scholarly journals Otitis media in guineapigs: pathology and bacteriology

1986 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 242-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Boot ◽  
H. C. Walvoort
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bordetella Bronchiseptica ◽  
Simultaneous Occurrence ◽  
Streptococcus Zooepidemicus ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory

In the course of post-mortem examination of conventional random-bred and inbred (immunosuppressed) strain 2/N guinea pigs kept in separate quarters, otitis media was diagnosed in 62 of 462 animals (13·4%) and 18 of 66 animals (27·3%) respectively. Clinical signs of otitis media were seen in only two randombred animals but in nearly 50% of affected inbred animals. In random-bred guineapigs, purulent, often bilateral, otitis media was associated mainly with the isolation of Streptococcus zooepidemicus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Pasteurella and Actinobacillus spp. and micrococci. In strain 2/N guineapigs serous or purulent often bilateral otitis media was associated mainly with the isolation of B. bronchiseptica and Pseudomonas aeruginosa serotypes 10 and 11. The simultaneous occurrence of similar pathogenic bacteria in both ears of bilaterally affected animals and in pneumonic lung tissue (in random-bred animals) suggested ascending and descending infection originating from the upper respiratory tract. It is concluded that otitis media, associated with the isolation of a variety of respiratory bacterial species, must be considered a major disease problem in guineapigs.

Sinusitis in Infants and Children

1992 ◽  
Vol 101 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 37-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen R. Wald
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Maxillary Sinusitis ◽  
Bacterial Species ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Radiographic Findings ◽  
Upper Respiratory

The major clinical problem in considering a diagnosis of sinusitis is differentiating uncomplicated upper respiratory tract infection from a secondary bacterial infection of the paranasal sinuses that may benefit from antimicrobial therapy. A diagnosis of sinusitis is suggested by presentation with protracted upper respiratory tract symptoms or a cold that is more severe than usual with fever and purulent nasal discharge. Confirmatory tests of sinus disease are transillumination (useful in adolescents if interpretation is confined to the extremes — normal or absent); radiographic findings of opacification, mucous membrane thickening, or an air-fluid level; and sinus aspiration (indicated for severe pain, clinical failures, or complicated disease). When clinical signs and symptoms are accompanied by abnormal radiographic findings, bacteria in high colony count are recovered from the maxillary sinus aspirate in 70% of patients. The common bacterial species recovered from children with acute maxillary sinusitis are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis, and Hemophilus influenzae.

Tympanometric Configurations and Middle Ear Findings in Experimental Otitis Media

1982 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Scott Giebink ◽  
Kelley A. Heller ◽  
Earl R. Harford
Keyword(s):  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Otitis Media With Effusion ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
Serous Effusion ◽  
Normal Compliance ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Highly Correlated

Relationships between ventilation of the middle ear (ME) system and pathogenic bacteria in the upper respiratory tract were explored in an animal model to better understand the etiopathogenesis of otitis media. Otitis media developed in 12 of 18 chinchillas inoculated intranasally with Streptococcus pneumoniae followed by bilateral ME deflation (negative pressure). Otitis media with effusion developed in 19 of 36 ears examined ten days after inoculation. The development of purulent effusion after ten days was highly correlated with persistent negative ME pressure for at least 48 hours after deflation, while most ears that developed serous effusion after ten days had normal ME pressure 48 hours after deflation. Tympanometric validation of the presence or absence of effusion and type of effusion was obtained ten days after inoculation. A low compliance tympanogram detected 90% of the purulent effusions and was 100% specific for this type of effusion. In contrast, three of four serous effusions were associated with normal pressure/normal compliance tracings suggesting that the physical characteristics or volume of ME effusion and/or the histopathology of the ME cleft are reflected in the tympanometric configuration.

scholarly journals Toll-Like Receptors: Expression and Roles in Otitis Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 7868
Author(s):  
Su Young Jung ◽  
Dokyoung Kim ◽  
Dong Choon Park ◽  
Sung Soo Kim ◽  
Tong In Oh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tract Infection ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Toll Like Receptors ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Otitis media is mainly caused by upper respiratory tract infection and eustachian tube dysfunction. If external upper respiratory tract infection is not detected early in the middle ear, or an appropriate immune response does not occur, otitis media can become a chronic state or complications may occur. Therefore, given the important role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the early response to external antigens, we surveyed the role of TLRs in otitis media. To summarize the role of TLR in otitis media, we reviewed articles on the expression of TLRs in acute otitis media (AOM), otitis media with effusion (OME), chronic otitis media (COM) with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. Many studies showed that TLRs 1–10 are expressed in AOM, OME, COM with cholesteatoma, and COM without cholesteatoma. TLR expression in the normal middle ear mucosa is absent or weak, but is increased in inflammatory fluid of AOM, effusion of OME, and granulation tissue and cholesteatoma of COM. In addition, TLRs show increased or decreased expression depending on the presence or absence of bacteria, recurrence of disease, tissue type, and repeated surgery. In conclusion, expression of TLRs is associated with otitis media. Inappropriate TLR expression, or delayed or absent induction, are associated with the occurrence, recurrence, chronicization, and complications of otitis media. Therefore, TLRs are very important in otitis media and closely related to its etiology.

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections in Young Children: Duration of and Frequency of Complications

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 87 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ellen R. Wald ◽  
Nancy Guerra ◽  
Carol Byers
Keyword(s):  
Child Care ◽  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Home Care ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Day Care ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tract Infections

This study was performed to determine the usual duration of community-acquired viral upper respiratory tract infections and the incidence of complications (otitis media/sinusitis) of these respiratory tract infections in infancy and early childhood. Children in various forms of child-care arrangements (home care, group care, and day care) were enrolled at birth and observed for 3 years. Families were telephoned every 2 weeks to record on a standardized form the type and severity of illnesses experienced during the previous interval. Only children remaining in their original child-care group for the entire study period were compared. The mean duration of an upper respiratory tract infection varied between 6.6 days (for 1- to 2-year-old children in home care) and 8.9 days (for children younger than 1 year in day care). The percentage of apparently simple upper respiratory tract infections that lasted more than 15 days ranged from 6.5% (for 1- to 3-year-old children in home care) to 13.1% (for 2- to 3-year-old children in day care). Children in day care were more likely than children in home care to have protracted respiratory symptoms. Of 2741 respiratory tract infections recorded for the 3-year period, 801 (29.2%) were complicated by otitis media. During the first 2 years of life, children in any type of day care were more likely than children in home care to have otitis media as a complication of upper respiratory tract infection. In year 3, the risk of otitis media was similar in all types of child care.

scholarly journals Silent Mastoiditis Associated with Pneumococcal Meningitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Ashikin Mohd Nordin ◽  
Jean Jun Ong ◽  
Juriza Ismail ◽  
Norazlin Kamal Nor ◽  
Sau Wei Wong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Imaging ◽  
Pneumococcal Meningitis ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Invasive Disease ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Slow Recovery ◽  
Acute Mastoiditis ◽  
Focus Of Infection ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Streptococcus pneumoniae (S pneumoniae) can cause a wide spectrum of diseases which includes upper respiratory tract infection as well as more severe invasive disease such as meningitis. Meningitis may be caused by invasion of the organism through the blood brain barrier, either via haematological spread or from an adjacent focus of infection such as the ears. We describe two infants with pneumococcal meningitis and silent mastoiditis. They both presented with a classical history to suggest meningitis with no apparent focus of infection. A brain imaging was done in the first infant to look for the underlying cause of his focal seizure and in the second infant, to assess for complications of meningitis, as he had a slow recovery. While they did not have any clinical signs to point towards the diagnosis, they were both diagnosed to have acute mastoiditis from brain imaging. We would like to highlight the importance of brain imaging in excluding silent mastoiditis in infants with meningitis, particularly in those whose clinical course appears atypical.

scholarly journals An outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 with high mortality in mink (Neovison vison) on multiple Utah farms

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chrissy Eckstrand ◽  
Tom Baldwin ◽  
Mia Kim Torchetti ◽  
Mary Lea Killian ◽  
Kerry A Rood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Viral Transmission ◽  
Viral Rna ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Tracheobronchial Lymph Node ◽  
Multiple Organs ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Polymerase Chain

The breadth of animal hosts that are susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and may serve as reservoirs for continued viral transmission are not known entirely. In August 2020, an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 occurred in multiple mink farms in Utah and was associated with high mink mortality and rapid viral transmission between animals. The outbreak's epidemiology, pathology, molecular characterization, and tissue distribution of virus within infected mink is provided. Infection of mink was likely by reverse zoonosis. Once established, infection spread rapidly between independently housed animals and farms, and caused severe respiratory disease and death. Clinical signs were most notably sudden death, anorexia, and increased respiratory effort. Gross pathology examination revealed severe pulmonary congestion and edema. Microscopically there was pulmonary edema with moderate vasculitis, perivasculitis, and fibrinous interstitial pneumonia. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of tissues collected at necropsy demonstrated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA in multiple organs including nasal turbinates, lung, tracheobronchial lymph node, epithelial surfaces, and others. Whole genome sequencing from multiple mink was consistent with published SARS-CoV-2 genomes with few polymorphisms. The Utah mink SARS-CoV-2 strain fell into Clade GH, which is unique among mink and other animal strains sequenced to date and did not share other spike RBD mutations Y453F and F486L found in mink. Localization of viral RNA by in situ hybridization revealed a more localized infection, particularly of the upper respiratory tract. Mink in the outbreak reported herein had high levels of virus in the upper respiratory tract associated with mink-to-mink transmission in a confined housing environment and were particularly susceptible to disease and death due to SARS-CoV-2 infection.

scholarly journals Role of the Dermonecrotic Toxin of Bordetella bronchiseptica in the Pathogenesis of Respiratory Disease in Swine

2002 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 481-490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan L. Brockmeier ◽  
Karen B. Register ◽  
Tibor Magyar ◽  
Alistair J. Lax ◽  
Gillian D. Pullinger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Bordetella Bronchiseptica ◽  
Atrophic Rhinitis ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Dermonecrotic Toxin ◽  
Etiologic Agents ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Phosphate Buffered Saline

ABSTRACT Bordetella bronchiseptica is one of the etiologic agents causing atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia in swine. It produces several purported virulence factors, including the dermonecrotic toxin (DNT), which has been implicated in the turbinate atrophy seen in cases of atrophic rhinitis. The purpose of these experiments was to clarify the role of this toxin in respiratory disease by comparing the pathogenicity in swine of two isogenic dnt mutants to their virulent DNT+ parent strains. Two separate experiments were performed, one with each of the mutant-parent pairs. One-week-old cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived pigs were inoculated intranasally with the parent strain, the dnt mutant strain, or phosphate-buffered saline. Weekly nasal washes were performed to monitor colonization of the nasal cavity, and the pigs were euthanized 4 weeks after inoculation to determine colonization of tissues and to examine the respiratory tract for pathology. There was evidence that colonization of the upper respiratory tract, but not the lower respiratory tract, was slightly greater for the parent strains than for the dnt mutants. Moderate turbinate atrophy and bronchopneumonia were found in most pigs given the parent strains, while there was no turbinate atrophy or pneumonia in pigs challenged with the dnt mutant strains. Therefore, production of DNT by B. bronchiseptica is necessary to produce the lesions of turbinate atrophy and bronchopneumonia in pigs infected with this organism.

scholarly journals Biofilm Biology and Vaccine Strategies for Otitis Media Due to Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (02) ◽  
pp. 069-078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Novotny ◽  
Kenneth Brockman ◽  
Elaine Mokrzan ◽  
Joseph Jurcisek ◽  
Lauren Bakaletz
Keyword(s):  
Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Otitis Media ◽  
Middle Ear ◽  
Causative Agent ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Nontypeable Haemophilus Influenzae ◽  
Physical Defenses ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Recurrent Nature ◽  
Gain Access

AbstractOtitis media (OM) is one of the most common diseases of childhood, and nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHI) is the predominant causative agent of chronic and recurrent OM, as well as OM for which treatment has failed. Moreover, NTHI is now as important a causative agent of acute OM as the pneumococcus. NTHI colonizes the human nasopharynx asymptomatically. However, upon perturbation of the innate and physical defenses of the airway by upper respiratory tract viral infection, NTHI can replicate, ascend the Eustachian tube, gain access to the normally sterile middle ear space, and cause disease. Bacterial biofilms within the middle ear, including those formed by NTHI, contribute to the chronic and recurrent nature of this disease. These multicomponent structures are highly resistant to clearance by host defenses and elimination by traditional antimicrobial therapies. Herein, we review several strategies utilized by NTHI to persist within the human host and interventions currently under investigation to prevent and/or resolve NTHI-induced diseases of the middle ear and uppermost airway.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance in bacteria associated with equine respiratory disease in the United Kingdom

2020 ◽  
Vol 187 (5) ◽  
pp. 189-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana D Fonseca ◽  
Daphne E Mavrides ◽  
Alice L Morgan ◽  
Jea G Na ◽  
Peter A Graham ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Multiple Drug Resistance ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Multiple Drug ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Sensitivity Testing ◽  
Commercial Laboratory ◽  
First Choice

IntroductionRespiratory diseases account for the highest number of clinical problems in horses compared with other body systems. While microbiological culture and sensitivity testing is essential for certain cases, knowledge of the most likely bacterial agents and their susceptibilities is necessary to inform empirical antibiotic choices.MethodsA retrospective study of microbiological and cytological results from upper and lower respiratory samples (n=615) processed in a commercial laboratory between 2002 and 2012 was carried out. A further study of lower respiratory samples from horses with clinical signs of lower respiratory disease from May to June 2012 was undertaken.ResultsBoth studies revealed Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella species, Escherichia coli and Bordetella bronchiseptica as the most frequently isolated species. S equi subspecies zooepidemicus and subspecies equi were susceptible to ceftiofur (100 per cent) and erythromycin (99 per cent). Resistance to penicillin (12.5 per cent of S equi subspecies equi from upper respiratory tract samples) and tetracycline (62.7 per cent) was also detected. Gram-negative isolates showed resistance to gentamicin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline but susceptibility to enrofloxacin (except Pseudomonas species, where 46.2 per cent were resistant). Multiple drug resistance was detected in 1 per cent of isolates.ConclusionResistance to first-choice antibiotics in common equine respiratory tract bacteria was noted and warrants continued monitoring of their susceptibility profiles. This can provide information to clinicians about the best empirical antimicrobial choices against certain pathogenic bacteria and help guide antibiotic stewardship efforts to converse their efficacy.

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