scholarly journals The mystery of claustral neural circuits and recent updates on its role in neurodegenerative pathology

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimir N. Nikolenko ◽  
Negoriya A. Rizaeva ◽  
Narasimha M. Beeraka ◽  
Marine V. Oganesyan ◽  
Valentina A. Kudryashova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Functional Relation ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Rewarding Behavior

Abstract Introduction The claustrum is a structure involved in formation of several cortical and subcortical neural microcircuits which may be involved in such functions as conscious sensations and rewarding behavior. The claustrum is regarded as a multi-modal information processing network. Pathology of the claustrum is seen in certain neurological disorders. To date, there are not enough comprehensive studies that contain accurate information regarding involvement of the claustrum in development of neurological disorders. Objective Our review aims to provide an update on claustrum anatomy, ontogenesis, cytoarchitecture, neural networks and their functional relation to the incidence of neurological diseases. Materials and methods A literature review was conducted using the Google Scholar, PubMed, NCBI MedLine, and eLibrary databases. Results Despite new methods that have made it possible to study the claustrum at the molecular, genetic and epigenetic levels, its functions and connectivity are still poorly understood. The anatomical location, relatively uniform cytoarchitecture, and vast network of connections suggest a divergent role of the claustrum in integration and processing of input information and formation of coherent perceptions. Several studies have shown changes in the appearance, structure and volume of the claustrum in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease (PD), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), autism, schizophrenia, and depressive disorders. Taking into account the structure, ontogenesis, and functions of the claustrum, this literature review offers insight into understanding the crucial role of this structure in brain function and behavior.

Microbiota-Immune System Interactions in Human Neurological Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 509-526
Author(s):  
Qin Huang ◽  
Fang Yu ◽  
Di Liao ◽  
Jian Xia
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Host Immune System ◽  
Gut Dysbiosis ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Novel Therapeutic Strategies

: Recent studies implicate microbiota-brain communication as an essential factor for physiology and pathophysiology in brain function and neurodevelopment. One of the pivotal mechanisms about gut to brain communication is through the regulation and interaction of gut microbiota on the host immune system. In this review, we will discuss the role of microbiota-immune systeminteractions in human neurological disorders. The characteristic features in the development of neurological diseases include gut dysbiosis, the disturbed intestinal/Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) permeability, the activated inflammatory response, and the changed microbial metabolites. Neurological disorders contribute to gut dysbiosis and some relevant metabolites in a top-down way. In turn, the activated immune system induced by the change of gut microbiota may deteriorate the development of neurological diseases through the disturbed gut/BBB barrier in a down-top way. Understanding the characterization and identification of microbiome-immune- brain signaling pathways will help us to yield novel therapeutic strategies by targeting the gut microbiome in neurological disease.

scholarly journals Role of Enzymes in Causing Neurological Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 466-476
Author(s):  
Vysakh Visweswaran ◽  
Roshni PR
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Direct Result ◽  
Permanent Disability ◽  
Genetic Abnormalities ◽  
Underlying Pathology

Diseases of the nervous system are always associated with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The fragile nature of the neurons and their inability to replicate means that neurological disorders are associated with a permanent disability. Pharmacotherapy of neurological diseases requires understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in the disease pathology. In most of the cases a faulty cellular biochemical pathway is involved, resulting from a defective enzyme. This article focusses on role of enzymes in various neurological disorders. To review pertinent literature and summarise the role of enzymes in the underlying pathology of various neurological disorders. A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed, SCOPUS, J-GATE and Google Scholar and relevant papers were collected using the keywords enzymes, Alzheimer's disease, redox, thiamine, depression, neurotransmitters, epileptogenesis. The literature review highlighted the role of enzymes in major neurological disorders and their potential to be used as drug targets and biomarkers. Identifying defective enzymes gives us new molecular targets to focus on for developing more effective pharmacotherapeutic options. They can be also considered as potential biomarkers. An abnormal enzyme is most often a direct result of an underlying genetic abnormality. Identifying and screening for these genetic abnormalities can be used in early identification and prevention of disease in individuals who have a genetic predisposition. The modern advances in genetic engineering shows a lot of promise in correcting these abnormalities and development of revolutionary cures although ethical concerns remain. 

scholarly journals Insights Into the Role of CSF1R in the Central Nervous System and Neurological Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Banglian Hu ◽  
Shengshun Duan ◽  
Ziwei Wang ◽  
Xin Li ◽  
Yuhang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Colony Stimulating Factor ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Axonal Spheroids ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Stimulating Factor

The colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) is a key tyrosine kinase transmembrane receptor modulating microglial homeostasis, neurogenesis, and neuronal survival in the central nervous system (CNS). CSF1R, which can be proteolytically cleaved into a soluble ectodomain and an intracellular protein fragment, supports the survival of myeloid cells upon activation by two ligands, colony stimulating factor 1 and interleukin 34. CSF1R loss-of-function mutations are the major cause of adult-onset leukoencephalopathy with axonal spheroids and pigmented glia (ALSP) and its dysfunction has also been implicated in other neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Here, we review the physiological functions of CSF1R in the CNS and its pathological effects in neurological disorders including ALSP, AD, frontotemporal dementia and multiple sclerosis. Understanding the pathophysiology of CSF1R is critical for developing targeted therapies for related neurological diseases.

scholarly journals Store-Operated Calcium Channels in Physiological and Pathological States of the Nervous System

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isis Zhang ◽  
Huijuan Hu
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Calcium Channels ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
The Body ◽  
Store Operated Calcium Entry ◽  
Important Pathway ◽  
Molecular Components

Store-operated calcium channels (SOCs) are widely expressed in excitatory and non-excitatory cells where they mediate significant store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), an important pathway for calcium signaling throughout the body. While the activity of SOCs has been well studied in non-excitable cells, attention has turned to their role in neurons and glia in recent years. In particular, the role of SOCs in the nervous system has been extensively investigated, with links to their dysregulation found in a wide variety of neurological diseases from Alzheimer’s disease (AD) to pain. In this review, we provide an overview of their molecular components, expression, and physiological role in the nervous system and describe how the dysregulation of those roles could potentially lead to various neurological disorders. Although further studies are still needed to understand how SOCs are activated under physiological conditions and how they are linked to pathological states, growing evidence indicates that SOCs are important players in neurological disorders and could be potential new targets for therapies. While the role of SOCE in the nervous system continues to be multifaceted and controversial, the study of SOCs provides a potentially fruitful avenue into better understanding the nervous system and its pathologies.

scholarly journals The Role of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor in Mediating the Action of Antidepressants in the Treatment of Depression

2019 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara I. Vazagaeva ◽  
Roman V. Akhapkin ◽  
Yuri A. Alexandrovsky
Keyword(s):  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Response ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Trkb Receptor ◽  
Treatment Of Depression ◽  
Antidepressant Efficacy ◽  
Chronic Course

According to the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression proposed two decades ago, the most important role in the pathogenesis of depressive disorders is played by abnormalities in the maintenance of neuronal plasticity regulated by brain neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Although the decline in BDNF activity in depression is now widely documented, it remains unclear whether it is a factor contributing to the onset of depression, or a consequence of the chronic course of the disease. In preclinical studies, it was found that exogenous BDNF infusions causes antidepressant-like effects, prevents the depressogenic effects of chronic stress and increases cell survival in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, but the mechanisms mediating these effects have not been fully studied. The results of molecular genetic studies confirmed that BDNF is essential in mediating the therapeutic effect of antidepressants, while the role of genetic polymorphisms in predicting antidepressant efficacy in depression remains uncertain. The mechanisms of action of monoaminergic antidepressants are related to their effect on the expression of BDNF and its TrkB receptor, however, apparently, the effect size varies for different drugs. Peripheral BDNF levels increase during treatment with antidepressants, and this increase is clearly observed only during the acute phase treatment of depression, but not during the period of maintenance therapy. The serum level of BDNF is a potentially useful marker for diagnosing depression and prediction of a therapeutic response.

scholarly journals Molecular genetic differentiation of depression in affective pathology and schizophrenia with depressive disorders: the role of polymorphism IL-1β –511C/T

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Viktorovna Lezheiko ◽  
Denis Tikhonov ◽  
Vera Cabrael Jello ◽  
Marina Vladimirovna Gabaeva ◽  
Galina Ivanovna Korovaitseva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Differentiation ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Molecular Genetic

scholarly journals The Role of Plasma Exchange in the Treatment of Refractory Autoimmune Neurological Diseases: a Narrative Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Saiju Jacob ◽  
Gordon Mazibrada ◽  
Sarosh R Irani ◽  
Anu Jacob ◽  
Anna Yudina
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Exchange ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalitis ◽  
Complete Recovery ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Society Meeting ◽  
Relapsing Remitting ◽  
Inflammatory Neuropathies

AbstractAutoimmune neurological disorders are commonly treated with immunosuppressive therapy. In patients with refractory conditions, standard immunosuppression is often insufficient for complete recovery or to prevent relapses. These patients rely on other treatments to manage their disease. While treatment of refractory cases differs between diseases, intravenous immunoglobulin, plasma exchange (PLEX), and immune-modulating treatments are commonly used. In this review, we focus on five autoimmune neurological disorders that were the themes of the 2018 Midlands Neurological Society meeting on PLEX in refractory neurology: Autoimmune Encephalitis (AE), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum disorders (NMOSD), Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) and Myasthenia Gravis (MG). The diagnosis of inflammatory neuropathies is often challenging, and while PLEX can be very effective in refractory autoimmune diseases, its ineffectiveness can be confounded by misdiagnosis. One example is POEMS syndrome (characterized by Polyneuropathy Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Myeloma protein, Skin changes), which is often wrongly diagnosed as CIDP; and while CIDP responds well to PLEX, POEMS does not. Accurate diagnosis is therefore essential. Success rates can also differ within ‘one’ disease: e.g. response rates to PLEX are considerably higher in refractory relapsing remitting MS compared to primary or secondary progressive MS. When sufficient efforts are made to correctly pinpoint the diagnosis along with the type and subtype of refractory autoimmune disease, PLEX and other immunotherapies can play a valuable role in the patient management. Graphical abstract

Regulating inflammation associated Ferroptosis-a treatment strategy for Parkinson disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marthandam Asokan Shibu ◽  
B. Mahalakshmi ◽  
V. Bharath Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Cell Death ◽  
Treatment Strategy ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Acute Injury ◽  
Brain Iron ◽  
Kidney Tumors

: Ferroptosis plays a critical regulatory role for a new kind of cell death initiating and developing an array of disorders like neurological diseases, acute injury of kidney, tumors and ischemia etc. This selective deposition of iron is one of the pathogenic reasons for PD and although it’s underlying mechanism is still unknown. In this review, the role of neuroinflammation in Parkinson’s disease (PD) leading to neurodegeneration has been discussed in detail. The accumulation of brain iron has been found in many chronic neurological disorders including PD. We have also discussed the unique features of Ferroptosis as compared to other cellular death pathways and it links in aggravating the pathology of PD. Further, the concept of targeting Ferroptosis for PD pathology and inducers and inhibitors, pharmacological drugs and clinical trials for PD candidates in phase IV stage in completed status are detailed in the respective sections.

scholarly journals Nutraceuticals in Neurological Disorders

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 4424 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashita Makkar ◽  
Tapan Behl ◽  
Simona Bungau ◽  
Gokhan Zengin ◽  
Vineet Mehta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Lifestyle Changes ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Medicinal Foods ◽  
The Individual

Neurological diseases are one of the major healthcare issues worldwide. Posed lifestyle changes are associated with drastically increased risk of chronic illness and diseases, posing a substantial healthcare and financial burden to society globally. Researchers aim to provide fine treatment for ailing disorders with minimal exposed side effects. In recent decades, several studies on functional foods have been initiated to obtain foods that have fewer side effects and increased therapeutic activity. Hence, an attempt has been made to unravel several extraction techniques to acquire essential bioactive compounds or phytochemicals from therapeutically active food products. This has led to the conception of the term functional foods being meddled with other similar terms like “pharmafoods,” “medifoods”, “vitafoods”, or “medicinal foods”. With a dire need to adhere towards healthy options, the demand of nutraceuticals is widely increasing to combat neurological interventions. An association between food habits and the individual lifestyle with neurodegeneration has been manifested, thereby proposing the role of nutraceuticals as prophylactic treatment for neurological interventions. The current review covers some of the major neurological disorders and nutraceutical therapy in the prevention of disease.

scholarly journals B Cells in Neuroinflammation: New Perspectives and Mechanistic Insights

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1605
Author(s):  
Julie J. Ahn ◽  
Mohammad Abu-Rub ◽  
Robert H. Miller
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Neurological Diseases ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Neurological Processes

In recent years, the role of B cells in neurological disorders has substantially expanded our perspectives on mechanisms of neuroinflammation. The success of B cell-depleting therapies in patients with CNS diseases such as neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis has highlighted the importance of neuroimmune crosstalk in inflammatory processes. While B cells are essential for the adaptive immune system and antibody production, they are also major contributors of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine responses in a number of inflammatory diseases. B cells can contribute to neurological diseases through peripheral immune mechanisms, including production of cytokines and antibodies, or through CNS mechanisms following compartmentalization. Emerging evidence suggests that aberrant pro- or anti-inflammatory B cell populations contribute to neurological processes, including glial activation, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize recent findings on B cell involvement in neuroinflammatory diseases and discuss evidence to support pathogenic immunomodulatory functions of B cells in neurological disorders, highlighting the importance of B cell-directed therapies.

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