Thermodynamic Equilibrium

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
John H. S. Lee ◽  
K. Ramamurthi
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Equilibrium

Multi- and In-Stabilities in Gas Partitioning Between Nanoporous Materials and Rubber Balloons

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory Simon ◽  
carlo carraro
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Stable States ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Adsorbed Gas ◽  
Rubber Balloon ◽  
Balloon Size ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Balloon Experiment ◽  
Adsorbent System ◽  
Balloon System

<div>In the two-balloon experiment, two rubber balloons are connected and allowed to exchange gas. Owing to the non-monotonic relationship between the radius of the balloon and the pressure of gas inside of it, the two-balloon system presents multi- and in-stabilities.</div><div><br></div><div>Herein, we consider a two-adsorbent system, where two different adsorbents are allowed to exchange gas. We show that, for rigid adsorbents, the thermodynamic equilibrium state is unique.</div><div><br></div><div>Then, we consider an adsorbent-balloon system, where an adsorbent exchanges gas with a rubber balloon. This system can exhibit multiple states at thermodynamic equilibrium-- two (meta)stable and one unstable. The size of the balloon, pressure of gas in the balloon, and partitioning of gas between the adsorbent and the balloon differ among the equilibrium states. Temperature changes and the addition/removal of gas into/from the adsorbent-balloon system can induce catastrophe bifurcations and show hysteresis. Furthermore, the adsorbent-balloon system exhibits a critical temperature where, when approached from below, the discrepancy of balloon size between the two (meta)stable states decreases and, beyond, bistability is impossible.</div><div><br></div><div>Practically, our findings preclude multiple partitions of adsorbed gas in rigid mixed-linker metal-organic frameworks and may inspire new soft actuator and sensor designs.</div>

Blackbody Radiation, Boltzmann Statistics, Temperature, and Thermodynamic Equilibrium

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Chance ◽  
Randall V. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Photophysical Properties ◽  
Blackbody Radiation ◽  
Boltzmann Constant ◽  
Noise Sources ◽  
Atmospheric Molecules ◽  
Tightly Coupled ◽  
Boltzmann Statistics ◽  
Planck’S Law

Blackbody radiation, temperature, and thermodynamic equilibrium give a tightly coupled description of systems (atmospheres, volumes, surfaces) that obey Boltzmann statistics. They provide descriptions of systems when Boltzmann statistics apply, either approximately or nearly exactly. These apply most of the time in the Earth’s stratosphere and troposphere, and in other planetary atmospheres as long as the density is sufficient that collisions among atmospheric molecules, rather than photochemical and photophysical properties, determine the energy populations of the ensemble of molecules. Thermodynamic equilibrium and the approximation of local thermodynamic equilibrium are introduced. Boltzmann statistics, blackbody radiation, and Planck’s law are described. The chapter introduces the Rayleigh-Jeans limit, description of noise sources as temperatures, Kirchoff’s law, the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, and Wien’s law.

scholarly journals Exploring the spatial heterogeneity and temporal homogeneity of ambient PM10 in nine core cities of China

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rui Feng ◽  
Rong Zhou ◽  
Weiwei Shi ◽  
Nanjing Shi ◽  
Xuekun Fang
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Heterogeneity ◽  
Thermodynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Air Pollutants ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Yangtze River Delta ◽  
River Delta ◽  
Hebei Plain ◽  
Predominant Factor ◽  
Inorganic Aerosol ◽  
The Pearl River

AbstractWe focus on the causes of fluctuations in wintertime PM10 in nine regional core cities of China using two machine learning models, Random Forest (RF) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). RF and RNN both show high performance in predicting hourly PM10 using only gaseous air pollutants (SO2, NO2 and CO) as inputs, showing the predominance of the secondary inorganic aerosol and implying the existence of thermodynamic equilibrium between gaseous air pollutants and PM10. Also, we find the following results. The correlation of gaseous air pollutants and PM10 were more relevant than that of meteorological conditions and PM10. CO was the predominant factor for PM10 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain and the Yangtze River Delta while SO2 and NO2 were also important features for PM10 in the Pearl River Delta and Sichuan Basin. The spatial heterogeneity and temporal homogeneity of PM10 in China are revealed. The long-range transported PM10 was substantiated to be insignificant, except in the sandstorms. The severity of PM10 was attributable to the lopsided shift of thermodynamic equilibrium and the phenology of indigenous flora.

Research Progress on Photocatalytic Activation of Methane to Methanol

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu dong Tian ◽  
Lingyu Piao ◽  
Xiaobo Chen
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Conversion Of Methane ◽  
Thermocatalytic Conversion

The conversion of methane (CH4) to methanol (CH3OH) has attracted much attention in catalysis. However, the traditional thermocatalytic conversion of CH4 to CH3OH is largely restricted by the thermodynamic equilibrium...

Thermodynamic equilibrium of bismuth hydrometallurgy in chloride and nitrate solutions

2004 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun-yan Wang ◽  
Wen-jie Peng ◽  
Li-yuan Chai
Keyword(s):  
Thermodynamic Equilibrium ◽  
Nitrate Solutions
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