A Review of Classic Physiological Systems

2009 ◽  
pp. 1-42
Keyword(s):  
Physiological Systems

Oxford Cases in Medicine and Surgery

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Farne ◽  
Edward Norris-Cervetto ◽  
James Warbrick-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Chest Pain ◽  
Case History ◽  
Clinical Medicine ◽  
Real Life ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Diagnostic Approach ◽  
History Taking ◽  
Presenting Symptoms ◽  
Essential Resource ◽  
Physiological Systems

Oxford Cases in Medicine and Surgery, second edition, teaches students a logical step-by-step diagnostic approach to common patient presentations. This approach mirrors that used by successful clinicians on the wards, challenging students with questions at each stage of a case (history-taking, examination, investigation, management). In tackling these questions, students understand how to critically analyse information and learn to integrate their existing knowledge to a real-life scenario from start to finish. Each chapter focuses on a common presenting symptom (e.g. chest pain). By starting with a symptom, mirroring real life settings, students learn to draw on their knowledge of different physiological systems - for example, cardiology, respiratory, gastroenterology - at the same time. All the major presenting symptoms in general medicine and surgery are covered, together with a broad range of pathologies. This book is an essential resource for all medicine students, and provides a modern, well-rounded introduction to life on the wards. Ideal for those starting out in clinical medicine and an ideal refresher for those revising for OSCEs and finals.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Nanomedicine for the Treatment of Atherosclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 3185
Author(s):  
Linsey J. F. Peters ◽  
Alexander Jans ◽  
Matthias Bartneck ◽  
Emiel P. C. van der Vorst
Keyword(s):  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Research Field ◽  
General Introduction ◽  
Cellular Receptors ◽  
Cellular Processes ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Current Therapies ◽  
Based Medicine ◽  
Physiological Systems

Atherosclerosis is the main underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which remain the number one contributor to mortality worldwide. Although current therapies can slow down disease progression, no treatment is available that can fully cure or reverse atherosclerosis. Nanomedicine, which is the application of nanotechnology in medicine, is an emerging field in the treatment of many pathologies, including CVDs. It enables the production of drugs that interact with cellular receptors, and allows for controlling cellular processes after entering these cells. Nanomedicine aims to repair, control and monitor biological and physiological systems via nanoparticles (NPs), which have been shown to be efficient drug carriers. In this review we will, after a general introduction, highlight the advantages and limitations of the use of such nano-based medicine, the potential applications and targeting strategies via NPs. For example, we will provide a detailed discussion on NPs that can target relevant cellular receptors, such as integrins, or cellular processes related to atherogenesis, such as vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. Furthermore, we will underline the (ongoing) clinical trials focusing on NPs in CVDs, which might bring new insights into this research field.

scholarly journals RNAseq shows an all-pervasive day-night rhythm in the transcriptome of the pacemaker of the heart

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanwen Wang ◽  
Cali Anderson ◽  
Halina Dobrzynski ◽  
George Hart ◽  
Alicia D’Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Sick Sinus Syndrome ◽  
Sinus Node ◽  
Signalling Pathways ◽  
Resting Heart Rate ◽  
Ion Channel Regulation ◽  
Channel Regulation ◽  
Physiological Systems

AbstractPhysiological systems vary in a day-night manner anticipating increased demand at a particular time. Heart is no exception. Cardiac output is primarily determined by heart rate and unsurprisingly this varies in a day-night manner and is higher during the day in the human (anticipating increased day-time demand). Although this is attributed to a day-night rhythm in post-translational ion channel regulation in the heart’s pacemaker, the sinus node, by the autonomic nervous system, we investigated whether there is a day-night rhythm in transcription. RNAseq revealed that ~ 44% of the sinus node transcriptome (7134 of 16,387 transcripts) has a significant day-night rhythm. The data revealed the oscillating components of an intrinsic circadian clock. Presumably this clock (or perhaps the master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus) is responsible for the rhythm observed in the transcriptional machinery, which in turn is responsible for the rhythm observed in the transcriptome. For example, there is a rhythm in transcripts responsible for the two principal pacemaker mechanisms (membrane and Ca2+ clocks), transcripts responsible for receptors and signalling pathways known to control pacemaking, transcripts from genes identified by GWAS as determinants of resting heart rate, and transcripts from genes responsible for familial and acquired sick sinus syndrome.

Functional Parameters of Physiological Systems of Laboratory Primates after Administration of Doxorubicin and Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells

2018 ◽  
Vol 165 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
V. Z. Agrba ◽  
V. Z. Agrba ◽  
D. D. Karal-ogly ◽  
S. Sh. Kal’sina ◽  
A. G. Konoplyannikov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Functional Parameters ◽  
Physiological Systems

scholarly journals Contribution of two-pore K+ channels to cardiac ventricular action potential revealed using human iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes

2017 ◽  
Vol 312 (6) ◽  
pp. H1144-H1153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Chai ◽  
Xiaoping Wan ◽  
Drew M. Nassal ◽  
Haiyan Liu ◽  
Christine S. Moravec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Action Potential ◽  
Expression Profile ◽  
Cardiac Electrophysiology ◽  
Human Heart ◽  
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell ◽  
Heart Tissue ◽  
Induced Pluripotent ◽  
Interfering Rna ◽  
Human Ipsc ◽  
Physiological Systems

Two-pore K+ (K2p) channels have been described in modulating background conductance as leak channels in different physiological systems. In the heart, the expression of K2p channels is heterogeneous with equivocation regarding their functional role. Our objective was to determine the K2p expression profile and their physiological and pathophysiological contribution to cardiac electrophysiology. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated from humans were differentiated into cardiomyocytes (iPSC-CMs). mRNA was isolated from these cells, commercial iPSC-CM (iCells), control human heart ventricular tissue (cHVT), and ischemic (iHF) and nonischemic heart failure tissues (niHF). We detected 10 K2p channels in the heart. Comparing quantitative PCR expression of K2p channels between human heart tissue and iPSC-CMs revealed K2p1.1, K2p2.1, K2p5.1, and K2p17.1 to be higher expressed in cHVT, whereas K2p3.1 and K2p13.1 were higher in iPSC-CMs. Notably, K2p17.1 was significantly lower in niHF tissues compared with cHVT. Action potential recordings in iCells after K2p small interfering RNA knockdown revealed prolongations in action potential depolarization at 90% repolarization for K2p2.1, K2p3.1, K2p6.1, and K2p17.1. Here, we report the expression level of 10 human K2p channels in iPSC-CMs and how they compared with cHVT. Importantly, our functional electrophysiological data in human iPSC-CMs revealed a prominent role in cardiac ventricular repolarization for four of these channels. Finally, we also identified K2p17.1 as significantly reduced in niHF tissues and K2p4.1 as reduced in niHF compared with iHF. Thus, we advance the notion that K2p channels are emerging as novel players in cardiac ventricular electrophysiology that could also be remodeled in cardiac pathology and therefore contribute to arrhythmias. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Two-pore K+ (K2p) channels are traditionally regarded as merely background leak channels in myriad physiological systems. Here, we describe the expression profile of K2p channels in human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes and outline a salient role in cardiac repolarization and pathology for multiple K2p channels.

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