scholarly journals The roles of miRNA, lncRNA and circRNA in the development of osteoporosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Yang ◽  
Wang Yujiao ◽  
Wang Fang ◽  
Yuan Linhui ◽  
Guo Ziqi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Bone Fragility ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Metabolic Bone ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

Abstract Osteoporosis is a common metabolic bone disease, influenced by genetic and environmental factors, that increases bone fragility and fracture risk and, therefore, has a serious adverse effect on the quality of life of patients. However, epigenetic mechanisms involved in the development of osteoporosis remain unclear. There is accumulating evidence that epigenetic modifications may represent mechanisms underlying the links of genetic and environmental factors with increased risk of osteoporosis and bone fracture. Some RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), have been shown to be epigenetic regulators with significant involvement in the control of gene expression, affecting multiple biological processes, including bone metabolism. This review summarizes the results of recent studies on the mechanisms of miRNA-, lncRNA-, and circRNA-mediated osteoporosis associated with osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Deeper insights into the roles of these three classes of RNA in osteoporosis could provide unique opportunities for developing novel diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to this disease.

scholarly journals Circular RNAs: Potential Applications as Therapeutic Targets and Biomarkers in Breast Cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 2
Author(s):  
Debina Sarkar ◽  
Sarah D. Diermeier
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Translational Regulation ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Circular Rnas ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Mirna Sponge ◽  
Bodily Fluids ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Non Coding Rnas

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that form a covalently closed loop. A number of functions and mechanisms of action for circRNAs have been reported, including as miRNA sponge, exerting transcriptional and translational regulation, interacting with proteins, and coding for peptides. CircRNA dysregulation has also been implicated in many cancers, such as breast cancer. Their relatively high stability and presence in bodily fluids makes cancer-associated circRNAs promising candidates as a new biomarker. In this review, we summarize the research undertaken on circRNAs associated with breast cancer, discuss circRNAs as biomarkers, and present circRNA-based therapeutic approaches.

Epigenetics

2019 ◽  
pp. 56-70
Author(s):  
Edward Hookway ◽  
Nicholas Athanasou ◽  
Udo Oppermann
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Histone Deacetylases ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Tumour Suppressor Genes ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Control Of Gene Expression ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Epigenetic Processes

Epigenetics is a term that refers to a collection of diverse mechanisms that are important in both the control of gene expression and the transmission of this information during cell division. Epigenetic processes are deranged in many cancers, leading to a combination of inappropriate silencing of tumour suppressor genes and overexpression of oncogenes. In this chapter, the molecular mechanisms that underpin the major epigenetic processes of DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs will be described in both their normal physiological roles and in the context of cancer. The challenge of understanding the complexity of the interactions between different epigenetic mechanisms and the limitations of our current knowledge will be highlighted. Therapeutic approaches towards targeting deranged epigenetic processes will also be described, such as the use of small molecule inhibitors of histone deacetylases.

scholarly journals Osteoporosis in Skin Diseases

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Maddalena Sirufo ◽  
Francesca De Pietro ◽  
Enrica Maria Bassino ◽  
Lia Ginaldi ◽  
Massimo De Martinis
Keyword(s):  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Skin Diseases ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Bone Fragility ◽  
Skeletal Disease ◽  
Metabolic Bone ◽  
Systemic Treatments ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Skeletal Homeostasis

Osteoporosis (OP) is defined as a generalized skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and an alteration of the microarchitecture that lead to an increase in bone fragility and, therefore, an increased risk of fractures. It must be considered today as a true public health problem and the most widespread metabolic bone disease that affects more than 200 million people worldwide. Under physiological conditions, there is a balance between bone formation and bone resorption necessary for skeletal homeostasis. In pathological situations, this balance is altered in favor of osteoclast (OC)-mediated bone resorption. During chronic inflammation, the balance between bone formation and bone resorption may be considerably affected, contributing to a net prevalence of osteoclastogenesis. Skin diseases are the fourth cause of human disease in the world, affecting approximately one third of the world’s population with a prevalence in elderly men. Inflammation and the various associated cytokine patterns are the basis of both osteoporosis and most skin pathologies. Moreover, dermatological patients also undergo local or systemic treatments with glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants that could increase the risk of osteoporosis. Therefore, particular attention should be paid to bone health in these patients. The purpose of the present review is to take stock of the knowledge in this still quite unexplored field, despite the frequency of such conditions in clinical practice.

scholarly journals Metabolomics Approach Reveals the Effects of Breed and Feed on the Composition of Chicken Eggs

Metabolites ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatsuhiko Goto ◽  
Hiroki Mori ◽  
Shunsuke Shiota ◽  
Shozo Tomonaga
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Rhode Island ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Alcohol Content ◽  
Fermented Feed ◽  
Egg Traits ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors ◽  
Chicken Eggs

Chicken eggs provide essential nutrients to consumers around the world. Although both genetic and environmental factors influence the quality of eggs, it is unclear how these factors affect the egg traits including egg metabolites. In this study, we investigated breed and feed effects on 10 egg traits, using two breeds (Rhode Island Red and Australorp) and two feed conditions (mixed feed and fermented feed). We also used gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS/MS) to analyze 138 yolk and 132 albumen metabolites. Significant breed effects were found on yolk weight, eggshell weight, eggshell colors, and one albumen metabolite (ribitol). Three yolk metabolites (erythritol, threitol, and urea) and 12 albumen metabolites (erythritol, threitol, ribitol, linoleic acid, isoleucine, dihydrouracil, 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, alanine, glycine, N-butyrylglycine, pyruvic acid, and valine) were significantly altered by feed, and a significant interaction between breed and feed was discovered in one albumen metabolite (N-butyrylglycine). Yolk and albumin had higher levels of sugar alcohols when hens were fed a fermented diet, which indicates that sugar alcohol content can be transferred from diet into eggs. Linoleic acid was also enriched in albumen under fermented feed conditions. This study shows that yolk and albumen metabolites will be affected by breed and feed, which is the first step towards manipulating genetic and environmental factors to create “designer eggs.”

scholarly journals Insight toward the MicroRNA Profiling of Laryngeal Cancers: Biological Role and Clinical Impact

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (10) ◽  
pp. 3693 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Takeuchi ◽  
Hiromichi Kawasaki ◽  
Amalia Luce ◽  
Alessia Maria Cossu ◽  
Gabriella Misso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Multimodality Treatment ◽  
Metastatic Potential ◽  
Clinical Impact ◽  
Overall Survival Rate ◽  
Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Non Coding Rnas ◽  
Mirna Deregulation

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), a heterogeneous disease arising from various anatomical locations including the larynx, is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite advances in multimodality treatment, the overall survival rate of the disease is still largely dismal. Early and accurate diagnosis of HNSCC is urgently demanded in order to prevent cancer progression and to improve the quality of the patient’s life. Recently, microRNAs (miRNAs), a family of small non-coding RNAs, have been widely reported as new robust tools for prediction, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic approaches of human diseases. Abnormally expressed miRNAs are strongly associated with cancer development, resistance to chemo-/radiotherapy, and metastatic potential through targeting a large variety of genes. In this review, we summarize on the recent reports that emphasize the pivotal biological roles of miRNAs in regulating carcinogenesis of HNSCC, particularly laryngeal cancer. In more detail, we report the characterized miRNAs with an evident either oncogenic or tumor suppressive role in the cancers. In addition, we also focus on the correlation between miRNA deregulation and clinical relevance in cancer patients. On the basis of intriguing findings, the study of miRNAs will provide a new great opportunity to access better clinical management of the malignancies.

scholarly journals Care of the Liver Transplant Patient

2014 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 213-219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mamatha Bhat ◽  
Said A Al-Busafi ◽  
Marc Deschênes ◽  
Peter Ghali
Keyword(s):  
Liver Transplant ◽  
Transplant Patient ◽  
Keywords Liver Transplantation ◽  
Metabolic Complications ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Medical Issues ◽  
Metabolic Bone ◽  
Increased Risk

OBJECTIVE: To provide an approach to the care of liver transplant (LT) patients, a growing patient population with unique needs.METHODS: A literature search of PubMed for guidelines and review articles using the keywords “liver transplantation”, “long term complications” and “medical management” was conducted, resulting in 77 articles.RESULTS: As a result of being on immunosuppression, LT recipients are at increased risk of infections and must be screened regularly for metabolic complications and malignancies.DISCUSSION: Although immunosuppression is key to maintaining allograft health after transplantation, it comes with its own set of medical issues to follow. Physicians following LT recipients must be aware of the greater risk for hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, renal failure, metabolic bone disease and malignancies in these patients, all of whom require regular monitoring and screening. Vaccination, quality of life, sexual function and pregnancy must be specifically addressed in transplant patients.

Effect of genetic and environmental factors on semen productionand quality of Madura cattle in Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Koko Wisnu Prihatin ◽  
Luqman Hakim ◽  
Sucik Maylinda ◽  
V.M. Ani Nurgiartiningsih
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Sperm Concentration ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Bull Semen ◽  
Semen Collection ◽  
Semen Volume ◽  
Ejaculation Frequency ◽  
Genetic And Environmental Factors

The indigenous Madura cattle semen production and quality were evaluated. Total of 2275 semen collection records from 11 bulls were analyzed to evaluate the genetic potency of semen productions. The genetic evaluation was described as an estimation of bull semen volume, sperm concentration and sperm individual motility. Data were analyzed by HGLM-REML with environmental factors of age, seasons, interval of semen collections and frequency of ejaculations as fixed effect. The result showed that the age and the ejaculation frequency affected to all variables; an interval of semen collections affected to both semen volume and sperm concentrations; and seasons only affected to sperm concentrations. Repeatability estimate of semen volume, sperm concentration and sperm individual motility were 0.376, 0.445 and 0.567 respectively. It can be concluded that the quality of ejaculate was less affected by environmental factors, supported by the good adaptation of indigenous Madura cattle under the local climatic conditions and management in the artificial insemination station.

scholarly journals Inadequacies of glucocorticoid replacement and improvements by physiological circadian therapy

2009 ◽  
Vol 160 (5) ◽  
pp. 719-729 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Debono ◽  
Richard J Ross ◽  
John Newell-Price
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Sleep Onset ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Proof Of Concept ◽  
Oral Formulations ◽  
Metabolic Bone ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Few Data

Patients with adrenal insufficiency need lifelong glucocorticoid replacement, but many suffer from poor quality of life, and overall there is increased mortality. Moreover, it appears that use of glucocorticoids at the higher end of the replacement dose range is associated with increased risk for cardiovascular and metabolic bone disease. These data highlight some of the inadequacies of current regimes.The cortisol production rate is estimated to be equivalent to 5.7–7.4 mg/m2per day, and a major difficulty for replacement regimes is the inability to match the distinct circadian rhythm of circulating cortisol levels, which are low at the time of sleep onset, rise between 0200 and 0400 h, peaking just after waking and then fall during the day. Another issue is that current dose equivalents of glucocorticoids used for replacement are based on anti-inflammatory potency, and few data exist as to doses needed for equivalent cardiovascular and bone effects. Weight-adjusted, thrice-daily dosing using hydrocortisone (HC) reduces glucocorticoid overexposure and represents the most refined regime for current oral therapy, but does not replicate the normal cortisol rhythm. Recently, proof-of-concept studies have shown that more physiological circadian glucocorticoid therapy using HC infusions and newly developed oral formulations of HC have the potential for better biochemical control in patients with adrenal insufficiency. Whether such physiological replacement will have an impact on the complications seen in patients with adrenal insufficiency will need to be analysed in future clinical trials.

scholarly journals A pragmatic window of opportunity to minimise the risk of MRONJ development in individuals with osteoporosis on Denosumab therapy: a hypothesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppina Campisi ◽  
Rodolfo Mauceri ◽  
Francesco Bertoldo ◽  
Vittorio Fusco ◽  
Alberto Bedogni
Keyword(s):  
Tooth Extraction ◽  
Oral Surgery ◽  
Metastatic Cancer ◽  
Bone Fragility ◽  
Osteonecrosis Of The Jaw ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Dental Surgery ◽  
Metabolic Bone ◽  
Increased Risk

Abstract Denosumab is associated with the development of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ), an uncommon but severe oral side effect with a higher prevalence in metastatic cancer patients than in patients with metabolic bone fragility. Although several oral triggers can initiate MRONJ, invasive oral treatments and tooth extraction still remain the most common precipitating event. In general, tooth extraction and oral surgery should be avoided in patients at increased risk of MRONJ, while extraction of non-restorable teeth should be performed based on specific risk reduction protocols to eliminate dental/periodontal infections, still protecting from MRONJ onset. Based on the different pharmacological activity of denosumab and nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates, it is likely that the MRONJ risk profile of patients with osteoporosis could somewhat vary. We hypothesize the chance to maximize the pharmacokinetic of denosumab 60 mg (Prolia®) and identify a time interval in which invasive oral treatments can ideally take place without restrictions in patients with metabolic bone fragility, We propose that dental surgery (e.g. tooth extraction) may be safely performed without additional intra or peri-operative procedures in osteoporosis patients using denosumab provided that careful case selection, adequate communication among specialists, planning of a delayed dosing window (1-month deferral) and rigorous postoperative follow-up are granted. Graphical abstract

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