scholarly journals Intra-nasal Inoculation of American Bison (Bison bison) with Ovine Herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) Reliably Reproduces Malignant Catarrhal Fever

2007 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 655-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O'Toole ◽  
N. S. Taus ◽  
D. L. Montgomery ◽  
J. L. Oaks ◽  
T. B. Crawford ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Bison Bison ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Ruminant Species ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Route Of Exposure

Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) due to infection with ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is common in commercial herds of American bison ( Bison bison). Inability to propagate OvHV-2 in vitro has been a constraint on experimental studies of the disease. We sought to establish whether nasal secretions from sheep that shed OvHV-2 might induce the disease in bison and to define a minimum challenge dose. Fourteen bison were nebulized with sheep nasal sections containing 103–107 OvHV-2 deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) copies. Most challenged bison (11/14, 78.6%) developed clinical signs at 29–52 days postnebulization (DPN). The mean incubation time was 42.18 (±7.33 SD) DPN. Using real-time polymerase chain reaction, we detected OvHV-2 DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes at 21–31 DPN. All bison that developed MCF had antibodies against the MCF group viruses. Gross and histologic lesions were typical of the acute disease. There was no morphologic evidence of a dose-related difference in the severity or distribution of lesions. This is the first successful reproduction of MCF in bison using a nasal route of exposure. Experimentally challenged bison are more susceptible to MCF, compared with experimentally challenged domestic cattle in a previous experiment. Bison are a pertinent ruminant species in which the pathogenesis of the disease can be investigated.

scholarly journals Malignant Catarrhal Fever-like Disease in Sheep after Intranasal Inoculation with Ovine Herpesvirus-2

2005 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Li ◽  
Donal O'Toole ◽  
Okjin Kim ◽  
J. Lindsay Oaks ◽  
Timothy B. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Nasal Discharge ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Viral Shedding ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Bronchiolar Epithelium ◽  
Polymerase Chain

A malignant catarrhal fever (MCF)–like disease was induced experimentally in 3 sheep after aerosol inoculation with ovine herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2). Each of 3 OvHV-2–negative sheep was nebulized with 2 ml of nasal secretions containing approximately 3.07 − 109 OvHV-2 DNA copies from a sheep experiencing an intensive viral-shedding episode. Ovine herpesvirus-2 DNA became detectable by polymerase chain reaction in the peripheral blood leukocytes of all 3 sheep within 3 days, and all 3 seroconverted between 6 and 8 days postinfection (PI). The sheep developed clinical signs, with copious mucopurulent nasal discharge and fever around 14 days PI. One of the 3 clinically affected sheep was euthanized at 18 days PI. Major lesions at necropsy were multifocal linear erosions and ulcers in mucosa of the cheeks, tongue, pharynx, and proximal esophagus and mild disseminated pneumonia. Microscopically, there was extensive moderate superficial histiocytic–lymphocytic rhinitis with epithelial dissociation and degeneration. Moderate multifocal histiocytic bronchointerstitial pneumonia was associated with loss of terminal bronchiolar epithelium. Lymphocytic vasculitis was present only in the lung. The remaining 2 sheep recovered clinically, approximately 25 days PI. The study revealed that clinical signs and lesions resembling MCF can develop when uninfected sheep are exposed to a high dose of aerosolized OvHV-2.

scholarly journals Ovine herpesvirus 2 replicates initially in the lung of experimentally infected sheep

2008 ◽  
Vol 89 (7) ◽  
pp. 1699-1708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Li ◽  
Cristina W. Cunha ◽  
Christopher J. Davies ◽  
Katherine L. Gailbreath ◽  
Donald P. Knowles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphoproliferative Disease ◽  
Infected Sheep ◽  
Open Reading Frame ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Defence Mechanism ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Initial Infection ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
Replication Site

Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), a rhadinovirus in the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae, is the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), a frequently fatal lymphoproliferative disease primarily of ruminants worldwide. Inability to propagate the virus in vitro has made it difficult to study OvHV-2 replication. Aerosol inoculation of sheep with OvHV-2 from nasal secretions collected from naturally infected sheep during shedding episodes results in infection of naive sheep, providing an excellent system to study OvHV-2 initial replication in the natural host. In this study, we showed that OvHV-2 delivered through the nasal route by nebulization resulted in infection in all lambs, but no infection was established in any lambs after intravenous or intraperitoneal injection. In nebulized lambs, while it was not detected initially in any other tissues, OvHV-2 DNA became detectable in the lung at 3 days post-infection (p.i.), increased to about 900 copies per 50 ng DNA at 5 days p.i., reached peak levels (∼7500 copies) at 7 days p.i., and then declined to an average of 800 copies at 9 days p.i. Transcripts of OvHV-2 open reading frame 25 (coding for the capsid protein), an indicator of virus replication, were only detected in lung tissues, and were positively correlated with OvHV-2 DNA levels in the lungs. In addition, selected immune response genes were also highly expressed in the lung at 5 and 7 days p.i. The data indicate that lung is the primary replication site for OvHV-2 during initial infection in sheep and suggest that viral replication is promptly controlled by a host defence mechanism.

Molecular characterisation of ovine herpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2) in Turkey

2012 ◽  
Vol 60 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yakup Yildirim ◽  
Seval Bilge Dağalp ◽  
Volkan Yilmaz ◽  
Ali Faraji Majarashin
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocyte ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Molecular Characterisation ◽  
Laboratory Examination ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Herpesvirus Type ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Blood Leukocyte

In this study, the physical examination of 22 cattle revealed clinical signs of malignant catarrhal fever (MCF). Peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) samples of the 22 cattle, and nasal (n = 7) and conjunctival (n = 9) swab samples from 16 sheep from two different farms, were taken for laboratory examination. The clinical diagnosis of MCF in cows was confirmed by the detection of ovine herpesvirus type 2 (OvHV-2) DNA by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). OvHV-2 DNA was detected by nested-PCR in PBL of one cow with clinical signs and nasal (1/7)-conjunctival(1/9) swab samples of two sheep housed in the same barn. According to the sequence analysis, three slightly divergent viruses were detected. The results indicate the need for additional research in different regions of Turkey to gain a better understanding of the incidence of MCF and its implications for the livestock industry.

scholarly journals Malignant Catarrhal Fever in a Captive American Bison (Bison Bison) in Italy

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 843-846 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Campolo ◽  
Maria Stella Lucente ◽  
Viviana Mari ◽  
Gabriella Elia ◽  
Antonella Tinelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Ovis Aries ◽  
Bison Bison ◽  
Domestic Sheep ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Acute Form

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a fatal, systemic disease of cattle and other domestic and wild ruminants that, in Europe, is caused by Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2). American bison ( Bison bison) are highly susceptible to the disease. An adult American bison, housed in a zoo in southern Italy in close cohabitation with a group of domestic sheep ( Ovis aries aries) displayed clinical signs that resembled the acute form of MCF. By real-time polymerase chain reaction, OvHV-2 DNA was detected intravitam in blood, in nasal and ocular swabs, and postmortem in tissue samples of the bison. By indirect fluorescent antibody test, high MCF antibody titers were found in the bison serum. Ovine herpesvirus 2 DNA and antibodies were also found in blood samples from the domestic sheep, thus suggesting a potential role of these animals as a source of the infection. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first MCF case in captive ruminants in Italy and the second confirmed case in captive bison of European zoos.

scholarly journals Detection of ovine herpesvirus-2 in clinical cases of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in balinese cattle and apparently healthy sheep in East Nusa Tenggara

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 06006
Author(s):  
Agus Wiyono ◽  
Harimurti Nuradji ◽  
Maxs UE Sanam ◽  
Yohanes TRMR Simarmata ◽  
Rini Damayanti
Keyword(s):  
Fatal Outcome ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Nested Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Healthy Cattle ◽  
Healthy Sheep ◽  
Vaginal Swabs ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a disease causing a fatal outcome in cattle and generates economic losses worldwide. This study aims to detect the cause of the disease in Balinese cattle showing clinical signs such as high fever, serous ocular mucopurulent nasal discharges, and enlargement of pre-scapularis and pre-femoralis lymphnodes. These cattle were previously housed 50 meters away from a flock of sheep which were brought from Sabu Island 3 months earlier. Samples including blood, ocular, nasal, and vaginal swabs were collected from 22 sheep, 30 goats, 33 clinically healthy cattle (22 Balinese and 11 Ongole cattle), and 3 infected Balinese cattle. Samples were processed and tested using A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. Results showed t hat 12 sheep out of 22 and 3 out of 3 infected Balinese cattle were positive MCF, suggesting a potential spread of the disease from sheep to Balinese cattle. No goats and Ongole cattle that were positive indicate that these animals are less susceptible to Ovine Herpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2) infection compared to Balinese cattle. The finding of 5 positive samples from 22 healthy Balinese cattle shows the potential of sub-clinical infection of OvHV-2.

Interferon beta treatment of multiple sclerosis increases serum interleukin-7

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (13) ◽  
pp. 1727-1736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wangko Lundström ◽  
Christina Hermanrud ◽  
Maria Sjöstrand ◽  
Susanna Brauner ◽  
Marie Wahren-Herlenius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Interferon Beta ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Interleukin 7 ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Cell Immunity ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Background: Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a non-redundant cytokine for T-cell development and survival. The IL-7 signaling pathway has been genetically and functionally associated with several autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS). Objective: The objective of this paper is to elucidate the effect of the widely used immunomodulatory MS therapy interferon beta (IFNβ) on IL-7 homeostasis. Methods: Swedish MS patients were screened for IL-7 concentration in serum and blood cell counts. IL-7 receptor alpha chain (IL-7Rα) expression was determined by semi-quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and flow cytometry. Results: IFNβ treatment led to significantly increased serum IL-7 levels (mean: 17 pg/ml) compared with healthy controls (mean: 7.6 pg/ml) and natalizumab-treated patients (mean: 5.3 pg/ml). In vitro and in vivo, peripheral blood leukocytes showed decreased IL-7Rα expression and IL-7 consumption upon IFNβ exposure, suggesting that their IL-7 responsiveness is impaired during treatment. Conclusions: MS patients undergoing IFNβ treatment have increased serum IL-7 levels and decreased IL-7 consumption. Given IL-7’s important role in T-cell immunity, this relationship may be highly relevant for IFNβ’s treatment efficacy.

scholarly journals Malignant Catarrhal Fever in a Bison (Bison Bison) Feedlot, 1993–2000

2002 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 183-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. O'Toole ◽  
H. Li ◽  
C. Sourk ◽  
D. L. Montgomery ◽  
T. B. Crawford
Keyword(s):  
Hemorrhagic Cystitis ◽  
Bison Bison ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Pcr Assay ◽  
American Midwest ◽  
Clinical Onset ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
Chronic Pneumonia ◽  
Minimum Infection Rate

A fatal enteric syndrome was identified in American bison ( Bison bison) at a large feedlot in the American Midwest in early 1998. An estimated 150 bison died of the syndrome between January 1998 and December 1999. The syndrome was identified as malignant catarrhal fever (MCF), primarily the alimentary form. Clinical onset was acute, and most affected bison died within 1–3 days; none recovered. Consistent lesions were hemorrhagic cystitis, ulcerative enterotyphlocolitis, and arteritis-phlebitis. Vasculitis was milder and more localized than that in cattle with MCF, and in contrast to the situation in cattle, lymphadenomegaly was minimal. Virtually all affected bison examined were positive for ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. A retrospective study of archived tissues established that MCF occurred in the yard as early as 1993. A prospective study was undertaken to establish the importance of MCF relative to other fatal diseases at the feedlot. The fate of a group of 300 healthy male bison in a consignment of 1,101 animals was followed for up to 7 months to slaughter. At entry, 23% (71/300) of bison were seropositive for MCF viruses, and 11% (8/71) of these seropositive bison were PCR positive for OvHV-2. Forty seronegative bison were selected at random from the group, and all were PCR negative for OvHV-2. There was no change in seroprevalence in the group during the investigation. The minimum infection rate for MCF virus was 36.3% (93/256). Twenty-two (7.3%) of the 300 bison in the feedlot died. Of these, 15 had MCF, 4 had acute or chronic pneumonia, and 3 were unexamined. Losses in the entire consignment were higher (98/1,101; 8.8% death loss); 76% of deaths were attributable to MCF. The study failed to reveal a relationship between subclinical infection and development of clinical disease.

Ibex-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Duikers (Cephalophus Spp)

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-581
Author(s):  
Francisco R. Carvallo ◽  
Francisco A. Uzal ◽  
Janet D. Moore ◽  
Kenneth Jackson ◽  
Akinyi C. Nyaoke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Malignant Catarrhal Fever ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Viral Dna ◽  
Capra Ibex ◽  
Virus Sequence ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Eight duikers, representing 3 different species cohoused in a single zoological collection, died in a 10-month period. Black, red-flanked, and yellow-backed duikers were affected, appearing clinically with a combination of anorexia, diarrhea, ataxia, tremors, and/or stupor, followed by death within 72 hours of onset of clinical signs. Consistent gross findings were pulmonary ecchymoses (8/8), generalized lymphadenomegaly (6/8), ascites (5/8), and pleural effusion (4/8). Dense lymphocyte infiltrates and arteritis affected numerous tissues in most animals. Ibex-associated malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) viral DNA was detected in all cases by polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Identical ibex-MCF virus sequence was detected in spleen of a clinically healthy ibex ( Capra ibex) housed in a separate enclosure 35 meters away from the duikers.

scholarly journals Experimental infection of sheep with ovine herpesvirus 2 via aerosolization of nasal secretions

2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi S. Taus ◽  
Donald L. Traul ◽  
J. Lindsay Oaks ◽  
Timothy B. Crawford ◽  
Gregory S. Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Infectious Virus ◽  
Vaccine Development ◽  
Peripheral Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Blood Leukocytes ◽  
Infectious Dose ◽  
Virus Shedding ◽  
Virus Specific Antibody ◽  
Nasal Secretions

Ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2) is the causative agent of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever in clinically susceptible ruminants, including cattle, bison and deer. Studies of OvHV-2 have been hampered by the lack of an in vitro propagation system. Here, the use of nasal secretions collected from OvHV-2-infected sheep experiencing intense virus shedding episodes as a source of infectious virus for experimental animal infections was examined. OvHV-2 uninfected sheep were nebulized with nasal secretions containing approximately 108 to 101 copies of OvHV-2 DNA. The time to detectable viral DNA in peripheral blood leukocytes (7–12 days post-infection) and virus-specific antibody in plasma (9–32 days post-infection) varied with the dose of inocula administered. Here, the use of nasal secretions as a source of infectious OvHV-2 was defined and the minimum infectious dose of a pool of nasal secretions that can be used in further studies of viral pathogenesis and vaccine development was determined.

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