Parental Substance Abuse and Divorce as Predictors of Injection Drug Use and High Risk Sexual Behaviors Known to Transmit HIV

1994 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 29-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph H. Neisen
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Parental Substance Abuse

scholarly journals A Vulnerability Assessment for a Future HIV Outbreak Associated With Injection Drug Use in Illinois, 2017–2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cara Jane Bergo ◽  
Jennifer R. Epstein ◽  
Stacey Hoferka ◽  
Marynia Aniela Kolak ◽  
Mai T. Pho
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Cook County ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
County Level ◽  
Opioid Use ◽  
Zip Code

The current opioid crisis and the increase in injection drug use (IDU) have led to outbreaks of HIV in communities across the country. These outbreaks have prompted country and statewide examination into identifying factors to determine areas at risk of a future HIV outbreak. Based on methodology used in a prior nationwide county-level analysis by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), we examined Illinois at the ZIP code level (n = 1,383). Combined acute and chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among persons <40 years of age was used as an outcome proxy measure for IDU. Local and statewide data sources were used to identify variables that are potentially predictive of high risk for HIV/HCV transmission that fell within three main groups: health outcomes, access/resources, and the social/economic/physical environment. A multivariable negative binomial regression was performed with population as an offset. The vulnerability score for each ZIP code was created using the final regression model that consisted of 11 factors, six risk factors, and five protective factors. ZIP codes identified with the highest vulnerability ranking (top 10%) were distributed across the state yet focused in the rural southern region. The most populous county, Cook County, had only one vulnerable ZIP code. This analysis reveals more areas vulnerable to future outbreaks compared to past national analyses and provides more precise indications of vulnerability at the ZIP code level. The ability to assess the risk at sub-county level allows local jurisdictions to more finely tune surveillance and preventive measures and target activities in these high-risk areas. The final model contained a mix of protective and risk factors revealing a heightened level of complexity underlying the relationship between characteristics that impact HCV risk. Following this analysis, Illinois prioritized recommendations to include increasing access to harm reduction services, specifically sterile syringe services, naloxone access, infectious disease screening and increased linkage to care for HCV and opioid use disorder.

scholarly journals Drug Users and HIV Risk in Guatemala City, Guatemala

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 296-307 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hembling ◽  
Jane Bertrand ◽  
Giovanni Melendez ◽  
Laura Ponchick
Keyword(s):  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Hiv Risk ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Drug Users ◽  
Hiv Transmission ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Consistent Condom ◽  
Guatemala City

Injection drug use is a known risk factor for HIV transmission, but research suggests non-injection drug use also heightens HIV risk. This study measures HIV prevalence and examines sexual behavior among drug users in Guatemala City. The multiplier method and respondent-driven sampling (RDS) were used to estimate the size of the population, generating a representative sample of 299 drug users 18+ years old living in Guatemala City. The study found that drug users tended to be males with low education and income; 6% were HIV positive. Most drug users reported sexual behaviors that heightened the risk of HIV transmission like multiple sexual partners, buying or selling sex, low rates of consistent condom use, and exchanging sex for drugs. HIV prevalence is low in Guatemala, but non-injection drug use likely increases behaviors that heighten risk of HIV transmission.

scholarly journals Childhood Trauma and Injection Drug Use Among High-Risk Youth

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 300-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Kerr ◽  
Jo-Anne Stoltz ◽  
Brandon D.L. Marshall ◽  
Calvin Lai ◽  
Steffanie A. Strathdee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Childhood Trauma ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
High Risk Youth

scholarly journals High-Risk Behaviors Associated with Injection Drug Use Among Recently HIV-Infected Men Who Have Sex with Men in San Diego, CA

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (7) ◽  
pp. 1561-1569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angie Ghanem ◽  
Susan J. Little ◽  
Lydia Drumright ◽  
Lin Liu ◽  
Sheldon Morris ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
San Diego ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
High Risk Behaviors ◽  
Sex With Men

scholarly journals “Another Person Was Going to Do It”: The Provision of Injection Drug Use Initiation Assistance in a High-Risk U.S.–Mexico Border Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 (14) ◽  
pp. 2338-2350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria L. Mittal ◽  
Andrew Guise ◽  
Claudia Rafful ◽  
Patricia Gonzalez-Zuñiga ◽  
Peter Davidson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Border Region ◽  
Mexico Border ◽  
Drug Use Initiation

Circumstances of first crystal methamphetamine use and initiation of injection drug use among high-risk youth

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
EVAN WOOD ◽  
JO-ANNE STOLTZ ◽  
RUTH ZHANG ◽  
STEFFANIE A. STRATHDEE ◽  
JULIO S. G. MONTANER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Crystal Methamphetamine ◽  
Methamphetamine Use ◽  
High Risk Youth

scholarly journals Prevalence, Distribution, and Correlates of Hepatitis C Virus Infection among Homeless Adults in Los Angeles

2012 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-421 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lillian Gelberg ◽  
Marjorie J. Robertson ◽  
Lisa Arangua ◽  
Barbara D. Leake ◽  
Gerald Sumner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Los Angeles ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Sexual Behaviors ◽  
Hcv Infection ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Homeless Adults

Objective. We documented the prevalence, distribution, and correlates of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection among urban homeless adults. Methods. We sampled a community-based probability sample of 534 homeless adults from 41 shelters and meal programs in the Skid Row area of downtown Los Angeles, California. Participants were interviewed and tested for HCV, hepatitis B, and HIV. Outcomes included prevalence, distribution, and correlates of HCV infection; awareness of HCV positivity; and HCV counseling and treatment history. Results. Overall, 26.7% of the sample tested HCV-positive and 4.0% tested HIV-positive. In logistic regression analysis, independent predictors of HCV infection for the total sample included older age, less education, prison history, and single- and multiple-drug injection. Among lifetime drug injectors, independent predictors of HCV infection included older age, prison history, and no history of intranasal cocaine use. Among reported non-injectors, predictors of HCV infection included older age, less education, use of non-injection drugs, and three or more tattoos. Sexual behaviors and snorting or smoking drugs had no independent relationship with HCV infection. Among HCV-infected adults, nearly half (46.1%) were unaware of their infection. Conclusions. Despite the high prevalence of HCV infection, nearly half of the cases were hidden and few had ever received any HCV-related treatment. While injection drug use was the strongest independent predictor, patterns of injection drug use, non-injection drug use, prison stays, and multiple tattoos were also independent predictors of HCV. Findings suggest that urgent interventions are needed to screen, counsel, and treat urban homeless adults for HCV infection.

scholarly journals Ketamine Injection among High Risk Youth: Preliminary Findings from New York City

2002 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 893-905 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen E. Lankenau ◽  
Michael C. Clatts
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
New York City ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
York City ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
High Risk Youth ◽  
Injection Practices

Ketamine, a synthetic drug commonly consumed by high risk youth, produces a range of experiences, including sedation, dissociation, and hallucinations. While ketamine is more typically sniffed, we describe a small sample of young ketamine injectors (n=25) in New York City and highlight risks associated with this emerging type of injection drug use. Our findings indicate that the injection practices, injection groups, and use norms surrounding ketamine often differ from other injection drug use: intramuscular injections were more common than intravenous injections; injection groups were often large; multiple injections within a single episode were common; bottles rather than cookers were shared; and the drug was often obtained for free. Our findings suggest that the drug injection practices exercised by ketamine injectors place them at risk for bloodborne pathogens, such as HIV, HBV, and HCV. We conclude that ketamine injectors represent an emerging, though often hidden, population of injection drug users, particularly among high risk, street-involved youth.

scholarly journals Sociodemographic Factors Associated With HIV/HCV High-Risk Behaviors Among People Who Use Drugs on Methadone Maintenance Treatment: A 10-Year Observational Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cong Liu ◽  
Yi-lei Ma ◽  
Xue-han Liu ◽  
Yan-ran Duan ◽  
Pu-lin Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Risk Behaviors ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Methadone Maintenance ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
Sexual Partners ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
High Risk Behaviors ◽  
Multiple Sexual Partners

Background: Sociodemographic factors have an impact worldwide on the behavior of people who use drugs (PWUD). This study attempts to clarify the sociodemographic factors related to HIV/HCV high-risk behaviors (injection drug use, syringe sharing, and multiple sex partners) among PWUD on methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) in the long term.Methods: The 13,300 PWUD recruited into the MMT program were followed during 2006–2015. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine the relationship between sociodemographic characteristics and HIV/HCV high-risk behaviors.Results: We found that male (vs. female), living alone (vs. living with family or relatives), temporary income, financial support from family/friends, and financial support from social welfare (vs. regular salary) were positively associated with injection drug use. Age of initial drug use was negatively associated with injection drug use and syringe sharing. For both genders, being unmarried (vs. married or in cohabitation), living with friends, living alone (vs. living with family or relatives), temporary income, financial supports from family/friends (vs. regular salary), being employed (vs. unemployed/between jobs) was positively associated. In contrast, age at baseline was negatively associated with having multiple sexual partners for both genders. Ethnic of non-Han (vs. Han) was positively associated with having multiple sexual partners simply for males. Being divorced or widowed (vs. married or cohabitated) was positively associated with having multiple sexual partners merely for females.Conclusion: HIV/HCV high-risk behaviors correlated with certain sociodemographic factors of PWUD receiving MMT. There is a need for improving the well-being, employment, and housing status of PWUD on MMT to reduce their HIV/HCV risk behaviors.

scholarly journals Patterns of polydrug use among pregnant substance abusers

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Therese Reitan
Keyword(s):  
Substance Abuse ◽  
Drug Use ◽  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Injection Drug Use ◽  
Substance Abusers ◽  
First Trimester ◽  
Injection Drug ◽  
Clinical Population ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Polydrug Use

Aim: Studies of drug use during pregnancy have generally focused on individual substances or specific combinations of drugs. The aim of this article is to increase our knowledge about polydrug use and pregnancy in a Nordic context by describing the sociodemographic characteristics of a clinical population of pregnant women with severe substance use, examining the scope and type of polydrug use and analysing factors associated with concurrent use of many, as opposed to a few, drugs. Method: A cross-sectional study of pregnant women on admission to compulsory care for substance abuse in Sweden between 2000 and 2009 ( n = 119 women, representing 128 pregnancies). Data were retrieved from administrative registers and client records. Univariate links between demographic, social, obstetrical, treatment history variables and polydrug use were examined. Binary logistic regression was used to analyse the association between explanatory variables and polydrug use. Results: The average number of drugs being used concurrently was 2.65, and injection drug use was recorded in 73% of the pregnancies. Opiates and amphetamines were the most common primary drugs, followed by alcohol. The likelihood of polydrug use increased with first trimester pregnancy, planned (as opposed to emergency) committals, as well as the combination of partner substance abuse and injection drug use. Conclusions: Polydrug use was widespread among pregnant substance abusers. Policies, interventions and research often focus on individual drugs separately, but for clinical populations in particular there is a need to address drug use broadly, including a systematic recording of smoking habits. This also entails awarding more attention to those not eligible for established interventions, such as opiate maintenance treatment, and giving more consideration to a variety of life circumstances, such as partner drug use.

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