scholarly journals An oxytocin/vasopressin-related neuropeptide modulates social foraging behavior in the clonal raider ant

PLoS Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. e3001305
Author(s):  
Ingrid Fetter-Pruneda ◽  
Taylor Hart ◽  
Yuko Ulrich ◽  
Asaf Gal ◽  
Peter R. Oxley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Behavioral Response ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Cues ◽  
Social Foraging ◽  
Propensity To Leave ◽  
Response Thresholds ◽  
Do So

Oxytocin/vasopressin-related neuropeptides are highly conserved and play major roles in regulating social behavior across vertebrates. However, whether their insect orthologue, inotocin, regulates the behavior of social groups remains unknown. Here, we show that in the clonal raider ant Ooceraea biroi, individuals that perform tasks outside the nest have higher levels of inotocin in their brains than individuals of the same age that remain inside the nest. We also show that older ants, which spend more time outside the nest, have higher inotocin levels than younger ants. Inotocin thus correlates with the propensity to perform tasks outside the nest. Additionally, increasing inotocin pharmacologically increases the tendency of ants to leave the nest. However, this effect is contingent on age and social context. Pharmacologically treated older ants have a higher propensity to leave the nest only in the presence of larvae, whereas younger ants seem to do so only in the presence of pupae. Our results suggest that inotocin signaling plays an important role in modulating behaviors that correlate with age, such as social foraging, possibly by modulating behavioral response thresholds to specific social cues. Inotocin signaling thereby likely contributes to behavioral individuality and division of labor in ant societies.

Apostle to the Gentiles: Constructions of Paul's Identity

2005 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Johnson Hodge
Keyword(s):  
Critical Race Theory ◽  
Dynamic Model ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Division Of Labor ◽  
Multiple Identities ◽  
Race Theory ◽  
Ethnic Boundaries ◽  
In Christ ◽  
Religious Other ◽  
Do So

AbstractIn Galatians 2:7–9, Paul lays out the parameters for the spread of the gospel for himself and his Judiean colleagues: all agreed that ?We should go to the gentiles and they to the circumcised? (Gal 2:9). This division of labor is crucial for understanding Paul: his task involves an intentional crossing of ethnic boundaries. Ethnicity determined the organization of the mission and Paul was responsible for the ethnic and religious "other."Here I explore Paul's construction of his identity as a Judean teacher of gentiles. Drawing on recent work in anthropology and critical race theory, I propose an approach which understands identity as flexible and multiplicative. Two principles operate within this dynamic model: 1) people shift identities according to specific circumstances and 2) people prioritize their various identities, ranking some higher than others.This model helps us understand Paul, who describes himself in a variety of ways: Judean by birth, born of the tribe of Benjamin, seed of Abraham, apostle to the gentiles, in Christ. These multiple identities as Paul shifts among them and sometimes ranks one over others serve his argument in strategic ways. He is willing, for example, to forego certain practices of the law (an important part of his Judean identity) in order to interact with gentiles (and he rebukes his colleagues for refusing to do so [Gal 2:11–14]). Yet other aspects of his identity are more important and also less flexible: his "in-Christness" (which he shares with gentiles) and his birth as a Judean (which he does not share with gentiles). In closing, I consider the implications this reading has for the identities of the members of his audience, who are simultaneously gentiles, in Christ, and adopted sons of God.

scholarly journals An unintentional, robust, and replicable pro-Black bias in social judgment

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jordan Axt ◽  
Charles R. Ebersole ◽  
Brian A. Nosek
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Social Judgment ◽  
Social Commentary ◽  
Acceptance Criterion ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
Academic Decision Making ◽  
Honor Society

Empirical evidence and social commentary demonstrate favoring of Whites over Blacks in attitudes, social judgment, and social behavior. In 6 studies (N > 4,000), we provide evidence for a pro-Black bias in academic decision-making. When making multiple admissions decisions for an academic honor society, participants from undergraduate and online samples had a more relaxed acceptance criterion for Black than White candidates, even though participants possessed implicit and explicit preferences for Whites over Blacks. This pro-Black criterion bias persisted among subsamples that wanted to be unbiased and believed they were unbiased. It also persisted even when participants were given warning of the bias or incentives to perform accurately. These results suggest opportunity for theoretical and empirical innovation on the conditions under which biases in social judgment favor and disfavor different social groups, and how those biases manifest outside of awareness or control.

Conclusions

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Social Forms ◽  
British Muslims ◽  
Do So

This concluding chapter examines the concentration of British Muslims within British locations. Concentration of people with similar pasts, old-country anchors, and theological tendencies makes it possible to draw rings around one's own group, and to build bridges back home without sensing a need to do so with those next door. But even if some Islamic public actors have seen little reason to move away from established modes of reasoning and practice, and the very welcoming soil of Britain has encouraged them to reproduce older forms, doing so in a new context has inevitably led to social transformations—all the more as the new contexts shift in response to these efforts. Indeed, the shariʻa councils are not replicas of anything existing today or yesterday in South Asia but an effort to create—on the basis of remembered social forms but in a new social context—mechanisms to respond to British Muslims' demands.

Advertising in the World of Social Media-Based Brand Communities

2018 ◽  
pp. 545-556
Author(s):  
Mohammad Reza Habibi ◽  
Michel Laroche ◽  
Marie-Odile Richard
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Social Context ◽  
External World ◽  
Brand Community ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Brand Communities ◽  
The World ◽  
Do So

Social media has revolutionized marketing practices and created many opportunities for smart marketers to take advantage of its unique characteristics. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the concept of Social Media-Based Brand Communities to advertisers and show how they can use these communities to work for them in creating and distributing favorable communication messages to masses of consumers. The authors underscore that consumers in a brand community can be employed as unpaid volunteer ambassadors of the brand who diligently try to create favorable impressions about the brand in the external world. Social media has also empowered them to do so through participating in brand communities based in social media. These communities, however, are different from conventional brand communities on at least five dimensions: social context, structure, scale, storytelling, and myriad affiliated communities. Therefore, marketers should treat such communities differently. This chapter provides the essentials all marketers should know before facilitating brand communities in social media.

Rahmat

2019 ◽  
pp. 161-194
Author(s):  
Andrea Chiovenda
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Drug Trafficking ◽  
Personal History ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Rural Village ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So

The chapter revolves around Rahmat, a young man, father of two, who lives in a rural village on the border with Pakistan. His case is different from the previous ones in that he embodies apparently all the characteristics that would be expected from an appropriate Pashtun masculinity. He is in fact a well-known and respected figure in his district. Under the surface, however, lies the conflicted personal history of a man who straddled the geographical border of the two countries to engage in drug trafficking and production, and who secretly longs to escape elsewhere to regain the sense of an ideal masculinity, of which he feels he was metaphorically robbed by the distortions of a war-ravaged social context. The sense of responsibility to embody the features of the “perfect” Pashtun man clashes with the inability to do so in the “right” way, due to the perceived degeneration of modern life in Afghanistan.

On the Privacy and Utility of Anonymized Social Networks

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Song ◽  
Xuesong Lu ◽  
Sadegh Nobari ◽  
Stéphane Bressan ◽  
Panagiotis Karras
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Media ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Trade Off ◽  
Private Lives ◽  
The Social ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Do So

One is either on Facebook or not. Of course, this assessment is controversial and its rationale arguable. It is nevertheless not far, for many, from the reason behind joining social media and publishing and sharing details of their professional and private lives. Not only the personal details that may be revealed, but also the structure of the networks are sources of invaluable information for any organization wanting to understand and learn about social groups, their dynamics and members. These organizations may or may not be benevolent. It is important to devise, design and evaluate solutions that guarantee some privacy. One approach that reconciles the different stakeholders’ requirement is the publication of a modified graph. The perturbation is hoped to be sufficient to protect members’ privacy while it maintains sufficient utility for analysts wanting to study the social media as a whole. In this paper, the authors try to empirically quantify the inevitable trade-off between utility and privacy. They do so for two state-of-the-art graph anonymization algorithms that protect against most structural attacks, the k-automorphism algorithm and the k-degree anonymity algorithm. The authors measure several metrics for a series of real graphs from various social media before and after their anonymization under various settings.

scholarly journals LUGAR DE MULHER É... NA FÁBRICA; ESTADO E TRABALHO FEMININO NO BRASIL (1910-1934)

2001 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Giselle Martins VENANCIO
Keyword(s):  
Family Structure ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Brazilian State ◽  
The Social ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
The Family ◽  
Family Based ◽  
Do So

Objetiva-se, neste artigo, compreender as formas de atuação dos diversos grupos sociais que debateram, nos primeiros anos do século XX no Brasil, a questão da regulamentação do trabalho feminino com vistas a demonstrar, principalmente, de que maneira o Estado brasileiro atuou, durante os anos 10, 20 e 30, em relação ao processo de regulamentação das leis trabalhistas, mais especificamente em relação à normatização do trabalho feminino. Ao analisar como o Estado se comportou diante do trabalho industrial feminino, buscamos fazê-lo de modo a caracterizar esse Estado enquanto um campo de forças políticas diversas. Como campo de tensão, o Estado republicano brasileiro foi ao mesmo tempo, palco de disputas políticas de vários grupos sociais e local de neutralização desses conflitos através da criação de normas que deveriam ser obedecidas por todos. As leis trabalhistas, criadas principalmente durante os anos 30, funcionaram como uma estratégia que, em nome da sua pretensa imparcialidade, permitia a tentativa de neutralização dos conflitos sociais. Em relação ao trabalho feminino, tal regulamentação, apesar de defender a mulher da superexploração a que estava submetida na fábrica, manteve-se nos limites da defesa de um tipo de família baseada na divisão “natural” dos papéis sociais, resultando de um debate que vinha se organizando desde o início do século sobre os papéis masculino e feminino e sua ação no interior da família. Abstract The goal of this article is to understand the behaviour of the different social groups which discussed, during the first few years of the XX century in Brazil, the regulation of the female labour, trying to demonstrate, mainly, how the Brazilian state acted, during the 10s, 20s and 30s, in relation to the labour laws regulation, and more specifically in relation to the regulation of the female labour. While analysing how this State has behaved facing the female industrial labour, we try to do so as to characterize this state as a camp with different political forces. As a field of tensions, the republican Brazilian state was at the same time a stage of political disputes by different social groups and a place of neutralization of such conflicts, by the creation of norms which should be followed by everybody. The labour laws, which were created mainly during the 1930s, worked as a strategy in which, due to its impartiality, allowed the search for the neutralization of the social conflicts. In relation to the female labour, that regulation, even though it defended the women from the exploration to which they were submitted in the factories, maintained itself inside the limits of defending the family based on the “natural” division of the social roles, resulting from a debate which had been going on since the beginning of the century about the male and female roles and their key actions inside the family structure.

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