The role of tobacco use on dental care and oral disease severity within community dental clinics in Japan

Australians living in rural and remote areas have poorer access to dental care. This situation is attributed to workforce shortages, limited facilities and large distances to care centres. Against this backdrop, rural and remote Indigenous (Aboriginal) communities in Western Australia seem to be more disadvantaged because evidence suggests they have poorer oral health than non-Indigenous people. Hence, provision of dental care for Aboriginal populations in culturally appropriate settings in rural and remote Western Australia is an important public health issue. The aim of this research was to compare services between the Aboriginal Medical Services (AMS)-based clinics and a typical rural community clinic. A retrospective analysis of patient demographics and clinical treatment data was undertaken among patients who attended the dental clinics over a period of 6 years from 1999 to 2004. The majority of patients who received dental care at AMS dental clinics were Aboriginal (95.3%), compared with 8% at the non-AMS clinic. The rate of emergency at the non-AMS clinic was 33.5%, compared with 79.2% at the AMS clinics. The present study confirmed that more Indigenous patients were treated in AMS dental clinics and the mix of dental care provided was dominated by emergency care and oral surgery. This indicated a higher burden of oral disease and late utilisation of dental care services (more focus on tooth extraction) among rural and remote Indigenous people in Western Australia.

Download Full-text

The Role of the Media in Promoting and Reducing Tobacco Use: Executive Summary

PsycEXTRA Dataset ◽

10.1037/e481852008-001 ◽

2008 ◽

Keyword(s):

Tobacco Use ◽

Executive Summary ◽

The Media

Download Full-text

Faculty Opinions recommendation of Forty-two novel COL7A1 mutations and the role of a frequent single nucleotide polymorphism in the MMP1 promoter in modulation of disease severity in a large European dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa cohort.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.1168314.630476 ◽

2009 ◽

Author(s):

Dedee Murrell ◽

Heather Cohn

Keyword(s):

Single Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Epidermolysis Bullosa ◽

Nucleotide Polymorphism ◽

Single Nucleotide ◽

Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa ◽

Mmp1 Promoter

Download Full-text

The Abstruse Side of Type I Interferon Immunotherapy for COVID-19 Cases with Comorbidities

Journal of Respiration ◽

10.3390/jor1010005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 49-59

Author(s):

Selvakumar Subbian

Keyword(s):

Infectious Diseases ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Type I Interferon ◽

Host Factors ◽

Type I ◽

The Novel ◽

Inflammatory Drugs ◽

Precautionary Measures ◽

Inducible Genes

The Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has claimed 1.2 million people globally since December 2019. Although the host factors underpinning COVID-19 pathology are not fully understood, type I interferon (IFN-I) response is considered crucial for SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis. Perturbations in IFN-I signaling and associated interferon-inducible genes (ISG) are among the primary disease severity indicators in COVID-19. Consequently, IFN-I therapy, either alone or in- combination with existing antiviral or anti-inflammatory drugs, is tested in many ongoing clinical trials to reduce COVID-19 mortality. Since signaling by the IFN-I family of molecules regulates host immune response to other infectious and non-infectious diseases, any imbalance in this family of cytokines would impact the clinical outcome of COVID-19, as well as other co-existing diseases. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate the beneficial-versus-detrimental effects of IFN-I immunotherapy for COVID-19 patients with divergent disease severity and other co-existing conditions. This review article summarizes the role of IFN-I signaling in infectious and non-infectious diseases of humans. It highlights the precautionary measures to be considered before administering IFN-I to COVID-19 patients having other co-existing disorders. Finally, suggestions are proposed to improve IFN-I immunotherapy to COVID-19.

Download Full-text

THE ROLE OF MYELOPEROXIDASE AND NEUTROPHIL EXTRACELLULAR TRAPS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases ◽

10.1093/ibd/izaa347.009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S4-S4

Author(s):

Belal Chami ◽

Gulfam Ahmad ◽

Angie Schroder ◽

Patrick San Gabriel ◽

Paul Witting

Keyword(s):

Disease Severity ◽

Hypochlorous Acid ◽

Tissue Injury ◽

Activity Index ◽

Critical Role ◽

Neutrophil Migration ◽

Sodium Sulphate ◽

Host Tissue ◽

Neutrophil Extracellular Trap

Abstract Neutrophils are short-lived immune cells that represent the major cell type recruited to the inflamed bowel releasing their azurophilic granules containing enzymes myeloperoxidase (MPO). Fecal and serum MPO levels has previously been shown to correlate to disease severity in IBD patients. MPO, in the presence of H2O2 and free Cl- undergoes a halogenation cycle, yielding the two-electron oxidant, hypochlorous acid (HOCl) - a potent bactericidal agent. However, chronic intestinal exposure to MPO/HOCl due to perpetual inflammation may cause secondary host-tissue injury and cell death. Neutrophil Extracellular Trap (NET)osis is a specialised form of neutrophil death where MPO is entrapped in a DNA scaffold and continues to elicit HOCl activity and may further contribute to host-tissue injury. We investigated the presence of NETs in surgically excised ileum samples from CD and healthy patients using advanced confocal microscopic techniques and found MPO, Neutrophil Elastase (NE) and Citrullinated Histone h3 (CitH3) - critical components of NET formation, individually positively correlate to the severity of histopathological intestinal injury. Furthermore, multiplex Opal™ IHC performed using LMS880 Airyscan-moduled microscopy with z-stacking revealed colocalization of NE, MPO, CitH3 and DAPI indicating the extensive presence of NETs in severely affected CD tissue. Using two pharmacological inhibitors of MPO in a dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) model of murine colitis, we demonstrated the pathological role of MPO in experimental colitis. MPO inhibitors, TEMPOL and AZD3241 delivered via daily i.p significantly rescued the course of colitis by abrogating clinical indices including body weight loss, disease activity index, inhibiting serum peroxidation, and preserving colon length, while significantly mitigating histoarchitectural damage associated with DSS-induced colitis. We also showed that MPO inhibition decreased neutrophil migration to the gut, suggesting MPO may play a role in perpetuating the inflammatory cell by further recruiting cells to the inflamed gut. Collectively, we have shown for the first time that MPO is not only an important clinical marker of disease severity but may also play a critical role in perpetuating host-tissue damage and inflammation.

Download Full-text

Is Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw an Infection? A Histological and Microbiological Ten-Year Summary

International Journal of Dentistry ◽

10.1155/2014/452737 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 2014 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

A. M. Hinson ◽

C. W. Smith ◽

E. R. Siegel ◽

B. C. Stack

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Disease Severity ◽

Large Scale ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Signs And Symptoms ◽

Osteonecrosis Of The Jaw ◽

Multifactorial Disease ◽

Clinical Signs And Symptoms ◽

Surgical Treatments

The role of infection in the etiology of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is poorly understood. Large-scale epidemiological descriptions of the histology and microbiology of BRONJ are not found in the literature. Herein, we present a systematic review of BRONJ histology and microbiology (including demographics, immunocompromised associations, clinical signs and symptoms, disease severity, antibiotic and surgical treatments, and recovery status) validating that infection should still be considered a prime component in the multifactorial disease.

Download Full-text

Perspectives from Dentists, Dental Assistants, Students, and Patients on Dental Care Adapted to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18083940 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (8) ◽

pp. 3940

Author(s):

Maximiliane Amelie Schlenz ◽

Alexander Schmidt ◽

Bernd Wöstmann ◽

Andreas May ◽

Hans-Peter Howaldt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Patient Care ◽

Dental Care ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Dental Treatment ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Safety Measures ◽

Dental Clinics ◽

Positive Perspective ◽

Dental Assistants

Dental care has been affected by SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) worldwide. In contrast to other dental clinics, the Justus-Liebig-University Giessen (Germany) decided not to limit dental treatment to emergencies alone, but to continue dental care for all patients, with increased safety measures. As such, health care professionals may be exposed to additional physical and mental stress. The aim of this study was to assess the perspectives of all persons involved in dental care (dentists, dental assistants, students, and patients) regarding the aspects of safety measures, anxiety about self-infection and infecting others, and other prospects in the period March to December 2020 using a questionnaire. Data collection was performed between 14 December 2020 and 23 January 2021. A total of 35 dentists (response rate of 79.5%), 23 dental assistants (65.7%), 84 students (80%), and 51 patients (21.8%) completed the survey. The patients did not notice any changes in the care received. Dentists and dental assistants reported a higher workload due to additional safety measures. The majority of dentists, students, and patients agreed that normal patient care was maintained. One-third of dental assistants would have preferred emergency treatment alone and expressed significantly higher anxiety about COVID-19 infection than all other groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, all groups showed a predominantly positive perspective on dental care, and anxiety about self-infection and infecting others was especially low. However, additional measures are time-consuming and compound daily patient care. This concept, based on well-established infection control, might be a viable proposal for current and future pandemics.

Download Full-text

O impacto da Covid-19 na Odontologia – revisão sistemática

Full Dentistry in Science ◽

10.24077/2021;1246-1522 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (46) ◽

pp. 15-22

Author(s):

Ana de Lourdes Sá de Lira ◽

Francisca Janiele de Sousa

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Systematic Review ◽

Dental Care ◽

Dental Treatment ◽

Dental Trauma ◽

Urgent Care ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Dental Clinics ◽

Mode Of Transmission ◽

Irreversible Pulpitis

This study aimed to review, qualify and summarize the existing evidence on associations and risk factors for Covid-19 during dental treatment and dentists’ knowledge about these risks. After being registered with PROSPERO, the systematic review was carried out in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, with searches in electronic databases, in specific journals, manual searches and Google Scholar, without language restrictions, from December 2019 to August 2020. Two questions were asked to be investigated: did patients seek dental care in the emergency room and do dentists know the symptoms and the mode of transmission of Covid-19, feeling qualified to attend them? Only 6 articles were included because they met all defined inclusion criteria. It was concluded that endodontic urgencies and emergencies with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis are the most common, consisting of a much higher proportion of dental emergencies during Covid-19 epidemic compared with dental trauma and no-urgent care. Although dentists are aware of the symptoms, mode of transmission, infection controls, and measures in dental clinics, they do not feel confident about the correct measures to be taken to prevent Covid-19 for their staff and patients.

Download Full-text