scholarly journals Source–sink manipulations differentially affect carbon and nitrogen dynamics, fruit metabolites and yield of Sacha Inchi plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiquan Cai ◽  
Tao Xie ◽  
Jin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Sacha Inchi ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Source Sink

Abstract Background Being a promising tropical woody oilseed crop, the evergreen and recurrent plants of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) has complex phenology and source–sink interactions. Carbon source–sink manipulations with control and two treatments (reduce source, ca. 10% mature leaf pruning; reduce sink, 10% fruitlet thinning) were conducted on 2.5-year-old field-grown P. volubilis plantation during the early-wet season in a seasonal tropical area. Results Leaf photosynthetic rate and specific leaf area largely remained unchanged in response to defoliation or defloration. Compared with control, higher N contents on average were observed in both remaining leaves and branches of the defoliated plants, suggesting that N-mobilization was mainly due to the enhanced N uptake from soil. Carbon, but not N, is a source-driven growth process of P. volubilis plants, as defoliation reduced the contents of non-structural carbohydrates (especially sugar) in branches, although temporally, whereas defloration increased available C reserve. The seasonal dynamic pattern of fruit ripening was altered by source–sink regulations. Total seed yield throughout the growing season, which depends on fruit set and retention (i.e., number of matured fruit) rather than individual fruit development (size), was slightly increased by defloration but was significantly decreased by defoliation. Compared with control, defloration did not enrich the KEGG pathway, but defoliation downregulated the TCA cycle and carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms in fruitlets after 24 days of the applications of source–sink manipulation. Conclusion Carbohydrate reserves serve to buffer sink–source imbalances that may result from temporary adjustment in demand for assimilates (e.g., defloration) or shortfalls in carbon assimilation (e.g., defoliation). Defoliation is disadvantageous for the yield and also for carbohydrate and lipid accumulation in fruits of P. volubilis plants. Although more studies are needed, these results provide new insights to the further improvement in seed yield of the strong source-limited P. volubilis plants by source/sink manipulations.

scholarly journals Source–Sink Manipulations Differentially Affected Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics, Fruit Metabolites and Yield of Sacha Inchi Plants

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhiquan Cai ◽  
Tao Xie ◽  
Jin Xu
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Old Field ◽  
Sacha Inchi ◽  
Total Seed ◽  
Source Sink

Abstract Background: Being a promising tropical woody oilseed crop, the evergreen and recurrent plants of Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) has complex phenology and source–sink interactions. Carbon source–sink manipulations with control and two treatments (reduce source, ca. 10% mature leaf pruning; reduce sink, 10% fruitlet thinning) were conducted on 2.5-year-old field-grown P. volubilis plantation during the early-wet season in a seasonal tropical area.Results: Leaf photosynthetic rate and specific leaf area largely remained unchanged in response to defoliation or defloration. Compared with control, higher N contents on average were observed in both remaining leaves and branches of the defoliated plants, suggesting that N-mobilization was mainly due to the enhanced N uptake from soil. Carbon, but not N, is a source-driven growth process of P. volubilis plants, as defoliation reduced the contents of non-structural carbohydrates (especially sugar) in branches, although temporally, whereas defloration increased available C reserve. The seasonal dynamic pattern of fruit ripening was altered by source–sink regulations. The total seed yield throughout the growing season that depends on fruit set and retention (i.e., number of matured fruit) rather than individual fruit development (size), was slightly increased by defloration but was significantly decreased by defoliation. Compared with control, defloration did not enrich the KEGG pathway, but defoliation downregulated the TCA cycle and carbohydrate and lipid metabolisms in fruitlets after 24 days of the applications of source–sink manipulation. Conclusion: Carbohydrate reserves served to buffer sink–source imbalances that may result from temporary adjustment in demand for assimilates (e.g., defloration) or shortfalls in carbon assimilation (e.g., defoliation). Defoliation is disadvantageous for the yield and also for carbohydrate and lipid accumulation in fruits of P. volubilis plants. Although more studies are needed, these results provide new insights to the further improvement in seed yield of the strong source-limited P. volubilis plants by source/sink manipulations.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Genotype, Environment, and Management Interactions on Fava Beans under Mediterranean Field Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1088
Author(s):  
Mohamed Houssemeddine Sellami ◽  
Antonella Lavini ◽  
Davide Calandrelli ◽  
Giuseppe De Mastro ◽  
Cataldo Pulvento
Keyword(s):  
Vicia Faba ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
South Italy ◽  
Vicia Faba L ◽  
Fava Beans ◽  
Total Seed

Faba beans (Vicia faba L.), also known as fava beans, like other crops, are influenced by several factors: their genotype, environment, and management, as well as the interaction between these, have an important impact on seed yielding and seed quality traits. This study was conducted at three locations in South Italy between 2017 and 2019 to evaluate the sowing date effect on yield and yield components of three Vicia faba L., originating from cool climates. The results showed that seed yield (SY) and yield components declined with sowing delay. The crop’s environment (year × site) and management (sowing date) were found to explain 34.01% and 42.95% of the total seed yield variation, respectively. The data showed that the tested genotypes were positively influenced by the environment with sandy loam soil and early winter sowing date, resulting in either a greater number of SY and THS than in the other environment. The three faba bean genotypes showed tolerance to winter frost conditions in the two growing seasons.

scholarly journals A Review of the Studies and Interactions ofPseudomonas syringaePathovars on Wheat

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alberto J. Valencia-Botín ◽  
María E. Cisneros-López
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Genomic Evolution ◽  
Good Tool ◽  
Rapd Pcr ◽  
Spray Inoculation ◽  
Source Sink

Wheat is affected by some pathovars ofPseudomonas syringaeand by otherPseudomonasspecies. Of these,P. syringaepv.syringaeis the major one responsible for reduction. Recent studies have been made to characterize and identify the pathogen and to determine its aggressiveness and the pattern of colonization in seed and its effects on seed yield, yield components, and source-sink relationships during postanthesis. It was found that the reduction in the aerial biomass production is the best way to evaluate the aggressiveness of this bacterium, and the spray inoculation is good tool to make evaluations at seedling stage. The characterization of bacteria fingerprintings with molecular markers such as RAPD-PCR, ERIC, and REP-PCR is available. Genomic evolution has been elucidated with next-generation genome sequencing. Also, the colonization pattern shows that, early on, microcolonies are frequently detected in the aleurone layer, later in the endosperm and finally close to the crease and even in some cells of the embryo itself. In the wheat cultivars Seri M82 and Rebeca F2000 seed yield and its components are negatively affected. In general,P. syringaepv.syringaereduces the plant height, seed yield, and yield components, as well as the growth of most organs. When this bacterium attacks, the stems are the predominant sink organs and the leaf laminae and panicles are the predominant source organs.

scholarly journals Genomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of the Facultative Methanotroph Methylocystis sp. Strain SB2 Grown on Methane or Ethanol

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (10) ◽  
pp. 3044-3052 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexey Vorobev ◽  
Sheeja Jagadevan ◽  
Sunit Jain ◽  
Karthik Anantharaman ◽  
Gregory J. Dick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Oxidation ◽  
Coenzyme A ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Tca Cycle ◽  
Conversion Of Methane ◽  
Oxidative Transformations ◽  
Rate Limiting

ABSTRACTA minority of methanotrophs are able to utilize multicarbon compounds as growth substrates in addition to methane. The pathways utilized by these microorganisms for assimilation of multicarbon compounds, however, have not been explicitly examined. Here, we report the draft genome of the facultative methanotrophMethylocystissp. strain SB2 and perform a detailed transcriptomic analysis of cultures grown with either methane or ethanol. Evidence for use of the canonical methane oxidation pathway and the serine cycle for carbon assimilation from methane was obtained, as well as for operation of the complete tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and the ethylmalonyl-coenzyme A (EMC) pathway. Experiments withMethylocystissp. strain SB2 grown on methane revealed that genes responsible for the first step of methane oxidation, the conversion of methane to methanol, were expressed at a significantly higher level than those for downstream oxidative transformations, suggesting that this step may be rate limiting for growth of this strain with methane. Further, transcriptomic analyses ofMethylocystissp. strain SB2 grown with ethanol compared to methane revealed that on ethanol (i) expression of the pathway of methane oxidation and the serine cycle was significantly reduced, (ii) expression of the TCA cycle dramatically increased, and (iii) expression of the EMC pathway was similar. Based on these data, it appears thatMethylocystissp. strain SB2 converts ethanol to acetyl-coenzyme A, which is then funneled into the TCA cycle for energy generation or incorporated into biomass via the EMC pathway. This suggests that some methanotrophs have greater metabolic flexibility than previously thought and that operation of multiple pathways in these microorganisms is highly controlled and integrated.

scholarly journals Growth, leaf and stomatal traits of crabwood (Carapa guianensis Aubl.) in central Amazonia

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 07-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Angelo Branco Camargo ◽  
Ricardo Antonio Marenco
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Leaf Thickness ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Carapa Guianensis ◽  
Rainfall Seasonality

Crabwood (Carapa guianensis Aubl.) is a fast growing tree species with many uses among Amazonian local communities. The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of seasonal rainfall pattern on growth rates, and seasonal and diurnal changes in leaf gas exchange and leaf water potential (ΨL) in crabwood. To assess the effect of rainfall seasonality on growth and physiological leaf traits an experiment was conducted in Manaus, AM (03º 05' 30" S, 59º 59' 35" S). In this experiment, six 6-m tall plants were used to assess photosynthetic traits and ΨL. In a second experiment the effect of growth irradiance on stomatal density (S D), size (S S) and leaf thickness was assessed in 0.8-m tall saplings. Stomatal conductance (g s) and light-saturated photosynthesis (Amax) were higher in the wet season, and between 09:00 and 15:00 h. However, no effect of rainfall seasonality was found on ΨL and potential photosynthesis (CO2-saturated). ΨL declined from -0.3 MPa early in the morning to -0.75 MPa after midday. It increased in the afternoon but did not reach full recovery at sunset. Growth rates of crabwood were high, and similar in both seasons (2 mm month-1). Leaf thickness and S D were 19% and 47% higher in sun than in shade plants, whereas the opposite was true for S S. We conclude that ΨL greatly affects carbon assimilation of crabwood by reducing g s at noon, although this effect is not reflected on growth rates indicating that other factors offset the effect of g s on Amax.

scholarly journals Branch elongation and diameter growth were temporally dissociatedin "cerrado" tree species

Hoehnea ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
Davi Rodrigo Rossatto
Keyword(s):  
Water Status ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Diameter Growth ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Branch Growth ◽  
Tree Community ◽  
One Year

Here is a communicating about time differences between branch and diameter growth in a tree community of ten species in Neotropical savanna ("cerrado") of Central Brazil. This work was conducted to study branch expansion and diameter growth in a period of one year between 2006 and 2007. Branch growth had begin in middle dry season and had the peak occurrence during the dry period in September, while diameter growth had begin in late dry season and peaked in the middle of wet season in December. The majority of species followed the same pattern. Branch growth did not have relation with rainfall, while diameter growth had a clear and positive relation with rainfall records. These results suggested that branch growth was not depend on rainfall but only on water status recover, while diameter growth probably depends strongly on water and to carbon assimilation that occurs after branch and leaf expansion.

scholarly journals Engineering and Evolution of Methanol Assimilation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica I. Espinosa ◽  
Ricardo A. Gonzalez-Garcia ◽  
Kaspar Valgepea ◽  
Manuel Plan ◽  
Colin Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Yeast Extract ◽  
Glyoxylate Cycle ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Tca Cycle ◽  
Ethanol Metabolism ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Adaptive Laboratory Evolution ◽  
Methanol Yeast

AbstractMicrobial fermentation for chemical production is becoming more broadly adopted as an alternative to petrochemical refining. Fermentation typically relies on sugar as a feedstock, however, one-carbon compounds like methanol are an attractive alternative as they can be derived from organic waste and natural gas. This study focused on engineering methanol assimilation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Three methanol assimilation pathways were engineered and tested: a synthetic xylulose monophosphate (XuMP), a ‘hybrid’ methanol dehydrogenase-XuMP, and a bacterial ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) pathway, with the latter identified as the most effective at assimilating methanol. Additionally, 13C-methanol tracer analysis uncovered a native capacity for methanol assimilation in S. cerevisiae, which was optimized using Adaptive Laboratory Evolution. Three independent lineages selected in liquid methanol-yeast extract medium evolved premature stop codons in YGR067C, which encodes an uncharacterised protein that has a predicted DNA-binding domain with homology to the ADR1 transcriptional regulator. Adr1p regulates genes involved in ethanol metabolism and peroxisomal proliferation, suggesting YGR067C has a related function. When one of the evolved YGR067C mutations was reverse engineered into the parental CEN.PK113-5D strain, there were up to 5-fold increases in 13C-labelling of intracellular metabolites from 13C-labelled methanol when 0.1 % yeast extract was a co-substrate, and a 44 % increase in final biomass. Transcriptomics and proteomics revealed that the reconstructed YGR067C mutation results in down-regulation of genes in the TCA cycle, glyoxylate cycle, and gluconeogenesis, which would normally be up-regulated during growth on a non-fermentable carbon source. Combining the synthetic RuMP and XuMP pathways with the reconstructed Ygr067cp truncation led to further improvements in growth. These results identify a latent methylotrophic metabolism in S. cerevisiae and pave the way for further development of native and synthetic one-carbon assimilation pathways in this model eukaryote.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Fertilizer Management Practices to Enhance Seed Production by `Anaheim Chili' Peppers

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-251 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.O. Payero ◽  
M.S. Bhangoo ◽  
J.J. Steiner
Keyword(s):  
Seed Production ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Trickle Irrigation ◽  
Total N ◽  
Leaf Petiole ◽  
Total Seed

The effects of six applied N treatments differing by rates and frequencies of application on the yield and quality of pepper (Capsicum annuum var. annuum L. `Anaheim Chili') grown for seed was studied. The timing of N applications was based on crop phenology, leaf petiole nitrate-nitrogen concentrations (NO3-N) minimum thresholds, and scheduled calendar applications of fixed amounts of N. Solubilized NH4NO3 was applied through a trickle-irrigation system to ensure uniform and timely applications of N. Rate of mature (green and red) fruit production was unaffected by any treatment except weekly applications of 28 kg·ha-1 of N, which stopped production of mature fruit before all other treatments. Early season floral bud and flower production increased with increasing amounts of N. The two highest total N treatments produced more floral buds and flowers late in the season than the other treatments. Total fruit production was maximized at 240 kg N/ha. Differences in total fruit production due to frequency of N application resulted at the highest total N level. Red fruit production tended to be maximized with total seasonal applied N levels of 240 kg·ha-1 and below, although weekly applications of N reduced production. Total seed yield was a function of red fruit production. Pure-1ive seed (PLS) production was a function of total seed production. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for red fruit production also decreased with N rates >240 kg·ha-1, but PLS yield and NUE decreased in a near-linear fashion as the amount of total seasonal applied N increased, regardless of application frequency. Season average NO3-N (AVE NO3-N) values >4500 mg·kg-1 had total seed and PLS yields less than those treatments <4000 mg·kg-1. Six-day germination percentage was reduced with weekly N applications of 14 kg·ha-1. Seed mass was reduced with weekly N applications of 28 kg·ha-1. Final germination percent, seedling root length and weight, and field emergence were unaffected by any of the N treatments. These findings indicate that different N management strategies are needed to maximize seed yield compared to fruit yield and, therefore, there may be an advantage to growing `Anaheim Chili' pepper specifically for seed.

scholarly journals Uncovering Trait Associations Resulting in Maximal Seed Yield in Winter and Spring Oilseed Rape

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Siles ◽  
Kirsty L. Hassall ◽  
Cristina Sanchis Gritsch ◽  
Peter J. Eastmond ◽  
Smita Kurup
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Complex Trait ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Phenotypic Traits ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Plant Level

Seed yield is a complex trait for many crop species including oilseed rape (OSR) (Brassica napus), the second most important oilseed crop worldwide. Studies have focused on the contribution of distinct factors in seed yield such as environmental cues, agronomical practices, growth conditions, or specific phenotypic traits at the whole plant level, such as number of pods in a plant. However, how female reproductive traits contribute to whole plant level traits, and hence to seed yield, has been largely ignored. Here, we describe the combined contribution of 33 phenotypic traits within a B. napus diversity set population and their trade-offs at the whole plant and organ level, along with their interaction with plant level traits. Our results revealed that both Winter OSR (WOSR) and Spring OSR (SOSR); the two more economically important OSR groups in terms of oil production; share a common dominant reproductive strategy for seed yield. In this strategy, the main inflorescence is the principal source of seed yield, producing a good number of ovules, a large number of long pods with a concomitantly high number of seeds per pod. Moreover, we observed that WOSR opted for additional reproductive strategies than SOSR, presenting more plasticity to maximise seed yield. Overall, we conclude that OSR adopts a key strategy to ensure maximal seed yield and propose an ideal ideotype highlighting crucial phenotypic traits that could be potential targets for breeding.

scholarly journals Genome-Wide Association Studies of 39 Seed Yield-Related Traits in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 2794 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Zhou ◽  
Komivi Dossa ◽  
Donghua Li ◽  
Jingyin Yu ◽  
Jun You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Candidate Genes ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Association Studies ◽  
Oil Quality ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Oilseed Crop ◽  
Genome Wide Association Studies ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Capsule Size

Sesame is poised to become a major oilseed crop owing to its high oil quality and adaptation to various ecological areas. However, the seed yield of sesame is very low and the underlying genetic basis is still elusive. Here, we performed genome-wide association studies of 39 seed yield-related traits categorized into five major trait groups, in three different environments, using 705 diverse lines. Extensive variation was observed for the traits with capsule size, capsule number and seed size-related traits, found to be highly correlated with seed yield indexes. In total, 646 loci were significantly associated with the 39 traits (p < 10−7) and resolved to 547 quantitative trait loci QTLs. We identified six multi-environment QTLs and 76 pleiotropic QTLs associated with two to five different traits. By analyzing the candidate genes for the assayed traits, we retrieved 48 potential genes containing significant functional loci. Several homologs of these candidate genes in Arabidopsis are described to be involved in seed or biomass formation. However, we also identified novel candidate genes, such as SiLPT3 and SiACS8, which may control capsule length and capsule number traits. Altogether, we provided the highly-anticipated basis for research on genetics and functional genomics towards seed yield improvement in sesame.

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