpenes as Therapeutic Agents

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Codruţa Şoica ◽  
Mirela Voicu ◽  
Roxana Ghiulai ◽  
Cristina Dehelean ◽  
Roxana Racoviceanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
New Treatment ◽  
Highly Correlated

Sex hormone-dependent cancers currently contribute to the high number of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The study and elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of these tumors was a double-edged sword, leading to the expansion and development of new treatment options, with the cost of triggering more aggressive, therapy resistant relapses. The interaction of androgen, estrogen and progesterone hormones with specific receptors (AR, ER, PR) has emerged as a key player in the development and progression of breast, ovarian, prostate and endometrium cancers. Sex hormone-dependent cancers share a common and rather unique carcinogenesis mechanism involving the active role of endogenous and exogenous sex hormones to maintain high mitotic rates and increased cell proliferation thus increasing the probability of aberrant gene occurrence and accumulation highly correlated with abnormal cell division and the occurrence of malignant phenotypes. Cancer related hormone therapy has evolved, currently being associated with the blockade of other signaling pathways often associated with carcinogenesis and tumor progression in cancers, with promising results. However, despite the established developments, there are still several shortcomings to be addressed. Triterpenes are natural occurring secondary metabolites biosynthesized by various pathways starting from squalene cyclization. Due to their versatile therapeutic potential, including the extensively researched antiproliferative effect, these compounds are most definitely a cornerstone in the research and development of new natural/semisynthetic anticancer therapies. The present work thoroughly describes the ongoing research related to the antitumor activity of triterpenes in sex hormone-dependent cancers. Also, the current review highlights both the biological activity of various triterpenoid compounds and their featured mechanisms of action correlated with important chemical structural features.

scholarly journals USP7 Inhibition Alleviates H2O2-Induced Injury in Chondrocytes via Inhibiting NOX4/NLRP3 Pathway

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Liu ◽  
Qingbai Liu ◽  
Bin Yan ◽  
Ziqiang Zhu ◽  
Yaozeng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Pathological Process ◽  
Joint Disease ◽  
Matrix Remodeling ◽  
Ros Production ◽  
Caspase 1 ◽  
Enhanced Production

Osteoarthritis (OA), the most common form of arthritis, is a very common joint disease that often affects middle-aged to elderly people. However, current treatment options for OA are predominantly palliative. Thus, understanding its pathological process and exploring its potential therapeutic approaches are of great importance. Rat chondrocytes were isolated and exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to mimic OA. The effects of H2O2 on ubiquitin-specific protease 7 (USP7) expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, proliferation, inflammatory cytokine release, and pyroptosis were measured. USP7 was knocked down (KD) or overexpressed to investigate the role of USP7 in OA. Co-immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) was used to study the interaction between USP7 and NAD(P)H oxidases (NOX)4 as well as NOX4 ubiquitination. NOX4 inhibitor was applied to study the involvement of NOX4 in USP7-mediated OA development. USP7 inhibitor was given to OA animals to further investigate the role of USP7 in OA in vivo. Moreover, H2O2 treatment significantly increased USP7 expression, enhanced ROS levels, and inhibited proliferation in rat chondrocytes. The overexpression of USP7 enhanced pyroptosis, ROS production, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 levels, and the expression level of NLRP3, GSDMD-N, active caspase-1, pro-caspase-1, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) 1, and MMP13, which was abolished by ROS inhibition. The USP7 KD protected rat chondrocytes against H2O2-induced injury. Co-IP results showed that USP7 interacted with NOX4, and USP7 KD enhanced NOX4 ubiquitinylation. The inhibition of NOX4 blocked the pro-OA effect of USP7. Moreover, the USP7 inhibitor given to OA animals suppressed OA in vivo. USP7 inhibited NOX4 ubiquitination for degradation which leads to elevated ROS production. ROS subsequently activates NLPR3 inflammasome, leading to enhanced production of IL-1β and IL-18, GSDMD-N-dependent pyroptosis, and extracellular matrix remodeling. Thus, UPS7 contributes to the progression of OA via NOX4/ROS/NLPR3 axis.

MICROSURGICAL TREATMENT OF SYMPTOMATIC SACRAL PERINEURIAL CYSTS

Neurosurgery ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 1059-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dongsheng Guo ◽  
Kai Shu ◽  
Rudong Chen ◽  
Changshu Ke ◽  
Yanchang Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patient Outcomes ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage ◽  
Local Defect ◽  
Microsurgical Treatment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Return Visits

Abstract OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the microsurgical results of symptomatic sacral perineurial cysts of 11 patients and to discuss the treatment options of the past 10 years. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the records of 11 patients with symptomatic sacral perineurial cysts who underwent microsurgical treatment at Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology from 1993 through 2006. The philosophy was to perform total or partial cyst wall removal, to imbricate the remaining nerve sheath if possible, and to repair local defect with muscle, Gelfoam (Pharmacia & Upjohn, Kalamazoo, MI), and fibrin glue. Patient outcomes were assessed by comparing the preoperative and postoperative examination results. The average follow-up time obtained from return visits to the neurosurgery clinic or by telephone questionnaires ranged from 2 months to 13 years. A literature search and analysis of current treatment options were performed. RESULTS Nine of the 11 patients (82%) experienced complete or substantial relief of their preoperative symptoms. One patient (Patient 4) experienced worsening of bladder dysfunction after surgery and recovered slowly to subnormal function during the subsequent 2 months. The symptoms of Patient 9 did not resolve, and magnetic resonance imaging showed that the cyst had reoccurred. The patient underwent reoperation 3 months later without any improvement. One patient (Patient 11) experience a cerebrospinal fluid leakage complication. Neither new postoperative neurological defects nor infection were observed in our series. In the literature, there are six different treatment options under debate and controversially discussed. CONCLUSION Microsurgical treatment yielded the best long-term resolution of patient symptoms to date and should be recommended to appropriately selected patients.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in the failing heart: past, present, and future

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Karbasiafshar ◽  
Frank W. Sellke ◽  
M. Ruhul Abid
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cell ◽  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Artery Disease ◽  
New Treatment

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally. Current treatment options include lifestyle changes, medication, and surgical intervention. However, many patients are unsuitable candidates for surgeries due to comorbidities, diffuse coronary artery disease or advanced stages of heart failure. The search for new treatment options has recently transitioned from cell-based therapies to stem-cell derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). A number of challenges remain in the EV field, including the effect of comorbidities, characterization, and delivery, However, recent revolutionary developments and insight into the potential of 'personalizing' EV contents by bioengineering methods to alter specific signaling pathways in the ischemic myocardium hold promise. Here, we discuss the past limitations of cell-based therapies, and recent EV studies involving in vivo, in vitro, and omics, and future challenges and opportunities in EV-based treatments in CVD.

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