scholarly journals Deciphering the epidemic synergy of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection among women in sub-Saharan Africa

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Musie Ghebremichael ◽  
Desale Habtzgi ◽  
Elijah Paintsil
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hiv 1

scholarly journals HSV-1/HSV-2 Infection-Related Cancers in Bantu Populations Driving HIV-1 Prevalence in Africa: Tracking the Origin of AIDS at the Onset of the 20th Century

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-825
Author(s):  
Jacqueline Le Goaster ◽  
Patrice Bouree ◽  
Franck N. El Sissy ◽  
Florence Phuong Bui ◽  
Johanna Pokossy Epee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Hsv 1

Introduction: At the onset of the 20th century, ancient clinical observations of cancer epidemics in Bantu populations of Sub-Saharan Africa were discovered. They were reported from 1914 to 1960, but remained unexplained. In 1983, in San Francisco, Calif., USA, cancer epidemics were related to infections by the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) known as AIDS disease. Yet since 1996, it is known that HIV-1 strains are not the only ones involved. In Sub-Saharan Africa, recurrent orobuccal herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and genital recurrent herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) appeared many times prior to infection by HIV-1. Case Reports: Data on these ancient medical observations regarding African cancer epidemics can today be referred to as the relationship between the unfortunate immune deficiency of herpes in Bantu populations and HIV-1 viral strains. For centuries, the Bantu populations dispersed in forests were living in close proximity to chimpanzees infected by simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) and were exposed to SIV contamination which became HIV-1 in human beings. Presently, these unexplained Bantu cancer epidemics can be linked to the viral partnership of HSV-1/HSV-2 to HIV-1 strains. Conclusion: The key issue is now to prevent HSV-1/HSV-2 diseases related to HIV-1. An anti-herpes treatment administered early during childhood to Bantu populations will offer a mean of preventing herpes diseases related to HIV-1 infection and hence avoid cancer epidemics.

scholarly journals Recent Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection and the Risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Acquisition in India

2003 ◽  
Vol 187 (10) ◽  
pp. 1513-1521 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven J. Reynolds ◽  
Arun R. Risbud ◽  
Mary E. Shepherd ◽  
Jonathan M. Zenilman ◽  
Ronald S. Brookmeyer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Herpes Simplex Virus Type ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Simplex Virus

scholarly journals Pharmacological Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitors Inhibit Replication of Wild-Type and Drug-Resistant Strains of Herpes Simplex Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Targeting Cellular, Not Viral, Proteins

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (15) ◽  
pp. 7874-7882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luis M. Schang ◽  
Andrew Bantly ◽  
Marie Knockaert ◽  
Farida Shaheen ◽  
Laurent Meijer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Herpes Simplex ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Viral Proteins ◽  
Cyclin Dependent Kinase ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Simplex Virus ◽  
Hiv 1 ◽  
Hsv 1

ABSTRACT Pharmacological cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitors (PCIs) block replication of several viruses, including herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Yet, these antiviral effects could result from inhibition of either cellular cdks or viral enzymes. For example, in addition to cellular cdks, PCIs could inhibit any of the herpesvirus-encoded kinases, DNA replication proteins, or proteins involved in nucleotide metabolism. To address this issue, we asked whether purine-derived PCIs (P-PCIs) inhibit HSV and HIV-1 replication by targeting cellular or viral proteins. P-PCIs inhibited replication of HSV-1 and -2 and HIV-1, which require cellular cdks to replicate, but not vaccinia virus or lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, which are not known to require cdks to replicate. P-PCIs also inhibited strains of HSV-1 and HIV-1 that are resistant to conventional antiviral drugs, which target viral proteins. In addition, the anti-HSV effects of P-PCIs and a conventional antiherpesvirus drug, acyclovir, were additive, demonstrating that the two drugs act by distinct mechanisms. Lastly, the spectrum of proteins that bound to P-PCIs in extracts of mock- and HSV-infected cells was the same. Based on these observations, we conclude that P-PCIs inhibit virus replication by targeting cellular, not viral, proteins.

scholarly journals Molecular Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Transmission in a Heterosexual Cohort of Discordant Couples in Zambia

2002 ◽  
Vol 76 (1) ◽  
pp. 397-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley A. Trask ◽  
Cynthia A. Derdeyn ◽  
Ulgen Fideli ◽  
Yalu Chen ◽  
Sreelatha Meleth ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Molecular Epidemiology ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Discordant Couples ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Hiv 1

ABSTRACT Most human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) transmissions in sub-Saharan Africa are believed to occur between married adults who are discordant for their HIV-1 infection status; however, no studies to date have investigated the molecular epidemiology of such transmission events. Here we report the genetic characterization of HIV-1 strains from 149 transmission pairs that were identified prospectively in a cohort of discordant couples in Lusaka, Zambia. Subgenomic gag, gp120, gp41, and/or long terminal repeat regions were amplified by PCR analysis of uncultured blood samples from both partners and sequenced without interim cloning. Pairwise genetic distances were calculated for the regions analyzed and compared to those of subtype-specific reference sequences as well as local controls. Sequence relationships were also examined by phylogenetic tree analysis. By these approaches, epidemiological linkage was established for the majority of transmission pairs. Viruses from 129 of the 149 couples (87%) were very closely related and clustered together in phylogenetic trees in a statistically highly significant manner. In contrast, viruses from 20 of the 149 couples (13%) were only distantly related in two independent genomic regions, thus ruling out transmission between the two partners. The great majority (95%) of transmitted viruses were of subtype C origin, although representatives of subtypes A, D, G, and J were also identified. There was no evidence for extensive transmission networks within the cohort, although two phylogenetic subclusters of viruses infecting two couples each were identified. Taken together, these data indicate that molecular epidemiological analyses of presumed transmission pairs are both feasible and required to determine behavioral, virological, and immunological correlates of heterosexual transmission in sub-Saharan Africa with a high level of accuracy.

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