Safety Implications of Bridging the Energy Supply/Demand Gap in Nigeria through Associated Natural Gas Utilization

2007 ◽  
Vol 18 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 363-372
Author(s):  
Funso A. Akeredolu ◽  
Jacob A. Sonibare
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Safe Delivery ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
Gas Utilization ◽  
Aging Infrastructure ◽  
Generation Capacity ◽  
Installed Capacity

There exists a wide energy supply/demand gap in Nigeria. The local generation of electricity meets only 31% of the demand of 10000 MW. By contrast, only 39.6% of the total installed capacity for electricity generation is achieved, owing to aging infrastructure, etc. The energy demand/supply pattern and infrastructure critically reviewed thus suggested the need to increase the electricity generation capacity. Furthermore, Nigeria flares 77% of her associated natural gas. Apart from the environmental penalties that flaring represents, in monetary terms, over the 110 years' life of Nigeria's gas reserves, a conservative estimate of the cost of the gas so-flared was $330 billion (based on $20/barrel average price of crude). It was safely inferred that the way forward in meeting the country's energy demand should include a strong element of gas utilization. In previous publications by this group, it was established that while domestic cooking could reduce the flared gas by about 5.4%, a cohesive policy on associated gas use for electricity generation could eliminate gas flaring. For domestic utilization of the associated gas, burner design and safety concerns were identified as the key challenges to overcome. The paper reports the effectiveness of odorizers in leakage detection/ prevention by the local consumers. It also discusses the issue of prevention of gas explosions. The previous cases of gas accidents were reviewed. The safety approaches proffered in the paper identified the relevant areas of research for safe delivery and consumption of natural gas in Nigeria.

Natural Gas Has Role in Decarbonizing the Australian Electricity Supply

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (07) ◽  
pp. 69-70
Author(s):  
Chris Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Asia Pacific ◽  
Electricity Supply ◽  
Total System ◽  
Gamma Energy ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Generation Capacity

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 202210, “Future Roles for Natural Gas in Decarbonizing the Australian Electricity Supply Within the NEM: Total System Costs Are Key,” by Stephanie Byrom, University of Queensland; Geoffrey Bongers, Gamma Energy Technology; and Andy Boston, Red Vector, et al., prepared for the 2020 SPE Asia Pacific Oil and Gas Conference and Exhibition, originally scheduled to be held in Perth, Australia, 20–22 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Electricity systems around the world are changing, with the Paris Agreement of 2015 a catalyst for much current change. The Australian government ratified the agreement by committing to 26–28% emissions reductions below 2005 levels by 2030. Reduction in emissions from electricity generation has become the focus of these targets. To decarbonize the grid to meet targets while building firm, dispatchable generation capacity to support the system, a new metric is required to measure success. The complete paper explores the outputs of the model of energy and grid services (MEGS), illustrating outcomes if a single technology group is favored. Introduction The majority of electricity in the Australian National Energy Market (NEM) is provided by synchronous thermal power generation, which also has delivered services required for grid stability such as inertia and frequency control. The NEM commenced operation in December 1998 and includes five regional market jurisdictions: Queensland, New South Wales (including the Australian Capital Territory), Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania. In 2020, the NEM incorporated approximately 40,000 km of transmission lines and cables, connecting approximately 57 GW of generation capacity to consumers. This thermal generation mostly has consisted of coal- and gas-based technologies. Electricity grids are also changing from largely centralized electricity generation systems to more decentralized ones and from unidirectional electricity flows to bidirectional flows as part of the effort to reduce emissions. However, with increasing penetration of variable renewable energy (VRE) generation, it is important to plan for and manage generation-asset investment to track the lowest possible total system cost and highest reliability path to a low-emissions future. A Competent, Diverse Grid A competent electricity grid is one that can keep the lights on, so to speak, within the legislated tolerance for outages and performance. A competent grid is adequate, reliable, secure, operable, and robust against externally driven disruptions. In practice, the reliability of the electricity grid often seems to be taken for granted; however, it is an essential element of the modern economy, and, with a changing grid, reliability is increasingly important. When a decision must be made to build or replace an individual power plant, stakeholders (individual investors) have traditionally considered the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of the alternative generation options, which di-vides the total cost of an installation or plant by the kilowatt-hours it produces over its lifetime. However, metrics such as LCOE, based on grid-independent formulae to help power plant investors to maximize returns, are inappropriate for comparing technologies that deliver and demand a complex menu of services specific to the grid. A different metric is required to evaluate each technology’s contribution to the grid.

Nigerian Stranded Gas Utilization–Investment and Risk Analysis of a Medium Scale GTL Option

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yetunde Omotosho ◽  
Williams Adeyemi ◽  
Lateef Akinpelu
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Associated Gas ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Gas Utilization ◽  
Major Factors ◽  
Stranded Gas

Abstract Nigerian stranded gas reserves is a vast natural gas resource opportunity (with estimates exceeding 84 trillion cubic feet or 44% of current proved reserves of 190.4 Tcf) is already being monetized especially as the global environment continues to favour low carbon footprint energy sources. Natural gas utilization projects such as Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG), Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), Independent Power Projects (IPP), Gas-to-Liquid (GTL), from associated gas (AG) have taken off, however, Nigeria still struggles with low pace of stranded gas development as a result of huge capital expenditure outlays, uncertain fiscal terms as well as inadequate infrastructure, hence, stranded gas remains minimally tapped. Not only that, they exist in pockets of fields unevenly dispersed across Nigerian fields. About 70% of the onshore stranded gas are found in fields with less than 500 billion cubic feet (bcf) reserves, severely limiting gathering system optimization opportunities. In this work, GTL option is investigated as a viable utilization option. A modular medium scale GTL plant with a capacity to produce 25,000 barrels per day of premium products, is considered. GTL economics is analyzed with and without Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) extraction. The various internal and external risks associated with its development, are also explored. Without NGL extraction accruing to the GTL owner, the project becomes unattractive and never pays out within the projected timeframe of operation. With NGL extraction, project payout is 10 years, NPV@10% is $1,132.6 million and IRR is 15.4%. From the risk assessment, the capital expenditure (CAPEX) and product prices (NGL price being the most important) are major factors affecting project economic risks. Because of the huge impact of NGL extraction on GTL economics, consideration will have to be given to alternative incentives to improve profitability where this extraction opportunity is low or non-existent by fiscal authorities.

scholarly journals Evolution of Energy Strategies in Turkey: Forecasts by Time Series

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Soner Top ◽  
Hüseyin Vapur
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Energy Sources ◽  
Greenhouse Emissions ◽  
Increasing Demand

As a developing country with over 70% external dependence on energy, there is an increasing demand for electricity in Turkey. In this study, energy resources strategies in Turkey have been investigated and the historical development of its energy usage was summarised. Turkey's energy demand has increased as a result of industrial development and the various energy sources have been selected in different periods to meet this need. In all periods, fossil fuels have taken the lead in energy production. Although investments in renewable and nuclear energy sources have increased, fossil energy sources will not be replaced in the near future. The future fossil fuel production, the electricity production and the greenhouse emissions have been calculated and interpreted by time series (ARIMA), statistically. The forecasts mainly show that natural gas based electricity generation will decrease to 9.3% and renewable energy based electricity generation will increase to 25.6% in the next decade. It is obvious that the fossil fuels based greenhouse emissions will be 375.61 million tons CO2 equivalent in 2026 and the largest share of this emission will be derived from the natural gas by 66.3 billion m3.

scholarly journals Coal deposits of Turkey: properties and importance on energy demand

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 2111 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. Oskay ◽  
H. Inaner ◽  
A. I. Karayigit ◽  
K. Christanis
Keyword(s):  
Energy Supply ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Low Rank ◽  
Coal Deposits ◽  
Coal Reserves ◽  
Low Rank Coals

In the last two decades electricity generation and consumption in Turkey was increasing steadily. Around 80% of the electricity generated is derived from fossil fuels such as imported natural gas and oil, and domestic coal. As the energy policy now is focusing on reducing the dependency on imported fuels, coal, particularly this of low-rank, is becoming important for the country. Latest explorations showed that total coal reserves of Turkey reach to 13 Gt with low-rank coals (i.e. lignite and sub-bituminous) being dominant. Coal deposits, formed under various conditions and in various geological times, are widely spread over the territory. The most significant deposits are of Tertiary, especially Neogene age. Neogene coals are most appropriate for combustion in the thermal power plants due to the high total reserves despite the high ash yields and the low calorific values. We imply that applying reasonable exploitation planning and appropriate washing techniques, coal will play a key role in future energy supply of the country.

scholarly journals Multi-Fuel Power Plant as A Element of Back-Up Energy Supply of Farming Facilities

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-57
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Korotkov ◽  
Andrey Palichyn ◽  
Petr Savinykh ◽  
Wacław Romaniuk ◽  
Kinga Borek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Gas Generator ◽  
Production Areas ◽  
Electrical Energy Generation

AbstractPaper presents research concerned utilization of natural gas in a liquid state as a new source of electrical energy generation in country side areas of Russia to use it in a small family farms and bigger agriculture enterprises. The experiment shows that alcohol and gasoline are more expensive products to be a source for electricity generation as a reserve energy supply in agriculture production areas of the country. Introduction of natural gas generator as an alternative fuel makes possible to produce low cost of electrical energy in any part of the country, what gives great potential to alternative energy supply, but especially for agriculture production on small households and also bigger enterprises

Modelling energy supply options for electricity generations in Tanzania

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 41-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baraka Kichonge ◽  
Geoffrey R. John ◽  
Iddi S. N. Mkilaha
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Discount Rate ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Renewable Energy Technologies ◽  
Energy Technologies ◽  
Electricity System ◽  
Weather Scenario

The current study applies an energy-system model to explore energy supply options in meeting Tanzania’s electricity demands projection from 2010 to 2040. Three economic scenarios namely; business as usual (BAU), low economic consumption scenario (LEC) and high economic growth scenario (HEC) were developed for modelling purposes. Moreover, the study develops a dry weather scenario to explore how the country’s electricity system would behave under dry weather conditions. The model results suggests: If projected final electricity demand increases as anticipated in BAU, LEC and HEC scenarios, the total installed capacity will expand at 9.05%, 8.46% and 9.8% respectively from the base value of 804.2MW. Correspondingly, the model results depict dominance of hydro, coal, natural gas and geothermal as least-cost energy supply options for electricity generation in all scenarios. The alternative dry weather scenario formulated to study electricity system behaviour under uncertain weather conditions suggested a shift of energy supply option to coal and natural gas (NG) dominance replacing hydro energy. The least cost optimization results further depict an insignificant contribution of renewable energy technologies in terms of solar thermal, wind and solar PV into the total generation shares. With that regard, the renewable energy penetration policy option (REPP), as an alternative scenario suggests the importance of policy options that favour renewable energy technologies inclusion in electricity generation. Sensitivity analysis on the discount rate to approximate the influence of discount rate on the future pattern of electricity generation capacity demonstrated that lower values favour wind and coal fired power plants, while higher values favour the NG technologies. Finally, the modelling results conclude the self-sufficiency of the country in generating future electricity using its own energy resources.

scholarly journals Intelligent Control on Urban Natural Gas Supply Using a Deep-Learning-Assisted Pipeline Dispatch Technique

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Hua Bai ◽  
Shuyu Sun
Keyword(s):  
Deep Learning ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Intelligent Control ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Energy Supply ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Energy Resource ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Practical Operation ◽  
Gas Supply

Natural gas has been attracting increasing attentions all around the world as a relatively cleaner energy resource compared with coal and crude oil. Except for the direct consumption as fuel, electricity generation is now another environmentally-friendly utilization of natural gas, which makes it more favorable as the energy supply for urban areas. Pipeline transportation is the main approach connecting the natural gas production field and urban areas thanks to the safety and economic reasons. In this paper, an intelligent pipeline dispatch technique is proposed using deep learning methods to predict the change of energy supply to the urban areas as a consequence of compressor operations. Practical operation data is collected and prepared for the training and validation of deep learning models, and the accelerated predictions can help make controlling plans regarding compressor operations to meet the requirement in urban natural gas supply. The proposed deep neutral network is equipped with self-adaptability, which enables the general adaption on various temporal compressor conditions including failure and maintenance.

scholarly journals Understanding the Energy System of the Paulista Macrometropolis: first step in local action toward climate change

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flávia Mendes de Almeida Collaço ◽  
Raiana Schirmer Soares ◽  
João Marcos Mott Pavanelli ◽  
Lira Luz Benites-Lazaro ◽  
Guilherme Massignan Berejuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Historical Trends ◽  
Installed Capacity

Abstract This paper analyzes the historical trends in the energy supply and demand for the Macrometrópole Paulista Energy System, as well as the existing options for harnessing the renewable energy potential of the region. The research included a case study covering the 174 municipalities that belong to the macro-metropolis to characterize the energy system from 2006 to 2017 while analyzing the CO2 emissions of the system. The results indicated that, in 2017, the Paulista macro-metropolis accounted for 73% of the total energy demand of the entire state of São Paulo. Moreover, considering the energy generated from within the administrative limits of the 174 municipalities, the macro-metropolis accounted for about 17% of the total installed capacity of the state for electricity generation. This study found that the installed capacity for electricity generation in the region can be increased by ~ 112%. There so, an understanding of the local energy systems is of utmost importance for the formulation of coherent and integrated public policies, which are necessary to cope with the effects of climate change.

Landfill Gas Utilization for Water, Electricity and Food Production in Texas

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enakshi Wikramanayake ◽  
Vaibhav Bahadur
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Food Production ◽  
Electricity Generation ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Landfill Gas ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Gas Consumption ◽  
Current Area ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
Installed Capacity

Methane emissions from US landfills equal 14% of US residential natural gas consumption, and represent a significant waste of energy. This work presents and analyzes three concepts for landfill gas (LFG) utilization, which impact the water, electricity and food sectors. The first novel concept uses LFG to power refrigeration cycles to enable atmospheric water harvesting (AWH). Freshwater produced by LFG-based AWH can be used for water intensive operations (drilling, hydraulic fracturing) in oilfields located near landfills. The second concept is about routing LFG to nearby natural gas-fired power plants, instead of using it for onsite electricity generation. This approach is attractive, since both landfills and power plants are concentrated around population centers. The third novel concept uses LFG as the feedstock and energy source for ammonia production, which is the starting point for fertilizers. A framework and methodology for quantifying the benefits of these concepts is established. Emissions from landfills in Texas are analyzed to map the current LFG management, and quantify the benefits of the proposed concepts. Firstly, LFG-based AWH can meet 14% of the water requirement of the Barnett Shale, which can be served by 20 landfills. Secondly, routing the LFG to gas-fired power plants will enable a 3% increase in statewide installed capacity. Importantly, five power plants can increase their capacity by more than 10%. Thirdly, LFG can be used to produce 3,200 tons of ammonia daily, which yields enough fertilizer to cultivate nine times the current area under corn cultivation. Overall, these concepts offer alternatives to LFG-based onsite electricity generation, which enables utilization of only 22% of the generated LFG. The proposed waste-to-value concepts can be extended to other regions and offer options to augment water, electricity and food production globally.

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