scholarly journals Mandatory minimum sentencing policies and cocaine use in the U.S., 1985–2013

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauryn Saxe Walker ◽  
Briana Mezuk
Keyword(s):  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Mandatory Minimum Sentencing ◽  
The U.S

The Foreign Politics of Cocaine: Comments on a Plan to Eradicate the Coca Leaf in Peru

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-145 ◽  
Author(s):  
David L. Strug
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
United States Government ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
States Government ◽  
Foreign Politics ◽  
Narcotics Trafficking ◽  
The U.S

The United States government proposes the eradication of the coca leaf in Peru to combat narcotics trafficking and cocaine use in the U.S. This proposal is discussed not only in terms of its officially stated goals, but also in terms of other factors which motivate its implementation. The proposal is likely to be accepted by Peru despite the fact that it contains a number of political disincentives to the Peruvian government. The proposal, if implemented, is likely to face difficulties, but will silence Congressional criticism that narcotics agencies have been ineffectual in stopping trafficking.

Letter to the U.S.S.C. Chair from Lanny Breuer and Jonathan Wroblewski (Sept. 2011)

2011 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-144
Keyword(s):  
Web Site ◽  
Court Decisions ◽  
Department Of Justice ◽  
Categorical Approach ◽  
Federal Sentencing ◽  
Child Exploitation ◽  
Mandatory Minimum Sentencing ◽  
The U.S

This 8-page letter to the U.S. Sentencing Commission Chair from the U.S. Department of Justice Criminal Division is reprinted from the U.S. Department of Justice Web site at http://www.justice.gov/. The letter notes the challenges facing federal sentencing and corrections policy and, in a section on congressional directives, reports on mandatory minimum sentencing statutes and outlines guideline amendments to address congressional directives. The letter also outlines other guideline issues—including the categorical approach to reviewing predicate offenses and child exploitation crimes—as well as circuit splits and erroneous court decisions.

scholarly journals POS0510 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF COCAINE AND HALLUCINOGEN USE DISORDER HOSPITALIZATIONS IN RHEUMATIC DISEASES

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 488.1-488
Author(s):  
J. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
International Classification Of Diseases ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Primary Position ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
The U.S

Background:Cocaine use disorder is a frequent cause of drug use disorders in the U.S. Although hallucinogen use disorder is less common, both are potentially preventable public health issues. To our knowledge, epidemiological studies estimating burden of cocaine or hallucinogen use disorders in common Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) are lacking.Objectives:To assess national time-trends in cocaine use and hallucinogen use disorders in people with MSDsMethods:This study used the U.S. National Inpatient Sample (NIS), a de-identified national all-payer inpatient health care database (https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/nisoverview.jsp) from 1998-2014. The NIS is a 20% stratified sample of hospital discharges in the U.S. It is commonly used to derive national estimates of hospitalization and outcomes. Cocaine or hallucinogen use disorder hospitalization was defined in a validated approach as the presence of the following International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnostic codes: cocaine use disorder, 304.2x, or 305.6x; and hallucinogen use disorder, 304.5x or 305.3x; hospitalizations for drug use in remission, drug counseling, rehabilitation or detoxification were excluded, as in previous studies. MSDs were identified based on the respective ICD-9 codes, a validated approach (5-9), in non-primary position: Gout: 274.xx; rheumatoid arthritis (RA): 714.xx; Fibromyalgia: 729.1; osteoarthritis (OA): 715.xx; or low back pain (LBP): 724.Results:In 1998-2000, the highest frequency of cocaine use hospitalizations was in people with LBP: LBP (n=5,914), followed by OA (n=4,931), gout (n=2,093), RA (n=2,026), and fibromyalgia (n=1,620). In 2013-2014, the order changed slightly with OA (n=22,185), followed by LBP (n=16,810), gout (n=10,570), RA (n=8,975), and fibromyalgia (n=5,680). Respective rates per 1 million U.S. NIS hospitalizations in 2013-2014 and the relative increase from 1998-2000 to 2013-2014 were: Gout, 10.2 (increase, 4.1-fold); OA, 21.4 (3.5-fold); fibromyalgia, 5.48 (2.5-fold); RA, 8.66 (3.4-fold); and LBP, 16.22 (1.8-fold; figure 1).Figure 1.Time-trends in the rates of hospitalization with cocaine use and hallucinogen use disorder (A), non-home discharge (B), and in-hospital mortality (C) per 100,000 NIS hospitalization claims. The x-axis shows rate per 100,000 NIS hospitalization claims and the y-axis the study periodsIn 1998-2000, hallucinogen use disorder hospitalizations were as follows: LBP (n=176), followed by OA (n=63), RA (n=42), fibromyalgia (n=41) and gout (n<10; cells with frequency of 10 of fewer are reported as <10 per NIS guidance). In 2013-2014, the frequency order was the similar, with the highest numbers for LBP (n=525) followed by OA (n=400), RA (n=395), gout (n=135) and fibromyalgia (n=125). Respective rates per 1 million US NIS hospitalizations in 2013-2014 and the relative increase from 1998-2000 to 2013-2014 were: Gout, 0.13 (increase, 25-fold); OA, 0.39 (5.5-fold); fibromyalgia, 0.12 (2-fold); RA, 0.38 (8.5-fold); and LBP, 0.51 (2-fold; figure 1).Conclusion:This study confirmed an increasing rate of both, cocaine use and hallucinogen use disorder hospitalizations in people with 5 MSDs over a 17-year period from 1998-2014 in the U.S.Acknowledgements:John D. Cleveland, MS of the University of Alabama at Birmingham for performing data analyses according to the protocol.Disclosure of Interests:Jasvinder Singh Speakers bureau: JAS is on the speaker’s bureau of Simply Speaking. JAS is a member of the executive of Outcomes Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT), an organization that develops outcome measures in rheumatology and receives arms-length funding from 12 companies., Consultant of: consultant fees from Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, UBM LLC, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, Two labs Inc., Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Focus forward, Navigant consulting, Spherix, MedIQ, Practice Point communications, the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology.

scholarly journals Land of the Free: Prison Reform Following the War on Drugs

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-32
Author(s):  
Megan Tingley
Keyword(s):  
Prison Population ◽  
War On Drugs ◽  
Unintended Consequences ◽  
Prison Reform ◽  
World Population ◽  
Federal Prison ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Mandatory Minimum Sentencing ◽  
The U.S

ince its beginnings in 1971, the war on drugs has been largely unsuccessful in reducing drug use. Instead, it has had many unintended consequences, one of which is a huge increase in the federal prison population over the past 40 years. Despite making up only five percent of the world population, the U.S. is home to 25 percent of its prisoners. Since the 1970s, the prison population in the U.S. has skyrocketed due to the implementation of War on Drugs policies. The main reason for the failure of the War on Drugs can be attributed in part to mandatory minimum sentencing laws. Implemented as a part of the Anti- Drug Abuse Act of 1986, these one-size-fits-all policies require a certain punishment based on the amount and type of drug in possession without allowing for flexibility based on context. 

scholarly journals A meta-analysis of cocaine use disorder treatment effectiveness

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brandon S Bentzley ◽  
Summer S Han ◽  
Sherman C Stein ◽  
Sophie Neuner ◽  
Keith Humphreys ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Contingency Management ◽  
Search Term ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Variable Effect ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
Disorder Treatment ◽  
Meta Analyses ◽  
The U.S

SummaryBackgroundIn both the U.S. and U.K., after a period of decline, prevalence of cocaine use has been increasing since 2012 and is now the second leading cause of overdose death from an illicit drug. However, psychosocial treatments for cocaine use disorders are limited, and no pharmacotherapy is approved by regulatory bodies in the U.S. or Europe. We performed a comprehensive meta-analysis to assess treatments’ impacts on cocaine use.MethodsWe performed a meta-analysis of clinical trials that included the word ‘cocaine’ in the title and were published between 31/12/1995 and 31/12/2017. All studies of outpatient adults with active cocaine use and reporting urinalysis results were included. Treatment approaches were clustered into 11 categories. Missing data were imputed using multiple imputation by chained equations. We calculated intention-to-treat log-odds ratios (OR) for the change in proportion of patients testing negative for cocaine at the end of each study and performed multivariate mixed-effects meta-regression. This study was prospectively registered on covidence.org on 31/12/2015, study 8731.FindingsOne hundred fifty-seven studies with 15,842 participants were included. Only contingency management was significantly associated with increased odds of testing negative for cocaine (OR of 2.13, 95% CI 1.62-2.80) and remained significant after all sensitivity analyses.InterpretationThis meta-analysis is unique in its broad inclusivity of treatment types and trial designs over a two-decade period of investigation. Our results converge with focused meta-analyses on treatments for cocaine use disorders; thus, research efforts and policy changes that expanded implementation of contingency management programs are expected to reduce cocaine use in active users and the associated individual, community, and societal burdens associated.FundingNonePanelEvidence before this studyBefore undertaking this study, we examined all cocaine use disorder treatment reviews in Cochrane Collaboration as well as all meta-analyses indexed on PubMed (search term = “cocaine” and article type = Meta-analysis). We identified meta-analyses of several treatments for cocaine use disorders that were negative or indeterminant, including anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antipsychotics, acupuncture, disulfiram, dopamine agonists, opioids, and psychostimulants. Meta-analyses of psychosocial interventions showed variable effect sizes with large heterogeneity between approaches. Meta-analyses of contingency management indicated efficacy in reducing cocaine use, but these have been limited to specific subpopulations or to controlled studies. We expanded our scope beyond prior investigations to comprehensively assess all treatment categories simultaneously across all study types with the aim of increasing our sensitivity for detecting an effective treatment for cocaine use disorders in an otherwise largely negative evidence base.Added value of this studyOur findings indicate robust effectiveness of contingency management approaches in reducing cocaine use. Other treatment categories were either negative or failed sensitivity testing. This finding highlights the inaccuracy of the common notion that there is no effective treatment for cocaine use disorder.Implications of all the available evidenceBased on our study, contingency management is an effective treatment for cocaine use disorder. Cocaine use and its associated adverse effects could be significantly reduced in patients suffering from cocaine use disorder through expanded implementation of contingency management programs.

scholarly journals POS0014 TIME-TRENDS IN COCAINE AND HALLUCINOGEN USE DISORDER HOSPITALIZATIONS IN RHEUMATIC DISEASES: A NATIONAL TIME-TRENDS STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 80 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. 208.3-209
Author(s):  
J. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Time Trends ◽  
Stock Options ◽  
Musculoskeletal Diseases ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Relative Increase ◽  
Primary Position ◽  
Cocaine Use ◽  
The U.S

Background:Cocaine use disorder is a frequent cause of drug use disorders in the U.S. Although hallucinogen use disorder is less common, both are potentially preventable public health issues. To our knowledge, epidemiological studies estimating burden of cocaine or hallucinogen use disorders in common Musculoskeletal diseases (MSDs) are lacking.Objectives:To assess national time-trends in cocaine use and hallucinogen use disorders in people with MSDsMethods:This study used the U.S. National Inpatient Sample (NIS), a de-identified national all-payer inpatient health care database (https://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/nisoverview.jsp) from 1998-2014. The NIS is a 20% stratified sample of hospital discharges in the U.S. It is commonly used to derive national estimates of hospitalization and outcomes. Cocaine or hallucinogen use disorder hospitalization was defined in a validated approach as the presence of the following International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) diagnostic codes: cocaine use disorder, 304.2x, or 305.6x; and hallucinogen use disorder, 304.5x or 305.3x; hospitalizations for drug use in remission, drug counseling, rehabilitation or detoxification were excluded, as in previous studies. MSDs were identified based on the respective ICD-9 codes, a validated approach (5-9), in non-primary position: Gout: 274.xx; rheumatoid arthritis (RA): 714.xx; Fibromyalgia: 729.1; osteoarthritis (OA): 715.xx; or low back pain (LBP): 724.Results:In 1998-2000, the highest frequency of cocaine use hospitalizations was in people with LBP: LBP (n=5,914), followed by OA (n=4,931), gout (n=2,093), RA (n=2,026), and fibromyalgia (n=1,620). In 2013-2014, the order changed slightly with OA (n=22,185), followed by LBP (n=16,810), gout (n=10,570), RA (n=8,975), and fibromyalgia (n=5,680). Respective rates per 1 million U.S. NIS hospitalizations in 2013-2014 and the relative increase from 1998-2000 to 2013-2014 were: Gout, 10.2 (increase, 4.1-fold); OA, 21.4 (3.5-fold); fibromyalgia, 5.48 (2.5-fold); RA, 8.66 (3.4-fold); and LBP, 16.22 (1.8-fold; Figure 1).In 1998-2000, hallucinogen use disorder hospitalizations were as follows: LBP (n=176), followed by OA (n=63), RA (n=42), fibromyalgia (n=41) and gout (n<10; cells with frequency of 10 of fewer are reported as <10 per NIS guidance). In 2013-2014, the frequency order was the similar, with the highest numbers for LBP (n=525) followed by OA (n=400), RA (n=395), gout (n=135) and fibromyalgia (n=125). Respective rates per 1 million US NIS hospitalizations in 2013-2014 and the relative increase from 1998-2000 to 2013-2014 were: Gout, 0.13 (increase, 25-fold); OA, 0.39 (5.5-fold); fibromyalgia, 0.12 (2-fold); RA, 0.38 (8.5-fold); and LBP, 0.51 (2-fold; Figure 1).Conclusion:This study confirmed an increasing rate of both, cocaine use and hallucinogen use disorder hospitalizations in people with 5 MSDs over a 17-year period from 1998-2014 in the U.S.Figure 1.Time-trends in the rates of hospitalization with cocaine use and hallucinogen use disorder (A), non-home discharge (B), and in-hospital mortality (C) per 100,000 NIS hospitalization claims. The x-axis shows rate per 100,000 NIS hospitalization claims and the y-axis the study periodsAcknowledgements:I thank John D. Cleveland, MS of the University of Alabama at Birmingham for performing data analyses according to the protocol.Disclosure of Interests:Jasvinder Singh Shareholder of: JAS owns stock options in TPT Global Tech, Vaxart pharmaceuticals and Charlotte’s Web Holdings, Inc. JAS previously owned stock options in Amarin, Viking and Moderna pharmaceuticals., Consultant of: JAS has received consultant fees from Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, UBM LLC, Trio Health, Medscape, WebMD, Adept Field Solutions, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Focus forward, Navigant consulting, Spherix, Practice Point communications, the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology. JAS is on the speaker’s bureau of Simply Speaking. JAS is a member of the executive of Outcomes Measures in Rheumatology (OMERACT), an organization that develops outcome measures in rheumatology and receives arms-length funding from 12 companies.

Historical Introduction

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 2-5
Author(s):  
R. D. Heidenreich
Keyword(s):  
Electron Emission ◽  
Secondary Electron ◽  
Secondary Electron Emission ◽  
50Th Anniversary ◽  
Secondary Emission ◽  
Wave Nature ◽  
Nobel Prize In Physics ◽  
Primary Electrons ◽  
The U.S ◽  
Mutual Agreement

This program has been organized by the EMSA to commensurate the 50th anniversary of the experimental verification of the wave nature of the electron. Davisson and Germer in the U.S. and Thomson and Reid in Britian accomplished this at about the same time. Their findings were published in Nature in 1927 by mutual agreement since their independent efforts had led to the same conclusion at about the same time. In 1937 Davisson and Thomson shared the Nobel Prize in physics for demonstrating the wave nature of the electron deduced in 1924 by Louis de Broglie.The Davisson experiments (1921-1927) were concerned with the angular distribution of secondary electron emission from nickel surfaces produced by 150 volt primary electrons. The motivation was the effect of secondary emission on the characteristics of vacuum tubes but significant deviations from the results expected for a corpuscular electron led to a diffraction interpretation suggested by Elasser in 1925.

Variations in Surface Textures of Quartz Sand using Electron Microscopy

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 494-495
Author(s):  
Eugene J. Amaral
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Glass Industry ◽  
Glass Slide ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Early Paleozoic ◽  
Secondary Effects ◽  
Surface Textures ◽  
High Silica ◽  
Sand Deposit ◽  
The U.S

Examination of sand grain surfaces from early Paleozoic sandstones by electron microscopy reveals a variety of secondary effects caused by rock-forming processes after final deposition of the sand. Detailed studies were conducted on both coarse (≥0.71mm) and fine (=0.25mm) fractions of St. Peter Sandstone, a widespread sand deposit underlying much of the U.S. Central Interior and used in the glass industry because of its remarkably high silica purity.The very friable sandstone was disaggregated and sieved to obtain the two size fractions, and then cleaned by boiling in HCl to remove any iron impurities and rinsed in distilled water. The sand grains were then partially embedded by sprinkling them onto a glass slide coated with a thin tacky layer of latex. Direct platinum shadowed carbon replicas were made of the exposed sand grain surfaces, and were separated by dissolution of the silica in HF acid.

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