Gene scoring model to predict recurrence in low- and intermediate-risk uterine endometrial cancer: Establishment of uterine print.

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 5590-5590
Author(s):  
Tatsuyuki Chiyoda ◽  
Yoichi M Ito ◽  
Fumio Kataoka ◽  
Wataru Yamagami ◽  
Hiroyuki Nomura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Internal Controls ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Test Cases ◽  
Intermediate Risk ◽  
Scoring Model

5590 Background: Endometrial cancers (ECs) classified as low-, intermediate-, and high-risk, based on clinical and pathological features (CPF: Lurain, 2007) associated with 5%, 15%, and 25% risk of recurrence, respectively. The need for adjuvant chemotherapy in intermediate-risk patients is controversial. We examined whether gene expression profiling can more accurately predict the prognosis of ECs, excluding the CPF-based high-risk group. Methods: Tumor specimens were obtained from 136 ECs including 14 recurrences, excluding high-risk cases. Gene expression profiles were achieved using a custom array consisting of 85 genes associated with EC recurrence and 20 internal controls that were previously screened. We established the gene scoring model (GSM) for recurrence by the logistic regression model in randomly selected 68 ECs including 7 recurrences, and evaluated the accuracy of GSM in other 68 ECs including 7 recurrences. This process was repeated 100 times. We calculated the mean accuracy of GSM and compared it with the accuracy of CPF. We also compared GSM and CPF with respect to progression-free survival (PFS) by use of the log-rank test. Results: Median age of all cases was 58 (29-86) years, and stage, histologic grade, and risk classification based on CPF were as follows: (I, 107; II, 15; III, 14), (G1, 69; G2, 57; G3, 10), and (low, 67; intermediate, 69). The median follow-up period was 1830 (1626-3444) days. The GSM was established based on the expression of 4 genes (PRCC, SPC25, PXDN, and LBXCOR1) and 10 internal controls. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of GSM to predict recurrence was 0.87 in 68 test cases. Based on the CPF, 68 cases were classified as 30 low-risk and 38 intermediate-risk, and the sensitivity and specificity of CPF was 86% and 48% each in the 68 test cases. When sensitivity of GSM was fixed at 86%, specificity of 67% was achieved, and 68 cases were classified as 42 risk (-) and 26 risk (+). PFS was significantly related with GSM (p = 0.006); however, it was not related with CPF (p = 0.09). Conclusions: GSM can predict the prognosis of ECs (low- and intermediate-risk) more precisely than CPF.

scholarly journals A Four-Gene-Based Prognostic Model Predicts Overall Survival in Patients With Cutaneous Melanoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoxia Tong ◽  
Xiaofei Qu ◽  
Mengyun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Cutaneous Melanoma ◽  
Cox Regression ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Score Model

BackgroundCutaneous melanoma (CM) is one of the most aggressive cancers with highly metastatic ability. To make things worse, there are limited effective therapies to treat advanced CM. Our study aimed to investigate new biomarkers for CM prognosis and establish a novel risk score system in CM.MethodsGene expression data of CM from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets were downloaded and analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The overlapped DEGs were then verified for prognosis analysis by univariate and multivariate COX regression in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) datasets. Based on the gene signature of multiple survival associated DEGs, a risk score model was established, and its prognostic and predictive role was estimated through Kaplan-Meier (K-M) analysis and log-rank test. Furthermore, the correlations between prognosis related genes expression and immune infiltrates were analyzed via Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER) site.ResultsA total of 103 DEGs were obtained based on GEO cohorts, and four genes were verified in TCGA datasets. Subsequently, four genes (ADAMDEC1, GNLY, HSPA13, and TRIM29) model was developed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. The K-M plots showed that the high-risk group was associated with shortened survival than that in the low-risk group (P < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis suggested that the model was an independent prognostic factor (high-risk vs. low-risk, HR= 2.06, P < 0.001). Meanwhile, the high-risk group was prone to have larger breslow depth (P< 0.001) and ulceration (P< 0.001).ConclusionsThe four-gene risk score model functions well in predicting the prognosis and treatment response in CM and will be useful for guiding therapeutic strategies for CM patients. Additional clinical trials are needed to verify our findings.

CSF1R Expression of Hodgkin Reed Sternberg Cells Is Associated with the Number of Macrophages in the Tumor Microenvironment and Is Correlated with Treatment Outcome

Blood ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 118 (21) ◽  
pp. 427-427
Author(s):  
Christian Steidl ◽  
Arjan Diepstra ◽  
Tang Lee ◽  
Pedro Farinha ◽  
Adele Telenius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Overall Survival ◽  
Treatment Outcome ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Treatment Failure ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Intermediate Risk ◽  
Chi Square

Abstract Abstract 427 Introduction: Despite modern treatment strategies, about 20% of patients with classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) die due to progressive disease. Little is known about the pathobiology underlying treatment failure, in part because the molecular phenotype of the rare malignant Hodgkin Reed Sternberg (HRS) cells is difficult to study. We recently reported associations of the expression profiles of microdissected HRS cells with primary treatment outcome (Steidl et al, ASH abstract 2009). The aim of this study was to explore possible mechanisms and validate these findings. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-nine cases of cHL treated with curative intent and that had mature follow-up (median 7.8 years) were evaluated by gene expression profiling (GEP) to discover differences between patients experiencing treatment failure, defined as disease progression at any time after initiation of primary therapy (n=14), and success, defined as the absence of progression (n=15). For validation experiments, CSF1R mRNA in-situ hybridization (ISH) was performed on 166 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded pretreatment lymph node biopsies of cHL on a tissue microarray (TMA). Results were correlated with CD68 IHC available through a previous study (Steidl et al, NEJM 2010), and survival times. All patients received at least 4 cycles of ABVD-type polychemotherapy and stage-dependent radiotherapy. RESULTS: After dichotomizing the gene expression profiles according to the two primary treatment outcome groups, we found 42 up-regulated and 26 down-regulated genes in the treatment failure group (raw p<0.05). Specifically, using Ingenuity pathway analysis, we found genes involved in the developmental process of macrophages over-expressed in treatment failure samples. We chose CSF1R as representative of this overexpression for subsequent validation. For CSF1R ISH, 132 cases were evaluable, 63 cases (48%) stained positively in HRS cells. CSF1R positivity in HRS cells was correlated with non-nodular sclerosis histology (p=0.003, Chi-Square), the number of CD68+ cells in the tumor microenvironment (p=0.024, Chi-Square) and primary treatment failure (p=0.039, Chi-Square). Accordingly, CSF1R+ cases showed inferior progression-free (p=0.0114, log rank) and overall survival (p=0.0468, log rank). By combining CSF1R ISH with CD68 immunohistochemistry (IHC) we were able to define three risk groups: low-risk (CSF1R HRS-negative, CD68 low), high-risk (CSF1R HRS-positive, CD68 high) and an intermediate-risk group (all other patients). 10-year progression-free survival rates were significantly different (p=0.0008): 75% (n=24, low-risk), 42% (n=56, intermediate-risk) and 19.5% (n=52, high-risk). In a multivariate Cox regression model including the combined score and all factors of the International Prognostic Factors Project Score, the combined ISH/IHC score retained prognostic independence for progression-free (p=0.002) and overall survival (p=0.05). DISCUSSION: Using GEP of microdissected HRS cells we identified a gene signature of macrophage function in HRS cells that was correlated with adverse first line treatment outcome. The correlation of CSF1R expression in HRS cells with numbers of tumor-associated macrophages in the microenvironment suggests a functionally important interaction of HRS cells with macrophages via CSF-1 receptor signaling. These data using clinical samples are in agreement with a recently described functional role of CSF1R-dependent signaling in HL cell lines (Lamprecht et al., Nature Medicine 2010) and suggest CSF1R as a drug target of unfavorable risk cHL. Furthermore, the predictive power of a combined ISH/IHC score, reflecting this underlying biology linked to treatment failure in cHL, might be useful for risk stratification in future clinical trials. Disclosures: Connors: Roche: Research Funding.

scholarly journals Identification of Immune-Related Prognostic Biomarkers Associated with HPV-Positive Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-23
Author(s):  
Yifei Chen ◽  
Jin Nie ◽  
Xiangsheng Li ◽  
Tao Fan ◽  
Xiaowen Deng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Squamous Cell Carcinoma ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Cell Carcinoma ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Survival Prognosis ◽  
Scoring Model ◽  
Risk Scoring

Background. As a type of malignant tumor, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) seriously threatens human health. This study is aimed at constructing a new, reliable prognostic model. Method. The gene expression profile data of HNSCC patients were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases. The immune-related differentially expressed genes (IRDEGs) related to HNSCC were identified. We then used Cox regression analysis and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) analysis to explore IRDEGs related to the HNSCC prognosis and to construct and validate a risk scoring model and used ESTIMATE to evaluate tumor immune infiltration in HNSCC patients. Finally, we validated IGSF5 expression and function in HNSCC cells. Results. A total of 1,195 IRDEGs were found from the GSE65858 dataset. Thirty-one of the 1,195 IRDEGs were associated with the prognosis of HNSCC. Nine key IRDEGs were further selected using the LASSO method, and a risk scoring model was established for predicting the survival of HNSCC patients. According to the risk scoring model, the prognosis of patients in the high-risk group was worse than that of the low-risk group; the high-risk group had significantly higher immune scores than the low-risk group; and between the high- and low-risk samples, there were significant differences in the proportion of 10 types of cells, including naive cells, plasma cells, and resting CD4+ memory T cells. IGSF5 has low expression in HNSCC, and overexpression of IGSF5 significantly impaired HNSCC cell proliferation. Conclusion. This prognostic risk assessment model can help systematically evaluate the survival prognosis of HNSCC patients and provides a new research direction for the improvement of the survival prognosis of HNSCC patients in clinical practice.

scholarly journals SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in Healthcare Workers in Germany: A Follow-Up Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4540
Author(s):  
Johannes Korth ◽  
Benjamin Wilde ◽  
Sebastian Dolff ◽  
Jasmin Frisch ◽  
Michael Jahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Healthcare Workers ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Virus Transmission ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Intermediate Risk ◽  
Igg Antibody

SARS-CoV-2 is a worldwide challenge for the medical sector. Healthcare workers (HCW) are a cohort vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection due to frequent and close contact with COVID-19 patients. However, they are also well trained and equipped with protective gear. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody status was assessed at three different time points in 450 HCW of the University Hospital Essen in Germany. HCW were stratified according to contact frequencies with COVID-19 patients in (I) a high-risk group with daily contacts with known COVID-19 patients (n = 338), (II) an intermediate-risk group with daily contacts with non-COVID-19 patients (n = 78), and (III) a low-risk group without patient contacts (n = 34). The overall seroprevalence increased from 2.2% in March–May to 4.0% in June–July to 5.1% in October–December. The SARS-CoV-2 IgG detection rate was not significantly different between the high-risk group (1.8%; 3.8%; 5.5%), the intermediate-risk group (5.1%; 6.3%; 6.1%), and the low-risk group (0%, 0%, 0%). The overall SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence remained low in HCW in western Germany one year after the outbreak of COVID-19 in Germany, and hygiene standards seemed to be effective in preventing patient-to-staff virus transmission.

scholarly journals Sernbo score predicts survival after intracapsular hip fracture in the elderly

2013 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
EJC Dawe ◽  
E Lindisfarne ◽  
T Singh ◽  
I McFadyen ◽  
P Stott
Keyword(s):  
Hip Fracture ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Characteristic Curve ◽  
Social Situation ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Risk Of Death ◽  
Intracapsular Hip Fracture ◽  
The Mean

Introduction The Sernbo score uses four factors (age, social situation, mobility and mental state) to divide patients into a high-risk and a low-risk group. This study sought to assess the use of the Sernbo score in predicting mortality after an intracapsular hip fracture. Methods A total of 259 patients with displaced intracapsular hip fractures were included in the study. Data from prospectively generated databases provided 22 descriptive variables for each patient. These included operative management, blood tests and co-mobidities. Multivariate analysis was used to identify significant predictors of mortality. Results The mean patient age was 85 years and the mean follow-up duration was 1.5 years. The one-year survival rate was 92% (±0.03) in the low-risk group and 65% (±0.046) in the high-risk group. Four variables predicted mortality: Sernbo score >15 (p=0.0023), blood creatinine (p=0.0026), ASA (American Society of Anaesthesiologists) grade >3 (p=0.0038) and non-operative treatment (p=0.0377). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed the Sernbo score as the only predictor of 30-day mortality (area under curve 0.71 [0.65–0.76]). The score had a sensitivity of 92% and a specificity of 51% for prediction of death at 30 days. Conclusions The Sernbo score identifies patients at high risk of death in the 30 days following injury. This very simple score could be used to direct extra early multidisciplinary input to high-risk patients on admission with an intracapsular hip fracture.

Association of pathological response to neoadjuvant pembrolizumab with tumor PD-L1 expression and high disease-free survival (DFS) in patients with resectable, local-regionally advanced, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 6006-6006
Author(s):  
Trisha Michel Wise-Draper ◽  
Vinita Takiar ◽  
Michelle Lynn Mierzwa ◽  
Keith Casper ◽  
Sarah Palackdharry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Immune Checkpoint Blockade ◽  
Skin Wound ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Pathological Response ◽  
Intermediate Risk ◽  
Positive Margins ◽  
Post Surgery

6006 Background: Patients with resected HNSCC, with high-risk (positive margins, extracapsular spread [ECE]) or intermediate-risk pathological features have an estimated 1-year DFS of 65% and 69%, respectively. Immune checkpoint blockade improved survival of patients with recurrent/metastatic HNSCC, and preclinical models indicate radiotherapy (RT) synergizes with anti-PD-1. Therefore, we administered the PD-1 inhibitor pembrolizumab (pembro) pre- and post-surgery with adjuvant RT +/- cisplatin in patients with resectable, locoregionally advanced (clinical T3/4 and/or ≥2 nodal metastases) HNSCC (NCT02641093). Methods: Eligible patients received pembro (200 mg I.V. x 1) 1-3 weeks before resection. Adjuvant pembro (q3 wks x 6 doses) was administered with RT (60-66Gy) with or without weekly cisplatin (40mg/m2 X 6) for patients with high-risk and intermediate-risk features, respectively. The primary endpoint was 1-year DFS estimated by Kaplan Meier curves. Safety was evaluated by CTCAE v5.0. Pathological response (PR) to neoadjuvant pembro was evaluated by comparing pre- and post-surgical tumor specimens for treatment effect (TE), defined as tumor necrosis and/or histiocytic inflammation and giant cell reaction to keratinaceous debris. PR was classified as no (NPR, < 20%), partial (PPR, ≥20% and < 90%) and major (MPR, ≥90%). Tumor PD-L1 immunohistochemistry was performed with 22c3 antibody and reported as combined positive score (CPS). Results: Ninety-two patients were enrolled. Seventy-six patients received adjuvant pembro and were evaluable for DFS. Patient characteristics included: median age 58 (range 27 – 80) years; 32% female; 88% oral cavity, 8% larynx, and 3% human papillomavirus negative oropharynx; 86% clinical T3/4 and 65% ≥2N; 49 (53%) high-risk (positive margins, 45%; ECE, 78%); 64% (44/69 available) had PD-L1 CPS ≥1. At a median follow-up of 20 months, 1-year DFS was 67% (95%CI 0.52-0.85) in the high-risk group and 93% (95%CI 0.84-1) in the intermediate-risk group. Among 80 patients evaluable for PR, TE scoring resulted in 48 NPR, 26 PPR and 6 MPR. Patients with PPR/MPR had significantly improved 1-year DFS when compared with those with NPR (100% versus 68%, p = 0.01; HR = 0.23). PD-L1 CPS ≥ 1 was not independently associated with 1-year DFS, but was highly associated with MPR/PPR (p = 0.0007). PPR/MPR in PD-L1 CPS < 1, ≥1 and ≥20, were estimated as 20, 55 and 90%, respectively. Grade ≥ 3 adverse events occurred in 62% patients with most common including dysphagia (15%), neutropenia (15%), skin/wound infections (10%), and mucositis (9%). Conclusions: PR to neoadjuvant pembro is associated with PD-L1 CPS≥1 and high DFS in patients with resectable, local-regionally advanced, HNSCC. Clinical trial information: NCT02641093.

scholarly journals Identification and Validation of a Predictive Immune-related Genes Signature for the Prognosis of Cholangiocarcinoma

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Chen Chen ◽  
Qi Li ◽  
Jialu Fu ◽  
Dong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
T Cells ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Risk Score ◽  
Risk Model ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Gene Expression Profiles ◽  
The Cancer Genome Atlas ◽  
Immune Related Genes

Abstract Background: Immune-related genes (IRGs) play a crucial role in the initiation and progression of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). However, immune signatures have rarely been used to predict prognosis of CCA. The aim of this study was to construct a novel model for CCA to predict survival based on IRGs expression data.Methods: The gene expression profiles and clinical data of CCA patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database were integrated to establish and validate prognostic IRG signatures. Differentially expressed immune-related genes were screened. Univariate and multivariate Cox analysis were performed to identify prognostic IRGs, and the risk model that predicts outcomes was constructed. Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and Kaplan-Meier curve were plotted to examine predictive accuracy of the model, and a nomogram was constructed based on IRGs signature, combining with other clinical characteristics. Finally, CIBERSORT was used to analyze the association of immune cells infiltration with risk score.Results: We identified that 223 IRGs were significantly dysregulated in patients with CCA, among which five IRGs (AVPR1B, CST4, TDGF1, RAET1E and IL9R) were identified as robust indicators for overall survival (OS), and a prognostic model was built based on the IRGs signature. Meanwhile, patients with high risk had worse OS in training and validation cohort, and the area under the ROC was 0.898 and 0.846, respectively. Nomogram demonstrated that immune risk score contributed much more points than other clinicopathological variables, with a C-index of 0.819 (95% CI, 0.727-0.911). Finally, we found that IRGs signature was positively correlated with the proportion of CD8+ T cells, neurophils and T gamma delta, while negatively with that of CD4+ memory resting T cells.Conclusions: We established and validated an effective five IRGs-based prediction model for CCA, which could accurately classify patients into groups with low and high risk of poor prognosis.

Adjuvant Chemotherapy Guidance for pT1-3N0-1 Breast Cancer Patients with HR+, HER2- subtype: a study based on SEER database

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
juanjuan Qiu ◽  
Li Xu ◽  
Yu Wang ◽  
Jia Zhang ◽  
Jiqiao Yang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Prognostic Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Breast Cancer Patients ◽  
Group Score

Abstract Background Although the results of gene testing can guide early breast cancer patients with HR+, HER2- to decide whether they need chemotherapy, there are still many patients worldwide whose problems cannot be solved well by genetic testing. Methods 144 735 patients with HR+, HER2-, pT1-3N0-1 breast cancer from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database were included from 2010 to 2015. They were divided into chemotherapy (n = 38 392) and no chemotherapy (n = 106 343) group, and after propensity score matching, 23 297 pairs of patients were left. Overall survival (OS) and breast cancer-specific survival (BCSS) were tested by Kaplan–Meier plot and log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to identify independent prognostic factors. A nomogram was constructed and validated by C-index and calibrate curves. Patients were divided into high- or low-risk group according to their nomogram score using X-tile. Results Patients receiving chemotherapy had better OS before and after matching (p < 0.05) but BCSS was not significantly different between patients with and without chemotherapy after matching: hazard ratio (HR) 1.005 (95%CI 0.897, 1.126). Independent prognostic factors were included to construct the nomogram to predict BCSS of patients without chemotherapy. Patients in the high-risk group (score > 238) can get better OS HR 0.583 (0.507, 0.671) and BCSS HR 0.791 (0.663, 0.944) from chemotherapy but the low-risk group (score ≤ 238) cannot. Conclusion The well-validated nomogram and a risk stratification model was built. Patients in the high-risk group should receive chemotherapy while patients in low-risk group may be exempt from chemotherapy.

Abstract TP387: Abcd 2 Score Predicts The Long-term Risk Of Stroke After Transient Ischemic Attack: Fukuoka Stroke Registry

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuhiro Kumai ◽  
Takuya Kiyohara ◽  
Masahiro Kamouchi ◽  
Sohei Yoshimura ◽  
Hiroshi Sugimori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Transient Ischemic Attack ◽  
Risk Group ◽  
High Risk Group ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Moderate Risk ◽  
Stroke Registry ◽  
Ischemic Attack

Background and Purpose— ABCD 2 score has been developed to predict the early risk of stroke after transient ischemic attack (TIA). The aim of this study was to clarify whether ABCD 2 score predicts the occurrence of stroke in the long term after TIA. Methods— Fukuoka Stroke Registry (FSR) is a multicenter epidemiological study database on acute stoke. From June 2007 to June 2011, 496 (305 males, 70 ± 13 years of age) patients who had suffered from TIA and were hospitalized in the 7 stroke centers within 7 days after the onset of TIA were enrolled in this study. The patients were divided into three groups according to the risk: low-risk (ABCD 2 score 0-3; n=72), moderate-risk (4-5; n=229) and high-risk group (6-7; n=195). They were followed up prospectively for up to 3 years. Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to elucidate whether ABCD 2 score was a predictor for stroke after TIA after adjusting for confounding factors. Results— Among three groups, there were significant differences in age, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and the decrease in estimated glomerular filtration rate (P<0.01, significantly). During a mean follow-up of 1.3 years, Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated that the stroke rate in TIA patients was significantly lower in low-risk group than in moderate-risk or high-risk group (log rank test, p<0.001). The adjusted hazard ratios for stroke in patients with TIA increased with moderate-risk group (Hazard ratio [HR]: 3.47, 95% CI: 1.03-21.66, P<0.05) and high-risk group (HR: 4.46, 95% CI: 1.31-27.85, P<0.05), compared to low-risk group. Conclusions— The ABCD 2 score is able to predict the long-term risk of stroke after TIA.

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