scholarly journals Osmotic Regulation in Gunda ulvae

1934 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 382-396
Author(s):  
L. C. BEADLE
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Vascular System ◽  
Stream Water ◽  
Calcium Deficiency ◽  
The Other ◽  
Osmotic Resistance ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Active Processes ◽  
The Individual

1. The triclad turbellarian Gunda ulvae in its normal habitat is daily subjected both to sea water and to pure stream water. Under experimental conditions it can live permanently in any concentration of sea water down to 5 per cent. It is thus able to maintain a relatively constant internal against a rapidly changing external environment. 2. The manner in which this is done is suggested by the results of the above experiments, from which it is concluded that the following is the course of events when the animal is transferred from pure to dilute sea water (e.g. 10 per cent.): (a) An initial inflow of water through the ectoderm into the parenchyma which causes swelling and a temporary lowering of activity. (b) This water is taken up by the gut cells in the form of intracellular vacuoles, a process which entails expenditure of energy and can be inhibited by cyanide. The parenchyma is thus restored to its original condition and full activity is recovered. (c) After the initial inflow of water the animal begins to set up a resistance, which appears to be effected by a decrease of permeability to water of the ectodermal membrane. (d This resistance is maintained and the gut cells remain vacuolated so long as the animal is kept in dilute sea water. 3. The excretory (water-vascular) system plays no obvious part in this mechanism. 4. Distinction must be drawn between the ultimate impermeability of the ectoderm considered as a membrane and the osmotic resistance of the individual cells of this layer and of the other tissues. The permeability of the ectodermal membrane can be reversibly increased by calcium deficiency, but the osmotic resistance of its individual cells cannot be broken down by these means. This can be brought about by decreasing the osmotic pressure of the water to that of 2 per cent, sea water. Under these conditions the presence of calcium may retard but does not prevent the final swelling and disintegration of the cells, a process which is irreversible. 5. It is suggested that both vacuole formation by the gut cells and the osmotic resistance set up by the individual cells of the other tissues are active processes entailing expenditure of energy, whereas the resistance of the ectodermal membrane to inflow of water into the parenchyma is a passive impermeability.

A unified interpretation of interferometric and holographic fringe patterns in photoelasticity

1978 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-102 ◽  
Author(s):  
P S Theocaris ◽  
E E Gdoutos
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Method ◽  
Infinite Plate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Spatial Frequencies ◽  
Mechanical Interference ◽  
Stress Directions ◽  
Fringe Patterns ◽  
The Individual

A unified interpretation of interferometric and holographic fringe patterns obtained from birefringent materials is presented by using physical concepts only. The two fundamental fringe systems, corresponding to the individual stress-optical retardations along the principal stress directions, are considered to recombine mechanically for the formation of isochromatic and isopachic fringe patterns. This mechanical interference is shown to be more pronounced only when certain conditions concerning the position and the spatial frequencies of the original systems are satisfied. It is shown that only one of the isochromatic and isopachic fringe patterns, corresponding to the shorter diagonals of the individual quadrangles, formed by the two initial fundamental fringe systems, is obtained under normal experimental conditions, and that it is possible to have in one region of the pattern one system and in another region the other. Both isochromatics and isopachics can be obtained only when special precautions are taken during the application of the particular experimental method. The factors influencing the formation of either the isochromatics or the isopachics, or both, are indicated and analysed. The existing confusion in the literature concerning the interpretation of holo-interferometric patterns is thoroughly discussed and clarified. Two simple examples—that is, the circular disc in diametral compression and the infinite plate with a circular hole in tension—are selected to show the main features in this interpretation.

Effect of Zinc Dithiocarbamates on NR Vulcanization Accelerated by Thiocarbamyl Sulfenamides and Dibenzothiazyl Disulfide

1986 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rabindra Nath Datta ◽  
Dipak Kumar Basu
Keyword(s):  
Retention Time ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Part ◽  
Individual Effect ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Retarding Effect ◽  
Early Reaction ◽  
The Individual

Abstract The hplc studies with all their limitations have been employed to obtain information regarding the vulcanization of rubber accelerated by CTOS and MBTS in the early part of the reaction. It is noticed that even in the initial part of the induction period (the scorch safety, t2, of the recipe is 10.5 min), CTOS and MBTS react so rapidly with each other and also with rubber that at the end of 10 min we could detect only MBT, while the concentration of the other components formed in the reaction—namely, CTOS, OBTS, CPTD, BPTD, PMTU, CPTM, BPTM, etc.—decreased to an extremely low level. We noticed that under the experimental conditions, OBTS and CPTU have the same retention time. This naturally obscures the path for understanding the individual effect of these accelerators. The sharp disappearance of OBTS, associated with the abundant formation of MBT and nonavailability of CPTU (from CPTD, Figure 11b), gives testimony to the fact that the unsymmetrical thiourea (PMTU) rather than the symmetrical one (CPTU) is solely formed in the vulcanizates under discussion. The accelerating as well as retarding effect of thiourea has been reported by Dućhac^ek in the vulcanization of NR. Substituted thiourea, namely, bis(oxydiethylene) thiourea, has also been shown to influence the vulcanization of SBR in the presence of a mixture of accelerators formed by the early reaction of OTOS and OBTS. The influence of PMTU, however, remains to be investigated, and studies in this line are being pursued. Also, we could not isolate the effect of MDB from that of CPTD, since both of them have the same retention time. From our experience, we know that in comparison with CPTD, the proportion of MDB formed under the experimental conditions is very low and, hence, it is believed that CPTD plays the major role. It has also been observed that BPTD rapidly transforms into BPTM which, as noticed by us, also influences vulcanization. It is concluded that in the binary system containing CTOS and MBTS, the intermediate accelerators, OBTS, CPTD, and BPTD play a vital role, and their growth and decay, either in the presence or absence of the ZDC, control the fate of the vulcanization reaction.

scholarly journals Note on the Regeneration of the Gill of Mytilus edulis

1931 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 551-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Cut Edge ◽  
Retarding Effect ◽  
Gill Filaments ◽  
Food Groove ◽  
Optimum Salinity

Experiments have shown that the gill of Mytilus is capable of regeneration, and that this may occur in less than eight months. It may be confined to the formation of a food grove at the cut edge of the gill, without appreciable regeneration in length of the gill filaments. Regeneration of a food groove appears always to occur at the cut edge, if the ends of the descending and ascending filaments are able to touch and so to fuse. On the other hand, regeneration of gill filaments does not seem to occur invariably, and when it does the rate is slow, at least under experimental conditions and in mussels of a length of about 7·0 to 8·0 cm., such as were used for the experiments: it is possible that regeneration would occur more surely and rapidly in young mussels, but owing to the thinness of the shell they would be more difficult to wedge open without fracturing. Coulthard (6, p. 136), however, says that “The rate of growth is independent of size in the mussel, being apparently influenced only by the environment.” Perhaps the lack of an abundant food supply under the conditions of the experiments should be taken into consideration, though it is well known that in general the amount of food available to an animal has little influence on regeneration (9, p. 27). The salinity of the water in general circulation is about 36–37°/oo, that is, higher than normal sea-water, which is about 35°/oo, and would be considerably higher than the optimum salinity for growth (see Flattely and Walton, 7, p. 81). This may also possibly have a retarding effect on the initiation of regeneration and the rate.

scholarly journals Odpowiedzialność człowieka za przyrodę w perspektywie kryzysu ekologicznego

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Kuzior
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Ecological Crisis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Generations ◽  
Natural Sources ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Radical Reduction ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual

The article takes up the issues connected to the ecological crisis, causes of which refer to uncontrolled scientifically-technical development, predatory administration of the natural sources of Earth and disrespect of the nature, following from the anthropocentric axiology, the analysis of the Stockholm’s Declaration, the Declaration from Rio and the declaration from Johannesburg, as documents forming the idea of the sustainable development, active that care and respect of nature and preventing degratation of natural environment make a basis of the agricultural and social development and the only rational way to get out of the ecological crisis without radical reduction the quality of human’s life. In discussed declarations they point out the individual, collective and institutional responsibility. It’s set up that the basis of the responsibility figured out like that - for the other human, for present and future generations, for the nature, for the global human’s society, for other communities of alive creatures, for the planet - should be ecophilosophy and systematic sozology. Basing on this two sciences we can make a socio-economical and ecological order indicated in the sustainable development conception.

ON THE SUBJECT OF ORDERLY OR LAWFUL BEHAVIOR

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 725-732
Author(s):  
C. ANDERSON ALDRICH
Keyword(s):  
Young Child ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Child Behavior ◽  
Corporal Punishment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent Origin ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Infants And Young Children

The problem of orderly and lawful behavior in young children has been faced realistically. It has been pointed out that infants and young children are influenced by two sets of codes: one, those prescribed by civilized man, and the other by their own inherent growth impulses. The characteristics of the two codes were mentioned, pointing out that the former were of recent origin, extremely variable in different geographic, cultural and even medical situations, and were imposed from without; and that the latter were of extreme antiquity, were on the whole consistent in every social set-up, and exerted their force from within the individual. It was shown that when the two systems regulating child behavior conflict, it is necessary either to train the child to ignore his growth urges in an effort to conform to social dictates or to modify these requirements. The growth demands cannot be changed. The methods by which a child can be made to conform are by persuasion, including example and guidance, or by corporal punishment, neither of which is a perfect method. Illustrations of many aspects of behavior in the young child in which conflict commonly is found were cited to give some idea of in how many respects young children may be confused or frustrated with resulting unapproved behavior. It was emphasized that much of this might be prevented by relatively unimportant changes in the man-made codes. It should be emphasized again that the whole purpose of this discussion is to make conformity to our laws possible and to insist that no child today can grow up doing entirely as he pleases. The adjustments called for are often merely those of timing, of demanding conformity at a later, more reasonable developmental stage.

PRODUCTION OF VITAMIN B12 BY RHIZOBIUM SPECIES

1952 ◽  
Vol 30 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret O. Burton ◽  
A. G. Lochhead
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Fixation ◽  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Rhizobium Meliloti ◽  
Culture Liquid ◽  
The Other ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Rhizobium Species ◽  
The Individual

A study was made of the capacity for synthesis of vitamin B12 by 70 strains representing six species of Rhizobium, namely, R. meliloti, R. trifolii, R. leguminosarum, R. japonicum, R. lupini, and R. phaseoli. Rhizobium meliloti was sharply distinguished from the other species by its ability to produce significantly higher quantities of the vitamin, one strain producing, under the experimental conditions, over 1000 mμgm. per ml. of culture liquid. The remaining species did not show significant differences in B12 synthesizing capacity. No correlation was noted between vitamin-producing capacity and effectiveness of the individual strains with respect to nitrogen fixation.

Writing in Aphasia Rehabilitation: Cursive vs Manuscript

1976 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 523-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Boone ◽  
Harold M. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Correct Response ◽  
The Other ◽  
Read Aloud ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Reading And Writing ◽  
Manual Responses ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Written Form ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Read Number

Reading and writing performance was observed in 30 adult aphasic patients to determine whether there was a significant difference when stimuli and manual responses were varied in the written form: cursive versus manuscript. Patients were asked to read aloud 10 words written cursively and 10 words written in manuscript form. They were then asked to write on dictation 10 word responses using cursive writing and 10 words using manuscript writing. Number of words correctly read, number of words correctly written, and number of letters correctly written in the proper sequence were tallied for both cursive and manuscript writing tasks for each patient. Results indicated no significant difference in correct response between cursive and manuscript writing style for these aphasic patients as a group; however, it was noted that individual patients varied widely in their success using one writing form over the other. It appeared that since neither writing form showed better facilitation of performance, the writing style used should be determined according to the individual patient’s own preference and best performance.

Patient Scheduling — (Bibliography)

1977 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 112-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. O. Köhler ◽  
G. Wagner ◽  
U. Wolber
Keyword(s):  
Information Processing ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Medical Informatics ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Patient Scheduling ◽  
Individual Scientist ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Individual ◽  
New Literature ◽  
Current Systems

The entire field of information processing in medicine is today already spread out and branched to such an extent that it is no longer possible to set up a survey on relevant literature as a whole. But even in narrow parts of medical informatics it is hardly possible for the individual scientist to keep up to date with new literature. Strictly defined special bibliographies on certain topics are most helpful.In our days, problems of optimal patient scheduling and exploitation of resources are gaining more and more importance. Scientists are working on the solution of these problems in many places.The bibliography on »Patient Scheduling« presented here contains but a few basic theoretical papers on the problem of waiting queues which are of importance in the area of medical care. Most of the papers cited are concerned with practical approaches to a solution and describe current systems in medicine.In listing the literature, we were assisted by Mrs. Wieland, Mr. Dusberger and Mr. Henn, in data acquisition and computer handling by Mrs. Gieß and Mr. Schlaefer. We wish to thank all those mentioned for their assistance.

Margaret Mahy: An Adlerian Reading

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 187-199
Author(s):  
KATHRYN WALLS
Keyword(s):  
Young Female ◽  
The Other ◽  
Individual Psychology ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Alfred Adler ◽  
Female Protagonists ◽  
Magical Power ◽  
Margaret Mahy ◽  
The Individual

According to the ‘Individual Psychology’ of Alfred Adler (1870–1937), Freud's contemporary and rival, everyone seeks superiority. But only those who can adapt their aspirations to meet the needs of others find fulfilment. Children who are rejected or pampered are so desperate for superiority that they fail to develop social feeling, and endanger themselves and society. This article argues that Mahy's realistic novels invite Adlerian interpretation. It examines the character of Hero, the elective mute who is the narrator-protagonist of The Other Side of Silence (1995) , in terms of her experience of rejection. The novel as a whole, it is suggested, stresses the destructiveness of the neurotically driven quest for superiority. Turning to Mahy's supernatural romances, the article considers novels that might seem to resist the Adlerian template. Focusing, in particular, on the young female protagonists of The Haunting (1982) and The Changeover (1984), it points to the ways in which their magical power is utilised for the sake of others. It concludes with the suggestion that the triumph of Mahy's protagonists lies not so much in their generally celebrated ‘empowerment’, as in their transcendence of the goal of superiority for its own sake.

Gewalt und Kommunikation

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-28
Author(s):  
Jens Bonnemann
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Moral Philosophy ◽  
The Other ◽  
Practical Philosophy ◽  
Valuable Contribution ◽  
Human Species ◽  
Normal Case ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
Philosophy Of Dialogue ◽  
The Individual

In ethics, when discussing problems of justice and a just social existence one question arises obviously: What is the normal case of the relation between I and you we start from? In moral philosophy, each position includes basic socio-anthropological convictions in that we understand the other, for example, primarily as competitor in the fight for essential resources or as a partner in communication. Thus, it is not the human being as isolated individual, or as specimen of the human species or socialised member of a historical society what needs to be understood. Instead, the individual in its relation to the other or others has been studied in phenomenology and the philosophy of dialogue of the twentieth century. In the following essay I focus on Martin Buber’s and Jean-Paul Sartre’s theories of intersubjectivity which I use in order to explore the meaning of recognition and disrespect for an individual. They offer a valuable contribution to questions of practical philosophy and the socio-philosophical diagnosis of our time.

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