scholarly journals Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility profile in children under five in southern Ethiopia

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1466
Author(s):  
Siraj Hussen ◽  
Solomon Asnake ◽  
Demelash Wachamo ◽  
Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: Streptococcus pneumonia causes high morbidity and mortality, particularly in children under five. Nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage predisposes individuals to pneumococcal infection and horizontal spread within the community. Overuse of antibiotics has been linked to increased risk of antimicrobial resistance to S. pneumonia. We investigated NP carriage rate and resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics in under-five children visiting a public referral center in southern Ethiopia. Methods: In total, 413 under 5 children who visited the outpatient department for a health check-up, immunization or acute mild illnesses underwent NP sampling. Parent/caregiver surveys were administered at the clinic. Sterile plastic applicator rayon tipped swabs were used for NP sampling. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using modified the disk diffusion method. Results: S. pneumonia NP carriage was observed in 39% [95% confidence interval (CI): 34.4–43.8]. Living with one or more sibling (AOR (adjusted odds ratio) 1.95: 95% CI: 1.01, 3.76), age group of 3-23 months (AOR 2.31: 95% CI: 1.07, 4.98), co-sleeping with family (AOR 2.09, 95% CI: 1.16, 3.79), attendance at kindergarten/day-care (AOR 1.84: 95% CI: 1.09, 3.11) and malnutrition independently increased S. pneumonia carriage at the individual level. S. pneumonia was highly resistant to Oxacillin (38.5%), Tetracycline (37.3%), and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (34.2%). Multi-drug resistance was observed in 42.2% of isolates. Conclusions: A high streptococcal NP carriage rate was observed in under-five children. The high level of resistance to commonly used antibiotics calls for enhancing national surveillance of resistance patterns and enforce antibiotic stewardship efforts.

scholarly journals Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility profile in children under five in southern Ethiopia

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1466
Author(s):  
Siraj Hussen ◽  
Solomon Asnake ◽  
Demelash Wachamo ◽  
Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: Streptococcus pneumonia causes high morbidity and mortality, particularly in children under five. Nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage predisposes individuals to pneumococcal infection and horizontal spread within the community. Overuse of antibiotics has been linked to increased risk of antimicrobial resistance to S. pneumonia. We investigated NP carriage rate and resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics in under-five children visiting a public referral center in southern Ethiopia. Methods: In total, 413 under 5 children who visited the outpatient department for a health check-up, immunization or acute mild illnesses underwent NP sampling. Parent/caregiver surveys were administered at the clinic. Sterile plastic applicator rayon tipped swabs were used for NP sampling. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using modified the disk diffusion method. Results: S. pneumonia NP carriage was observed in 39% [95% confidence interval (CI): 34.4–43.8]. Living with one or more sibling (AOR (adjusted odds ratio) 1.95: 95% CI: 1.01, 3.76), age group of 3-23 months (AOR 2.31: 95% CI: 1.07, 4.98), co-sleeping with family (AOR 2.09, 95% CI: 1.16, 3.79), attendance at kindergarten/day-care (AOR 1.84: 95% CI: 1.09, 3.11) and malnutrition independently increased S. pneumonia carriage at the individual level. S. pneumonia was highly resistant to Oxacillin (38.5%), Tetracycline (37.3%), and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (34.2%). Multi-drug resistance was observed in 42.2% of isolates. Conclusions: A high streptococcal NP carriage rate was observed in under-five children. The high level of resistance to commonly used antibiotics calls for enhancing national surveillance of resistance patterns and enforce antibiotic stewardship efforts.

scholarly journals Pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage and antimicrobial susceptibility profile in children under five in southern Ethiopia

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 1466
Author(s):  
Siraj Hussen ◽  
Solomon Asnake ◽  
Demelash Wachamo ◽  
Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Increased Risk

Background: Streptococcus pneumonia causes high morbidity and mortality, particularly in children under five. Nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage predisposes individuals to pneumococcal infection and horizontal spread within the community. Overuse of antibiotics has been linked to increased risk of antimicrobial resistance to S. pneumonia. We investigated NP carriage rate and resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics in under-five children visiting a public referral center in southern Ethiopia. Methods: In total, 413 under 5 children who visited the outpatient department for a health check-up, immunization or acute mild illnesses underwent NP sampling. Parent/caregiver surveys were administered at the clinic. Sterile plastic applicator rayon tipped swabs were used for NP sampling. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using modified the disk diffusion method. Results: S. pneumonia NP carriage was observed in 39% [95% confidence interval (CI): 34.4–43.8]. Living with one or more sibling (AOR (adjusted odds ratio) 1.95: 95% CI: 1.01, 3.76), age group of 3-23 months (AOR 2.31: 95% CI: 1.07, 4.98), co-sleeping with family (AOR 2.09, 95% CI: 1.16, 3.79), attendance at kindergarten/day-care (AOR 1.84: 95% CI: 1.09, 3.11) and malnutrition independently increased S. pneumonia carriage at the individual level. S. pneumonia was highly resistant to Oxacillin (38.5%), Tetracycline (37.3%), and Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (34.2%). Multi-drug resistance was observed in 42.2% of isolates. Conclusions: A high streptococcal NP carriage rate was observed in under-five children. The high level of resistance to commonly used antibiotics calls for enhancing national surveillance of resistance patterns and enforce antibiotic stewardship efforts.

scholarly journals Prevalence of acute diarrhea and associated factors among children under five in semi-urban areas of northeastern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tarikuwa Natnael ◽  
Mistir Lingerew ◽  
Metadel Adane
Keyword(s):  
Acute Diarrhea ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Associated Factors ◽  
Multivariable Analysis ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Under Five Children ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract Background Diarrheal disease is still one of the most common causes of mortality and morbidity in children under five in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Lack of specific data on the prevalence of acute diarrhea and associated factors among under-five children in the semi-urban areas of Gelsha, found in northeastern Ethiopia’s South Wollo zone, remains a major gap. Therefore, this study was designed to provide data that is important for proper planning of intervention measures to reduce the problem in this area. Methods A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 340 systematically selected children under five in semi-urban areas of Gelsha from January to March 2019. The data was collected using a structured questionnaire and an observational checklist. Bivariable (crude odds ratio [COR]) and multivariable analysis (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]) were employed using binary logistic regression model with 95% CI (confidence interval). Variables with a p-value < 0.05 from the multivariable analysis were declared as factors significantly associated with acute diarrhea. Result The prevalence of acute diarrhea among children under five in the study area was 11% (95%CI: 7.8–14.3%). About two-thirds (63.60%) of study participants used water from improved sources. About half (54.90%) of study participants practiced poor handwashing and 45.10% practiced good handwashing. We found that factors significantly associated with acute diarrhea were a child’s age of 12–23 months (AOR = 4.68, 95% CI: 1.45–1.50), the presence of two or more under-five children in the house (AOR = 2.84, 95% CI: 1.19–6.81), unimproved water sources (AOR = 2.97, 95% CI: 1.28–6.87) and presence of feces around the pit hole/slab/floor of the latrine (AOR = 3.34, 95% CI: 1.34–8.31). Conclusion The prevalence of acute diarrhea among children under five was relatively high. To reduce the problem, various prevention strategies are essential, such as the provision of health education to mothers/caregivers that focuses on keeping sanitation facilities clean and child care, and construction of improved water sources. Furthermore, implementing a strong health extension program, advocating an open defecation-free environment, and practicing a community-led total sanitation and hygiene approach might be helpful to sustainably reduce childhood diarrhea.

scholarly journals Association between Malaria Infection and Early Childhood Development Mediated by Anemia in Rural Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 902
Author(s):  
Erin M. Milner ◽  
Patricia Kariger ◽  
Amy J. Pickering ◽  
Christine P. Stewart ◽  
Kendra Byrd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Social Development ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Gross Motor ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Social Delay ◽  
The Impact

Malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children under five years of age, with most cases occurring in Sub-Saharan Africa. Children in this age group in Africa are at greatest risk worldwide for developmental deficits. There are research gaps in quantifying the risks of mild malaria cases, understanding the pathways linking malaria infection and poor child development, and evaluating the impact of malaria on the development of children under five years. We analyzed the association between malaria infection and gross motor, communication, and personal social development in 592 children age 24 months in rural, western Kenya as part of the WASH Benefits environmental enteric dysfunction sub-study. Eighteen percent of children had malaria, 20% were at risk for gross motor delay, 21% were at risk for communication delay, and 23% were at risk for personal social delay. Having a positive malaria test was associated with increased risk for gross motor, communication, and personal social delay while adjusting for child characteristics, household demographics, study cluster, and intervention treatment arm. Mediation analyses suggested that anemia was a significant mediator in the pathway between malaria infection and risk for gross motor, communication, and personal social development delays. The proportion of the total effect of malaria on the risk of developmental delay that is mediated by anemia across the subscales was small (ranging from 9% of the effect on gross motor development to 16% of the effect on communication development mediated by anemia). Overall, malaria may be associated with short-term developmental delays during a vulnerable period of early life. Therefore, preventative malaria measures and immediate treatment are imperative for children’s optimal development, particularly in light of projections of continued high malaria transmission in Kenya and Africa.

scholarly journals Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in farm animals and breeders in North of Morocco

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadira Mourabit ◽  
Abdelhay Arakrak ◽  
Mohammed Bakkali ◽  
Zeineb Zian ◽  
Joaira Bakkach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Abstract Background: The objectives of this study were to determine for the first time, in Morocco, the nasal carriage rate, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and virulence genes of S.aureus isolated from animals and breeders in close contact.Methods: From 2015 to 2016, 421 nasal swab samples were collected from 26 different Livestock areas in Tangier. The antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes were determined by disk diffusion according to EUCAST 2015. The presence of nuc, mecA, mecC, lukS/F-PV, and tst genes were determined by PCR for all isolates. Results: The overall S. aureus nasal carriage rate was low in animals (9.97%) and high in breeders (60%) with a statistically significant difference, (OR= 13.536; 95% CI = 7.070- 25.912; p< 0.001).In general, S. aureus strains were susceptible to the majority of antibiotics and the highest resistance rates were found against tetracycline (16.7% in animals and 10% in breeders). No MRSA was detected in animals and breeders. A high rate of tst and lukS/F-PV genes has been recovered only, from animals (11.9% and 16.7%, respectively).Conclusion: Despite the lower rate of nasal carriage of S. aureus and the absence of MRSA strains in our study, S. aureus strains harbored a higher frequency of tst and lukS/F-PV of virulence genes, which is associated to an increased risk of infection dissemination in humans. This highlights the need for implementing adequate approaches for prevention.Further larger and multi-center studies are needed to validate and confirm our findings.

scholarly journals Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in farm animals and breeders in North of Morocco

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadira Mourabit ◽  
Abdelhay Arakrak ◽  
Mohammed Bakkali ◽  
Zeineb Zian ◽  
Joaira Bakkach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Abstract Background: The objectives of this study were to determine for the first time, in Morocco, the nasal carriage rate, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and virulence genes of Staphylococcus. aureus isolated from animals and breeders in close contact.Methods: From 2015 to 2016, 421 nasal swab samples were collected from 26 different livestock areas in Tangier. Antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes were determined by disk diffusion according to EUCAST 2015. The presence of nuc , mec A, mec C, lukS/F-PV, and tst genes were determined by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for all isolates.Results: The overall S. aureus nasal carriage rate was low in animals (9.97%) and high in breeders (60%) with a statistically significant difference, (OR= 13.536; 95% CI = 7.070- 25.912; p< 0.001). In general, S. aureus strains were susceptible to the majority of antibiotics and the highest resistance rates were found against tetracycline (16.7% in animals and 10% in breeders). No Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus (MRSA) was detected in animals and breeders. A high rate of tst and lukS/F-PV genes has been recovered only from animals (11.9% and 16.7%, respectively).Conclusion: Despite the lower rate of nasal carriage of S. aureus and the absence of MRSA strains in our study, S. aureus strains harbored a higher frequency of tst and lukS/F-PV virulence genes, which is associated to an increased risk of infection dissemination in humans. This highlights the need for further larger and multi-center studies to better define the transmission of the pathogenic S. aureus between livestock, environment, and humans.

scholarly journals Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in livestock in North of Morocco

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadira Mourabit ◽  
Abdelhay Arakrak ◽  
Mohammed Bakkali ◽  
Zeineb Zian ◽  
Joaira Bakkach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Close Contact ◽  
Nasal Carriage ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Carriage Rate ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mrsa Strains

Abstract Background : In Morocco, data of LA-MRSA nasal carriage are still limited. The objectives of this study were to determine for the first time the nasal carriage rate, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and virulence genes of S aureus isolated from animals and breeders in close contact. Methods : From 2015 to 2016, 480 nasal swab samples were collected from 27 different Livestock areas in Tangier. The antimicrobial susceptibility phenotypes were determined by disk diffusion according to EUCAST 2016. The presence of nuc , mec A and his homologue mec C, lukS/F-PV, and tst genes were determined by PCR for all isolates. Results : The overall S. aureus nasal carriage rate was low in animals (9.97%) and high in breeders (60%) with a statistically significant difference, (OR = 14.321; 95% CI = 7.484- 27.405; p< 0.0001). In general, S. aureus strains were susceptible to the majority of antibiotics and the higher resistance rates were found against tetracycline (16.7% in animals and 10% in breeders). No MRSA was detected in animals and breeders. A high rate of tst and lukS/F-PV genes has been found only in animals (11.9% and 16.7%, respectively). Conclusion : Despite the lower colonization rate of S. aureus and the absence of MRSA strains in our study, S. aureus strains harbored a higher frequency of tst and lukS/F-PV of virulence genes, which is associated to an increased risk of infection dissemination in humans. This highlights the need for implementing adequate approaches for prevention. Further larger and multi-center studies are needed to validate and confirm our findings. Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus , nasal carriage, animals, breeders, MRSA, Morocco

scholarly journals Development of an In-House Rapid Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocol for Positive Blood Culture and Its Implementation in Routine Microbiology Laboratories

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Min Cao ◽  
Lin Huang ◽  
Yanyan Hu ◽  
Yinfei Fang ◽  
Rong Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Total Error ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Clinical Strains

Bloodstream infections (BSI) are associated with high morbidity and mortality and remain a leading cause of death. Blood culture (BC) including the identification and the antimicrobial susceptibility testing of the causative microorganisms should be performed as soon as possible. In this study, we developed an in-house rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (rAST) protocol for positive BC. First, the rAST was performed in the simulated positive BC of standard strains (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853) at three different times to assess the reproducibility and operability by dispensing four drops of BC broth onto a Mueller–Hinton agar plate after a positive signal. Furthermore, the rAST was performed in clinical positive BCs. The results of rAST at 4, 6, 8, and 18 h of incubation were compared with results of the standard 16- to 20-h disk diffusion method, and the preliminary breakpoints of the rAST method were established according to the inhibition diameter of sensitive strains and resistant strains. Finally, the rAST was performed in the simulated positive BC of clinical strains to evaluate the availability of the preliminary breakpoints. The rAST results of standard strains were distributed evenly at three different times. Among the 202 clinical strains used to establish the preliminary breakpoints, the number of zone diameters that could be read and interpreted (60, 87, 98, and 100%) increased with incubation time (4, 6, 8, and 18 h), and the categorical agreement was acceptable, with total error rates of 3.0, 2.3, 2.1, and 1.3% at 4, 6, 8, and 18 h of incubation, respectively. In conclusion, the in-house rAST protocol for positive BC can be implemented in routine laboratories. It provides reliable antimicrobial susceptibility testing results for BSI pathogens after 4–6 h of incubation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document