scholarly journals Exposure to fluoridated water and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder prevalence among children and adolescents in the United States: an ecological association

2015 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashley J Malin ◽  
Christine Till
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Ecological Association

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among Children and Adolescents in the United States

2012 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 584-589 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Sclar ◽  
Linda M. Robison ◽  
Kurt A. Bowen ◽  
Jennifer M. Schmidt ◽  
Leigh V. Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

scholarly journals Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Among US Children and Adolescents With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren A Harasymiw ◽  
Scott D Grosse ◽  
Kyriakie Sarafoglou
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
General Population ◽  
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
The United States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Adrenal Hyperplasia ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

Abstract Background Little is known regarding risk for co-occurring mental health conditions among pediatric patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH). The objective of the current study was to investigate the prevalence of medically managed attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in 2 large administrative samples of insured children and adolescents with and without CAH in the United States. Methods We assessed the prevalence of CAH and of medically managed ADHD using algorithms defined from diagnosis codes and filled prescriptions data using the IBM MarketScan Commercial and Multi-State Medicaid claims databases. We evaluated subjects who were continuously enrolled for ≥ 12 months with a first claim during October 2015 through December 2017 when they were 5 to 18 years old. Results The administrative prevalence of CAH in the Commercial (N = 3 685 127) and Medicaid (N = 3 434 472) samples was 10.1 per 100 000 (n = 372) and 7.2 per 100 000 (n = 247), respectively. The prevalence of medically managed ADHD in the non-CAH population was 8.4% in the Commercial sample and 15.1% in the Medicaid sample. Among children with CAH, there was no increased prevalence of ADHD in the Commercial (9.2%, prevalence ratio [PR] = 1.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.82-1.54; P = 0.48) or Medicaid (13.8%; PR = 0.91; 95% CI, 0.67–1.24; P = 0.55) samples compared with the general population. Conclusions Using 2 large samples of insured children and adolescents in the United States, we found similar prevalence of medically managed ADHD among those with CAH and the general population. Future research to assess the validity of our claims algorithm for identifying pediatric CAH cases is warranted.

scholarly journals A Cross-Sectional Study of 0.6 Million Children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (01) ◽  
pp. e97-e103
Author(s):  
Irene Rethemiotaki
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Neurodevelopmental Disorder ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Children With Adhd ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder

AbstractAttention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an increasingly recognized chronic neurodevelopmental disorder. This work aims at studying the prevalence and clinical characteristics of children with ADHD in the United States in the period between 2009 and 2018. Data from the National Health Interview Survey were analyzed by univariate and multivariate statistics to assess the role of socioeconomic factors in the development of ADHD. It has been studied 615,608 children, 51.2% male and 48.7% female. The prevalence of ADHD was 9.13%, with males predominating over females. The number of children with ADHD increased from 2009 to 2018 by 14.8%. As specified by multiple logistic regression analysis, males (odds ratio [OR] 2.38) who have neither mother nor father (OR 1.76) are twice as likely to have ADHD compared with their peers. In addition, family income (OR 1.40) and parent's education (OR 1.12) were significantly associated with ADHD. It has been highlighted the significance of deprivation of both family and financial comfort as primary indicators for ADHD in children. Moreover, children with ADHD were more likely to be males in the age group of 12 to 17.

The Risks Associated With Stimulant Medication Use in Child and Adolescent Populations Diagnosed With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

2012 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-14
Author(s):  
Jeanne M. Stolzer
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Stimulant Medication ◽  
Medical Model ◽  
Child And Adolescent ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Chemical Imbalance

Throughout human history, psychiatric dysfunction in child and adolescent populations has been rare. However, over the last 2 decades, psychiatric diagnoses have reached epidemic proportions—particularly in the United States. Currently, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric illness in child and adolescent populations with an estimated 10–12 million children diagnosed in the United States. Over the last 2 decades, behavior patterns that were once perceived as typical, normative developmental stages have been systematically redefined by those promoting the mass labeling and drugging of children as a “chemical imbalance of the brain.” Grounded in bioevolutionary theory, this article will challenge the existing medical model and will explore in-depth the risks associated with the ADHD label and the use of stimulant medication in pediatric populations. In addition, this article will examine the cultural, physical, neurological, psychological, and social correlates as they relate to the diagnosis of ADHD in America.

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Diagnosis and Stereotypy

2015 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 135-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stewart Justman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Attention Deficit ◽  
Attention Deficit Disorder ◽  
Sense Of Self ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hyperactivity Disorder ◽  
Diagnostic And Statistical Manual ◽  
Relative Rarity ◽  
Under Construction

The official symptoms of attention deficit disorder and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as first codified in the 3rd edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders bear an uneasy resemblance to potent caricatures of Blacks that had long been in circulation in the United States. In effect, traits such as laziness and troublesomeness persistently associated with Blacks became symptoms that could be had by anyone, Black, White, or other. But just as racial imagery plays on stereotypes, the ADHD diagnosis itself has become a stereotype. Only stereotyped figures have the telltale marks of identity that children with ADHD are said to have. As we have known at least since the time of the prejudice studies cited by the United States Supreme Court in 1954, stereotypes can be highly injurious, especially if they are internalized by their objects. Children who grow with the diagnosis of ADHD, incorporating it into their sense of self even while it is under construction, may well internalize its messages. That in turn may have something to do with the dismal long-term outcomes of ADHD despite the relative rarity of severe cases.

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