scholarly journals Comparative analysis of the transcriptomes of EDL, psoas, and soleus muscles from mice

BMC Genomics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pabodha Hettige ◽  
Uzma Tahir ◽  
Kiisa C. Nishikawa ◽  
Matthew J. Gage
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Striated Muscle ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Muscle Adaptation ◽  
Myosin Heavy Chain Isoform ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Fast Twitch

Abstract Background Individual skeletal muscles have evolved to perform specific tasks based on their molecular composition. In general, muscle fibers are characterized as either fast-twitch or slow-twitch based on their myosin heavy chain isoform profiles. This approach made sense in the early days of muscle studies when SDS-PAGE was the primary tool for mapping fiber type. However, Next Generation Sequencing tools permit analysis of the entire muscle transcriptome in a single sample, which allows for more precise characterization of differences among fiber types, including distinguishing between different isoforms of specific proteins. We demonstrate the power of this approach by comparing the differential gene expression patterns of extensor digitorum longus (EDL), psoas, and soleus from mice using high throughput RNA sequencing. Results EDL and psoas are typically classified as fast-twitch muscles based on their myosin expression pattern, while soleus is considered a slow-twitch muscle. The majority of the transcriptomic variability aligns with the fast-twitch and slow-twitch characterization. However, psoas and EDL exhibit unique expression patterns associated with the genes coding for extracellular matrix, myofibril, transcription, translation, striated muscle adaptation, mitochondrion distribution, and metabolism. Furthermore, significant expression differences between psoas and EDL were observed in genes coding for myosin light chain, troponin, tropomyosin isoforms, and several genes encoding the constituents of the Z-disk. Conclusions The observations highlight the intricate molecular nature of skeletal muscles and demonstrate the importance of utilizing transcriptomic information as a tool for skeletal muscle characterization.

scholarly journals lncRNA-Six1 Is a Target of miR-1611 that Functions as a ceRNA to Regulate Six1 Protein Expression and Fiber Type Switching in Chicken Myogenesis

Cells ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manting Ma ◽  
Bolin Cai ◽  
Liang Jiang ◽  
Bahareldin Ali Abdalla ◽  
Zhenhui Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Type ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Muscle Fiber Types ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Proliferation And Differentiation ◽  
Slow Twitch Muscle ◽  
Fast Twitch Muscle ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Slow Twitch Fibers ◽  
Fast Twitch

Emerging studies indicate important roles for non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as essential regulators in myogenesis, but relatively less is known about their function. In our previous study, we found that lncRNA-Six1 can regulate Six1 in cis to participate in myogenesis. Here, we studied a microRNA (miRNA) that is specifically expressed in chickens (miR-1611). Interestingly, miR-1611 was found to contain potential binding sites for both lncRNA-Six1 and Six1, and it can interact with lncRNA-Six1 to regulate Six1 expression. Overexpression of miR-1611 represses the proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts. Moreover, miR-1611 is highly expressed in slow-twitch fibers, and it drives the transformation of fast-twitch muscle fibers to slow-twitch muscle fibers. Together, these data demonstrate that miR-1611 can mediate the regulation of Six1 by lncRNA-Six1, thereby affecting proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts and transformation of muscle fiber types.

Electrolytes in slow and fast muscle fibers of humans at rest and with dynamic exercise

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (1) ◽  
pp. R25-R31 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Sjogaard
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Triceps Brachii ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Fiber Composition ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Fast Twitch ◽  
Muscle Fiber Membrane

Sodium, potassium, and magnesium were analyzed in human slow-twitch (ST) and fast-twitch (FT) skeletal muscles. In contrast to other species, no relation was found between fiber composition and electrolyte distribution. In soleus (S), vastus lateralis (VL), and triceps brachii (TB) the overall mean values for 6 men and 6 women were 44 mmol K/100 g dry wt and 11 mmol Na/100 g dry wt; the intracellular concentrations were 161 mmol K/l and 26 mmol Na/l with no differences between the muscles. Analysis of fragments of single ST and FT fibers from each of the muscles also showed no difference between the fiber types in Na and K content. Small differences were seen between the muscles with regard to Mg, but these were not related to fiber composition compared with other species. During exercise to exhaustion (3 bouts of bicycling for 3 min at 325-395 W, 6 men) the extracellular electrolyte concentrations for Na, K, and Mg increased from 134 to 140, 4.5 to 5.8, and 0.75 to 0.87 mmol/l, respectively (P less than 0.05). In VL Na content increased from 9.8 to 16.5 mmol/100 g dry wt, while intracellular [Na] remained constant. In contrast, intracellular [K] decreased from 161 to 141 mmol/l (P less than 0.05). No such changes occurred in TB. In concert with other studies the present changes in electrolytes in the working muscles indicate that muscle fatigue may be related to changes at the muscle fiber membrane.

scholarly journals Obesity-induced discrepancy between contractile and metabolic phenotypes in slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscles of female obese Zucker rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 123 (1) ◽  
pp. 249-259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luz M. Acevedo ◽  
Ana I. Raya ◽  
Rafael Ríos ◽  
Escolástico Aguilera-Tejero ◽  
José-Luis L. Rivero
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Succinic Dehydrogenase ◽  
Zucker Rats ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Obese Zucker Rats ◽  
And Function ◽  
Fast Twitch

A clear picture of skeletal muscle adaptations to obesity and related comorbidities remains elusive. This study describes fiber-type characteristics (size, proportions, and oxidative enzyme activity) in two typical hindlimb muscles with opposite structure and function in an animal model of genetic obesity. Lesser fiber diameter, fiber-type composition, and histochemical succinic dehydrogenase activity (an oxidative marker) of muscle fiber types were assessed in slow (soleus)- and fast (tibialis cranialis)-twitch muscles of obese Zucker rats and compared with age (16 wk)- and sex (females)-matched lean Zucker rats ( n = 16/group). Muscle mass and lesser fiber diameter were lower in both muscle types of obese compared with lean animals even though body weights were increased in the obese cohort. A faster fiber-type phenotype also occurred in slow- and fast-twitch muscles of obese rats compared with lean rats. These adaptations were accompanied by a significant increment in histochemical succinic dehydrogenase activity of slow-twitch fibers in the soleus muscle and fast-twitch fiber types in the tibialis cranialis muscle. Obesity significantly increased plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines but did not significantly affect protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors PPARγ or PGC1α in either muscle. These data demonstrate that, in female Zucker rats, obesity induces a reduction of muscle mass in which skeletal muscles show a diminished fiber size and a faster and more oxidative phenotype. It was noteworthy that this discrepancy in muscle's contractile and metabolic features was of comparable nature and extent in muscles with different fiber-type composition and antagonist functions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates a discrepancy between morphological (reduced muscle mass), contractile (shift toward a faster phenotype), and metabolic (increased mitochondrial oxidative enzyme activity) characteristics in skeletal muscles of female Zucker fatty rats. It is noteworthy that this inconsistency was comparable (in nature and extent) in muscles with different structure and function.

Verapamil and zero Ca2+ alter responses of cat muscle to halothane and caffeine

1986 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 935-941 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. A. Deuster ◽  
E. L. Bockman ◽  
H. Biscardi ◽  
S. M. Muldoon
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Channel Blocker ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Ringer Solution ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Fast Twitch ◽  
Ca2 Channels ◽  
Caffeine Contractures

Strips of soleus (slow twitch, oxidative) and gracilis (fast-twitch, glycolytic) muscle were obtained from 27 anesthetized cats and mounted in organ baths filled with oxygenated Krebs-Ringer solution (37 degrees C). The responses to caffeine, halothane (1%), caffeine in the presence of halothane, and electrical stimulation in the presence of halothane were examined in the two fiber types. These responses were compared with those observed in paired strips of muscle that had been treated with verapamil (10 or 28 microM), a slow calcium (Ca2+) channel blocker, with zero Ca2+, or with zero Ca2+ where magnesium (3.7 mM Ca2+) was added to replace the Ca2+. Halothane-induced contractures in the soleus were blocked by verapamil and zero Ca2+. Caffeine-induced contractures and tetanic contractions were attenuated in zero Ca2+ and by verapamil in both fiber types. Halothane overcame verapamil-induced reductions of caffeine contractures and tetanic contractions in both fiber types. In contrast, halothane did not overcome zero Ca2+-induced reductions in caffeine contractures or tetanic contractions in either fiber type. Furthermore, the addition of Mg2+ to the zero Ca2+ did not restore the responses. The findings with verapamil indicate that in cat muscle, both halothane- and caffeine-induced contractures and tetanic contractions are dependent on the influx of extracellular Ca2+. This extracellular Ca2+ may enter through the slow Ca2+ channels. However, because halothane in combination with caffeine or electrical stimulation overcame the effects of verapamil, there may be other sites involved.

Enhanced technique to measure proteins in single segments of human skeletal muscle fibers: fiber-type dependence of AMPK-α1 and -β1

2011 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 820-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robyn M. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Human Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Significant Advance ◽  
Vastus Lateralis Muscle ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Fast Twitch ◽  
Muscle Biopsies

Human physiological studies typically use skeletal muscle biopsies from the heterogeneous vastus lateralis muscle comprised of both fast-twitch and slow-twitch fiber types. It is likely that potential changes of physiological importance are overlooked because fiber-type specific responses may not be apparent in the whole muscle preparation. A technological advance in Western blotting is presented where proteins are analyzed in just one small segment (<2 mm) of individual fibers dissected from freeze-dried muscle samples using standard laboratory equipment. A significant advance is being able to classify every fiber at the level of both contractile (myosin heavy chain and tropomyosin) and sarcoplasmic reticulum [sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase type 1] properties and then being able to measure specific proteins in the very same segments. This removes the need to fiber type segments before further analyses and, as such, dramatically reduces the time required for sample collection. Compared with slow-twitch fibers, there was less AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-α1 (∼25%) and AMPK-β1 (∼60%) in fast-twitch fibers from human skeletal muscle biopsies.

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle and fiber type-specific intramyocellular lipid accumulation in obese mice

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nejc Umek ◽  
Simon Horvat ◽  
Erika Cvetko
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Muscle Fiber Types ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Intramyocellular Lipid ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Fast Twitch

In obesity, accumulation of lipid droplets in skeletal muscle fibers and a shift towards fast muscle fiber types can both contribute to insulin resistance. However, it is not yet clear how intramyocellular lipid accumulation and fiber type changes are associated. Therefore, we investigated to what extent the lipids accumulated in a fiber type-specific manner in the functionally similar fast-, intermediate- and slow‑twitch gastrocnemius, plantaris, and soleus muscles, respectively, in high-fat diet-induced obese 54-week-old female C57BL/6JOlaHsd mice (n=9) compared to control standard-diet-treated lean mice (n=9). A high-fat diet was administered for 26 weeks. Fiber-type specific intramyocellular lipid content analysis and muscle fiber typing were performed using histochemical analysis of lipids with Sudan Black and immunohistochemical analysis of myosin heavy chains on serial sections of skeletal muscles. Compared to the lean mice, the lipid accumulation was most prominent in types 2a and 2x/d fibers (p<0.05) of fast-twitch gastrocnemius and intermediate plantaris muscles in the obese mice, while in slow-twitch soleus muscle, there was no significant lipid accumulation in the obese animals. Furthermore, the slow-twitch soleus muscle of the obese mice with no significant change in muscle fiber diameters exhibited the most pronounced shift towards fast-type myosin heavy chain isoform expression (p<0.05). In contrast, the fast-twitch and intermediate-twitch gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles, respectively, in which the muscle fiber diameters increased (p<0.05), were more resistant toward myosin heavy chain expression changes. In conclusion, we demonstrated both muscle- and fiber-type specificity in intramyocellular lipid accumulation in obese mice, suggesting that in obesity, similar muscle fiber types in different muscles accumulate lipids differentially.

Denervation produces different single fiber phenotypes in fast- and slow-twitch hindlimb muscles of the rat

2006 ◽  
Vol 291 (3) ◽  
pp. 518-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. F. Patterson ◽  
G. M. M. Stephenson ◽  
D. G. Stephenson
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Hindlimb Muscles ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Structural And Functional Properties ◽  
Neural Factors ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Whole Muscle

Using a single, mechanically skinned fiber approach, we tested the hypothesis that denervation (0 to 50 days) of skeletal muscles that do not overlap in fiber type composition [extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and soleus (SOL) muscles of Long-Evans hooded rats] leads to development of different fiber phenotypes. Denervation (50 day) was accompanied by 1) a marked increase in the proportion of hybrid IIB/D fibers (EDL) and I/IIA fibers (SOL) from 30% to >75% in both muscles, and a corresponding decrease in the proportion of pure fibers expressing only one myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform; 2) complex muscle- and fiber-type specific changes in sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-loading level at physiological pCa ∼7.1, with EDL fibers displaying more consistent changes than SOL fibers; 3) decrease by ∼50% in specific force of all fiber types; 4) decrease in sensitivity to Ca2+, particularly for SOL fibers (by ∼40%); 5) decrease in the maximum steepness of the force-pCa curves, particularly for the hybrid I/IIA SOL fibers (by ∼35%); and 6) increased occurrence of biphasic behavior with respect to Sr2+activation in SOL fibers, indicating the presence of both slow and fast troponin C isoforms. No fiber types common to the two muscles were detected at any time points ( day 7, 21, and 50) after denervation. The results provide strong evidence that not only neural factors, but also the intrinsic properties of a muscle fiber, influence the structural and functional properties of a particular muscle cell and explain important functional changes induced by denervation at both whole muscle and single cell levels.

Slow to fast alterations in skeletal muscle fibers caused by clenbuterol, a beta 2-receptor agonist

1988 ◽  
Vol 254 (6) ◽  
pp. E726-E732 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Zeman ◽  
R. Ludemann ◽  
T. G. Easton ◽  
J. D. Etlinger
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Receptor Agonist ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Type Composition ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Beta 2 ◽  
Slow Twitch Fibers ◽  
Fast Twitch

Chronic treatment of rats with clenbuterol, a beta 2-receptor agonist (8–12 wk), caused hypertrophy of histochemically identified fast- but not slow-twitch fibers within the soleus, while the mean areas of both fiber types were increased in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL). In contrast, treatment with the beta 2-receptor antagonist, butoxamine, reduced fast-twitch fiber size in both muscles. In the solei and to a lesser extent in the EDLs, the ratio of the number of fast- to slow-twitch fibers was increased by clenbuterol, while the opposite was observed with butoxamine. The muscle fiber hypertrophy observed in the EDL was accompanied by parallel increases in maximal tetanic tension and muscle cross-sectional area, while in the solei, progressive increases in rates of force development and relaxation toward values typical of fast-twitch muscles were also observed. Our results suggest a role of beta 2-receptors in regulating muscle fiber type composition as well as growth.

Relative independence of metabolic enzymes and neuromuscular activity

1984 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 1602-1607 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Baldwin ◽  
R. R. Roy ◽  
R. D. Sacks ◽  
C. Blanco ◽  
V. R. Edgerton
Keyword(s):  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Fatigue Properties ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Oxidative Potential ◽  
Relative Independence ◽  
Slow Twitch Muscle ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Fast Twitch

Effects of spinal cord transection in 2-wk-old cats on the metabolic, histochemical, and fatigue properties of a fast- and a slow-twitch muscle were determined. Chronic (6–12 mo) spinalization (Sp) resulted in an increased ratio of fast-twitch, oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) to slow-twitch, oxidative (SO) fibers in soleus (SOL). In medial gastrocnemius (MG), Sp produced a histochemical profile suggesting that fast fibers were increased at the expense of slow fibers. Changes in biochemical markers for oxidative (citrate synthase) and glycolytic (GPD) potential were consistent with the histochemical findings. The fatigue index of Sp MG and SOL remained normal and was consistent with the type and degree of fiber type change. Daily treadmill exercise did not markedly alter any of the adaptations. The metabolic and fatigue properties of skeletal muscle of Sp cats are consistent with the view that as some fibers develop “faster-like” characteristics, the oxidative and the glycolytic potential is also enhanced. As was true of the contractile properties and related biochemical data, the changes observed suggest that significant changes occurred within as well as across fiber types. These data, in conjunction with that of chronic EMG recordings, provide evidence that there is a relative independence of both the oxidative potential and the fatigability of a muscle relative to its quantity of activation.

Differential modulation of carbonic anhydrase (CA III) in slow- and fast-twitch skeletal muscles of rat following denervation and reinnervation

1991 ◽  
Vol 69 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 702-710 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Milot ◽  
P. Frémont ◽  
C. Côté ◽  
R. R. Tremblay
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Fiber Type ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase Iii ◽  
Mrna Content ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Fast Twitch

Carbonic anhydrase III (CA III) is influenced by neuronal factors in skeletal muscles of the rat. CA III protein and its mRNA levels were assessed in slow- and fast-twitch muscles after short-term denervation by ligature of the sciatic nerve and reinnervation following removal of the sheath tightly fixed around the nerve. Significant elevations in the CA III mRNA content of fast-twitch muscles were recorded after denervation, but they were cancelled following spontaneous muscle reinnervation. No such variations were observed in the slow-twitch soleus muscle. CA III specific activity or cytosolic CA III protein content increased in both types of muscles after denervation, while a decrease was solely observed in the soleus after reinnervation. These results suggest that neuronal mediators may be responsible for up and down variations in CA III gene expression and (or) mRNA stability in slow- and fast-twitch muscles exposed to identical stimuli. Variations of the mRNA and the protein probably reflect, in a time-related manner, the well-programmed changes in fiber type of the muscles in the context of the denervation–reinnervation model.Key words: carbonic anhydrase III, skeletal muscles, denervation, reinnervation, rat.

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