scholarly journals Carbonic anhydrase (acetazolamide-sensitive esterase) activity in the blood, gill and kidney of the thermally acclimated rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri

1978 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
A. H. Houston ◽  
L. S. McCarty
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase Activity ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Chloride Uptake ◽  
Intimate Association

1. Gill, kidney and blood levels of acetazolamide-sensitive esterase (carbonic anhydrase) activity were estimated at acclimation temperature and at a common temperature (25 degrees C) in rainbow trout acclimated to 2, 10 and 18 degrees C. Plasma levels of sodium, potassium and chloride were also examined for possible acclimatory variations. 2. Plasma sodium and chloride levels, and the sodium:chloride ratio were unaffected by thermal acclimation; potassium concentrations were significantly elevated at 18 degrees C. 3. Significant, but modest changes in renal and branchial carbonic anhydrase activity were observed under physiologically realistic incubation temperature conditions. Blood carbonic anhydrase activity was sharply elevated at higher acclimation temperatures. 4. The data are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that carbonic anhydrase in this relatively stenothermal freshwater salmonid, through its intimate association with the coupled HCO-3/CL- and H+ +NH+4/Na+ exchange systems may provide for relatively thermostable basal rates of sodium and chloride uptake from the medium and recovery from urine. The renal, and more notably the branchial (Na+/K+)-stimulated ATPase systems, and erythrocytic carbonic anhydrase may then serve primarily as high-temperature amplifiers of sodium and chloride recruitment respectively.

Effects of Perfusate HCO3− and Pco2 on Chloride Uptake in Perfused Gills of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri)

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (12) ◽  
pp. 1768-1773 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Perry ◽  
P. Payan ◽  
J. P. Girard
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Chloride Transport ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Gill Epithelium ◽  
Major Pathway ◽  
Chloride Uptake ◽  
Transport Inhibitors ◽  
Initial Results ◽  
Stimulation Of

Experiments were conducted using a saline-perfused trout (Salmo gairdneri) head preparation in an attempt to determine the origin of HCO3− involved in gill apical Cl−/HCO3− exchange, the possibilities being plasma CO2 or HCO3−. Initial results showed that branchial Cl− influx was stimulated both by increased perfusate [HCO3−] and Pco2. Subsequent experiments employing the chloride transport inhibitors, SITS and thiocyanate, indicated that stimulation of Cl− influx by HCO3− probably was due to gill hemodynamic alterations and not to increased entry of HCO3− into the gill epithelium. We conclude that CO2 entry into the gill epithelium from plasma and its subsequent hydration to HCO3− and H+, by carbonic anhydrase, is a major pathway by which HCQ3− for Cl−/HCO3− exchange is generated.

scholarly journals Coronary flow in a perfused rainbow trout heart

1987 ◽  
Vol 129 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Farrell
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Coronary Flow ◽  
Coronary Circulation ◽  
Coronary Vessels ◽  
Cardiac Metabolism ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Coronary Vascular Resistance ◽  
Coronary Resistance ◽  
Temperature Dependent

A preparation was developed to perfuse the coronary circulation in working hearts from rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson). The preparation was used to examine pressure-flow relationships for the coronary circulation as the heart generated physiological and subphysiological work loads. Coronary vascular resistance increased exponentially as coronary flow rate decreased. Coronary resistance was also influenced by cardiac metabolism and acclimation temperature. When heart rate was increased, extravascular compression increased in coronary resistance. Direct vasoconstriction of the coronary vessels, produced by injections of adrenaline into the coronary circulation, was temperature-dependent.

Trypsin from Two Strains of Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri, is Influenced Differently by Assay and Acclimation Temperature

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (8) ◽  
pp. 1664-1667 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. McLeese ◽  
E. Don Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Cold Acclimation ◽  
High Strain ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Acclimation Temperature ◽  
Nutrient Requirements ◽  
Lower Affinity ◽  
Pyloric Caeca

Specific activity and kinetic constants of trypsin from the pyloric caeca of two strains of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, were measured using α-N-benzoyl-DL-arginine-ρ-nitroaniline∙HCl No increase in activity was observed with cold acclimation, suggesting that cold acclimation induces no increase in trypsin concentration. The apparent Km for the substrate was independent of assay temperature over the physiological range in both strains, probably to maintain high rates of catalysis at higher temperatures when nutrient requirements are high. Strain A trout produced a trypsin with lower affinity on cold acclimation, but Strain B trout did not. The two strains differed in intestinal morphology as well as in the characteristics of their trypsins.

THE EFFECT OF ADRENOCORTICAL STEROIDS ON THE TISSUE ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION OF THE FRESH-WATER RAINBOW TROUT (SALMO GAIRDNERI)

1963 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. N. HOLMES ◽  
D. G. BUTLER
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Adrenocortical Activity ◽  
Transient Rise ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

SUMMARY The effects were studied of cortisol, corticosterone and aldosterone on the concentrations of sodium and potassium in muscle and blood plasma and on water content of muscle in the fresh-water rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). These steroids appeared to cause a loss in plasma sodium throughout the 96 hr. experimental period. An initial rise in muscle sodium was observed during the first 24 hr. after commencement of the treatments. The subsequent decline in muscle sodium was interrupted by a transient rise followed by a continuing decline. The effect of these hormones on the potassium concentrations in plasma was variable, although there was a significant rise in the potassium concentration in muscle during the period of decline in sodium concentration. The significance of these results in relation to the possible enhanced adrenocortical activity of the trout during adaptation to a marine environment is discussed.

Biosynthesis of Lecithin by the CDP-Choline Pathway in Liver Microsomes of Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1975 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 1633-1637 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. J. Holub ◽  
K. Nilsson ◽  
J. Piekarski ◽  
S. J. Slinger
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Incubation Medium ◽  
Enzymatic Synthesis ◽  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Incubation Temperature ◽  
Liver Microsomes ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Optimal Activity

The enzymatic synthesis of lecithin from CDP-choline (14C) was characterized in microsomal preparations from the livers of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Optimal activity was obtained with the addition of 1,2-digylceride and Mg++ to the incubation medium. There was a 290% stimulation in cholinephosphotransferase activity when the incubation temperature was raised from 15 to 37 C. The results indicate that the CDP-choline pathway is operative in the formation of lecithin in the liver of rainbow trout. The possible function of this reaction in the acclimation offish to environmental temperature is discussed.

Turnover and Urinary Excretion of Free and Acetylated M.S. 222 by Rainbow Trout, Salmo gairdneri

1968 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph B. Hunn ◽  
Richard A. Schoettger ◽  
Wayne A. Willford
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Aromatic Amines ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Free Drug ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Blood Levels ◽  
Drug Elimination ◽  
Drug Excretion ◽  
Anesthetic Concentration ◽  
Low Levels

Rainbow trout: (Salmo gairdneri) anesthetized in 100 mg/liter of M.S. 222 at 12 C excreted the drug in free and acetylated forms via the urine during a 24-hr recovery period in freshwater. Of the M.S. 222 excreted, 77–96% was acetylated. Blood levels of free drug in anesthetized trout approximated 75% of the anesthetic concentration, but the amount of acetylated M.S. 222 was relatively insignificant. The blood and urine were cleared of the two fractions of M.S. 222 in 8 and 24 hr respectively. Low levels of aromatic amines of natural origin occurred in blood and urine and were subtracted from measurements of M.S. 222. Intraperitoneal injections of 10–100 mg/kg of M.S. 222 did not induce anesthesia; however, the 24-hr pattern of drug excretion was similar to that observed after anesthesia by immersion. Only 15–21% of the injected dose was found in the urine, suggesting a second route of drug elimination.

Electrolyte and Water Balance in Plasma and Urine of Rainbow Trout (Salmo gairdneri) during Chronic Exposure to Cadmium

1984 ◽  
Vol 41 (11) ◽  
pp. 1678-1685 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Giles
Keyword(s):  
Renal Function ◽  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Water Balance ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Plasma Calcium ◽  
Salmo Gairdneri ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Urine Production ◽  
Calcium And Magnesium

Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were exposed to 3.6 and 6.4 μg Cd/L for periods up to 178 d. Transitory changes in plasma calcium and magnesium were observed in fish exposed to 3.6 μg Cd/L although the differences were not significant. Exposure to 6.4 μg Cd/L, however, resulted in significantly lowered plasma sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride and elevated magnesium concentrations. Analyses of urine indicated that the rate of urine production, osmolality, and sodium, potassium, chloride, magnesium, calcium, and protein concentrations were unaffected by exposure to 3.6 μg Cd/L although slight changes were observed in the first week of exposure. Urine production rate and urinary concentrations of potassium and chloride were unaffected in trout exposed to 6.4 μg Cd/L but sodium, protein, and osmolality were elevated and calcium and magnesium concentrations reduced in these fish. The results demonstrate that the majority of the cadmium-induced electrolyte imbalances do not result from impairment of renal function.

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