Abstract
Expression of the LHβ gene has been shown to be modulated by both the orphan nuclear receptor, steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), and the early growth response protein 1, Egr-1. It is also well known that LHβ mRNA levels are increased after hormonal activation of the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling system, for example by GnRH; however, the mechanisms by which the PKC system exerts this effect has not been fully characterized. By transient transfection of the GH3 cell line, we demonstrate that activation of the PKC system with the phorbol ester, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), increases activity of region −207/+5 of the rat LHβ gene promoter (∼2-fold) and markedly augments SF-1-induced stimulation (95-fold in the presence of both factors vs. 13-fold for SF-1 alone). Mutation of the two previously identified Egr-1 sites not only prevents Egr-1 effects on the LHβ gene promoter, but also eliminates the synergistic response to PMA and SF-1 together, findings that were confirmed in a longer construct spanning region −797/+5. In the gonadotrope-derived cell line,α T3–1, these mutations eliminate the GnRH responsiveness of the− 207/+5 LHβ promoter construct. We next show that PMA treatment (GH3 and αT3–1 cells) or GnRH treatment (αT3–1 cells) induces expression of Egr-1, as detected by Egr-1 interaction with Egr-1 DNA-binding sites in the rat LHβ gene promoter sequence. Furthermore, we demonstrate that PMA increases steady-state Egr-1 mRNA levels via increased Egr-1 transcription. We conclude that PMA-induced stimulation of LHβ gene expression is achieved, at least in part, by induction of Egr-1 expression.
Sp1, Steroidogenic Factor 1 (SF-1), and Early Growth Response Protein 1 (Egr-1) Binding Sites Form a Tripartite Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Response Element in the Rat Luteinizing Hormone-β Gene Promoter: an Integral Role for SF-1