scholarly journals Out of Arabia: A Complex Biogeographic History of Multiple Vicariance and Dispersal Events in the Gecko Genus Hemidactylus (Reptilia: Gekkonidae)

PLoS ONE ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. e64018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiří Šmíd ◽  
Salvador Carranza ◽  
Lukáš Kratochvíl ◽  
Václav Gvoždík ◽  
Abdul Karim Nasher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biogeographic History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dispersal Events

scholarly journals Phylogenetic diversity as a window into the evolutionary and biogeographic histories of present-day richness gradients for mammals

2011 ◽  
Vol 366 (1576) ◽  
pp. 2414-2425 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Jonathan Davies ◽  
Lauren B. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Phylogenetic Diversity ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Environmental Predictors ◽  
Terrestrial Mammals ◽  
Extinction Rates ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Shared Ancestry ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dispersal Events

Phylogenetic diversity (PD) captures the shared ancestry of species, and is increasingly being recognized as a valuable conservation currency. Regionally, PD frequently covaries closely with species richness; however, variation in speciation and extinction rates and/or the biogeographic history of lineages can result in significant deviation. Locally, these differences may be pronounced. Rapid recent speciation or high temporal turnover of lineages can result in low PD but high richness. In contrast, rare dispersal events, for example, between biomes, can elevate PD but have only small impact on richness. To date, environmental predictors of species richness have been well studied but global models explaining variation in PD are lacking. Here, we contrast the global distribution of PD versus species richness for terrestrial mammals. We show that an environmental model of lineage diversification can predict well the discrepancy in the distribution of these two variables in some places, for example, South America and Africa but not others, such as Southeast Asia. When we have information on multiple diversity indices, conservation efforts directed towards maximizing one currency or another (e.g. species richness versus PD) should also consider the underlying processes that have shaped their distributions.

Phylogenetic relationships and biogeographic range evolution in cat-eyed snakes, Boiga (Serpentes: Colubridae)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey L Weinell ◽  
Anthony J Barley ◽  
Cameron D Siler ◽  
Nikolai L Orlov ◽  
Natalia B Ananjeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Relationships ◽  
Nuclear Dna ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
Species Level ◽  
Boiga Irregularis ◽  
Brown Tree Snake ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dispersal Events

Abstract The genus Boiga includes 35, primarily arboreal snake species distributed from the Middle East to Australia and many islands in the western Pacific, with particularly high species diversity in South-East Asia. Despite including the iconic mangrove snakes (Boiga dendrophila complex) and the brown tree snake (Boiga irregularis; infamous for avian extinctions on small islands of the Pacific), species-level phylogenetic relationships and the biogeographic history of this ecologically and morphologically distinct clade are poorly understood. In this study, we sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear DNA for 24 Boiga species and used these data to estimate a robust phylogenetic inference, in order to (1) test the hypothesis that Boiga is monophyletic, (2) evaluate the validity of current species-level taxonomy and (3) examine whether geographic range evolution in Boiga is consistent with expectations concerning dispersal and colonization of vertebrates between continents and islands. Our results support the prevailing view that most dispersal events are downstream – from continents to oceanic islands – but we also identify a role for upstream dispersal from oceanic islands to continents. Additionally, the novel phylogeny of Boiga presented here is informative for updating species-level taxonomy within the genus.

New Azana species from Western North America (Diptera: Mycetophilidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2397 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER H. KERR
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
New World ◽  
Western North America ◽  
World Species ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Fungus Gnats ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
History Of ◽  
Dispersal Events

Two new species of fungus gnats (Diptera: Mycetophilidae), Azana malinamoena and Azana frizzelli, spp. nov., are described and figured from California. These species represent the first records of Azana for western North America. A diagnosis of the genus Azana Walker is presented and a provisional key for the New World species of the genus is given. The discovery of A. malinamoena and A. frizzelli in California and their apparently close relationship to A. nigricoxa Strobl from south-western Europe (rather than to the only other Azana species known from North America, A. sinusa Coher) implies a more complicated biogeographic history of this genus in North America, one that probably includes multiple, independent dispersal events.

scholarly journals Extant primitively segmented spiders have recently diversified from an ancient lineage

2015 ◽  
Vol 282 (1808) ◽  
pp. 20142486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Xu ◽  
Fengxiang Liu ◽  
Ren-Chung Cheng ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
Xiang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Asian Origin ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Living Fossils ◽  
Water Dispersal ◽  
Ancient Lineage ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Phylogenetic Framework ◽  
Dispersal Events

Living fossils are lineages that have retained plesiomorphic traits through long time periods. It is expected that such lineages have both originated and diversified long ago. Such expectations have recently been challenged in some textbook examples of living fossils, notably in extant cycads and coelacanths. Using a phylogenetic approach, we tested the patterns of the origin and diversification of liphistiid spiders, a clade of spiders considered to be living fossils due to their retention of arachnid plesiomorphies and their exclusive grouping in Mesothelae, an ancient clade sister to all modern spiders. Facilitated by original sampling throughout their Asian range, we here provide the phylogenetic framework necessary for reconstructing liphistiid biogeographic history. All phylogenetic analyses support the monophyly of Liphistiidae and of eight genera. As the fossil evidence supports a Carboniferous Euramerican origin of Mesothelae, our dating analyses postulate a long eastward over-land dispersal towards the Asian origin of Liphistiidae during the Palaeogene (39–58 Ma). Contrary to expectations, diversification within extant liphistiid genera is relatively recent, in the Neogene and Late Palaeogene (4–24 Ma). While no over-water dispersal events are needed to explain their evolutionary history, the history of liphistiid spiders has the potential to play prominently in vicariant biogeographic studies.

scholarly journals Amazonia as the Origin and Diversification Area of Didelphidae (Mammalia: Metatheria), and a Review of the Fossil Record of the Clade

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariela C. Castro ◽  
Murilo J. Dahur ◽  
Gabriel S. Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Parametric Models ◽  
Isthmus Of Panama ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Early Diversification ◽  
Northern Portion ◽  
History Of ◽  
Environmental Events ◽  
Fossil Records

AbstractDidelphidae is the largest New World radiation of marsupials, and is mostly represented by arboreal, small- to medium-sized taxa that inhabit tropical and/or subtropical forests. The group originated and remained isolated in South America for millions of years, until the formation of the Isthmus of Panama. In this study, we present the first reconstruction of the biogeographic history of Didelphidae including all major clades, based on parametric models and stratified analyses over time. We also compiled all the pre-Quaternary fossil records of the group, and contrasted these data to our biogeographic inferences, as well as to major environmental events that occurred in the South American Cenozoic. Our results indicate the relevance of Amazonia in the early diversification of Didelphidae, including the divergence of the major clades traditionally ranked as subfamilies and tribes. Cladogeneses in other areas started in the late Miocene, an interval of intense shifts, especially in the northern portion of Andes and Amazon Basin. Occupation of other areas continued through the Pliocene, but few were only colonized in Quaternary times. The comparison between the biogeographic inference and the fossil records highlights some further steps towards better understanding the spatiotemporal evolution of the clade. Finally, our results stress that the early history of didelphids is obscured by the lack of Paleogene fossils, which are still to be unearthed from low-latitude deposits of South America.

Evolution and biogeographic history of the Saguinus mystax group (Primates, Callithrichidae)

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daysa Athaydes ◽  
Cayo A. R. Dias ◽  
Renato Gregorin ◽  
Fernando A. Perini
Keyword(s):  
Saguinus Mystax ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
History Of

Mitochondrial introgression and complex biogeographic history of the genus Picea

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 63-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Hua Ran ◽  
Ting-Ting Shen ◽  
Wen-Juan Liu ◽  
Pei-Pei Wang ◽  
Xiao-Quan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Mitochondrial Introgression ◽  
History Of

scholarly journals Systematic placement of an enigmatic Southeast Asian taxon Eupetes macrocerus and implications for the biogeography of a main songbird radiation, the Passerida

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-326 ◽  
Author(s):  
Knud A Jønsson ◽  
Jon Fjeldså ◽  
Per G.P Ericson ◽  
Martin Irestedt
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Plate Tectonics ◽  
Molecular Data ◽  
Sister Taxon ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Basal Group ◽  
History Of ◽  
Biogeographic Regions ◽  
Wallace’S Line

Biogeographic connections between Australia and other continents are still poorly understood although the plate tectonics of the Indo-Pacific region is now well described. Eupetes macrocerus is an enigmatic taxon distributed in a small area on the Malay Peninsula and on Sumatra and Borneo. It has generally been associated with Ptilorrhoa in New Guinea on the other side of Wallace's Line, but a relationship with the West African Picathartes has also been suggested. Using three nuclear markers, we demonstrate that Eupetes is the sister taxon of the South African genus Chaetops , and their sister taxon in turn being Picathartes , with a divergence in the Eocene. Thus, this clade is distributed in remote corners of Africa and Asia, which makes the biogeographic history of these birds very intriguing. The most parsimonious explanation would be that they represent a relictual basal group in the Passerida clade established after a long-distance dispersal from the Australo-Papuan region to Africa. Many earlier taxonomic arrangements may have been based on assumptions about relationships with similar-looking forms in the same, or adjacent, biogeographic regions, and revisions with molecular data may uncover such cases of neglect of ancient relictual patterns reflecting past connections between the continents.

scholarly journals Early Oligocene chinchilloid caviomorphs from Puerto Rico and the initial rodent colonization of the West Indies

2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1920) ◽  
pp. 20192806 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurent Marivaux ◽  
Jorge Vélez-Juarbe ◽  
Gilles Merzeraud ◽  
François Pujos ◽  
Lázaro W. Viñola López ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Puerto Rico ◽  
West Indies ◽  
Distinct Species ◽  
South American ◽  
The West ◽  
Early Oligocene ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Phylogenetic Affinities ◽  
Dispersal Events ◽  
South American Origin

By their past and present diversity, rodents are among the richest components of Caribbean land mammals. Many of these became extinct recently. Causes of their extirpation, their phylogenetic affinities, the timing of their arrival in the West Indies and their biogeographic history are all ongoing debated issues. Here, we report the discovery of dental remains from Lower Oligocene deposits ( ca 29.5 Ma) of Puerto Rico. Their morphology attests to the presence of two distinct species of chinchilloid caviomorphs, closely related to dinomyids in a phylogenetic analysis, and thus of undisputable South American origin. These fossils represent the earliest Caribbean rodents known thus far. They could extend back to 30 Ma the lineages of some recently extinct Caribbean giant rodents ( Elasmodontomys and Amblyrhiza ), which are also retrieved here as chinchilloids. This new find has substantial biogeographic implications because it demonstrates an early dispersal of land mammals from South America to the West Indies, perhaps via the emergence of the Aves Ridge that occurred ca 35–33 Ma (GAARlandia hypothesis). Considering both this new palaeontological evidence and recent molecular divergence estimates, the natural colonization of the West Indies by rodents probably occurred through multiple and time-staggered dispersal events (chinchilloids, then echimyid octodontoids (spiny rats/hutias), caviids and lastly oryzomyin muroids (rice rats)).

scholarly journals Chromosomal Evolution in Psittaciformes. Revisited

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 34
Author(s):  
A. Villa Rus ◽  
J. C. Cigudosa ◽  
J. L. Carrasco Juan ◽  
A. Otero Gomez ◽  
T. Acosta Almeida ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chromosome Rearrangement ◽  
Vocal Learning ◽  
Chromosomal Evolution ◽  
Learning Abilities ◽  
Biogeographic History ◽  
Human Attention ◽  
Evolutionary Radiation ◽  
History Of ◽  
Parrot Species ◽  
Evolutionary Comparisons

<p class="1Body">With colourful plumage, charismatic character and vocal learning abilities, parrots are one of the most striking and recognizable bird groups. Their attractiveness has drawn human attention for centuries, and members of the Psittaciformes order were, also, among the first avian species to be subject to cytogenetic studies which have contributed to understand their taxonomic and evolutionary relationships.</p><p class="1Body">We present here the karyological results collected by the study of thirteen parrot species new to karyology. These results are additionally supported by G banded preparations obtained in five species.</p><p class="1Body">The order Psittaciformes is an interesting example of a, typically, non migratory avian lineage with Gondwanaland origin, whose evolutionary radiation has been shaped by the Cenozoic geographic and climatic events that affected the land masses derived from the Gondwanaland continental split.</p><p class="1Body">We discuss the results of our studies, in conjunction with the previously compiled Psittaciformes cytogenetic data to delineate a picture of the chromosomal evolution of the order, concurrently with the biogeographic history of the lands in the southern Hemisphere.</p><p class="1Body">Considering the available data on parrot cytogenetics, a "standard parrot karyotype pattern" is proposed for evolutionary comparisons.</p><p class="1Body">Several biogeographic, and phylogenetically related "karyogram patterns" are also identified, and mechanisms of chromosome rearrangement that associate this patterns among them, and with the standard parrot karyotype pattern are proposed. These schemes on parrot chromosomal variation are discussed in relation to the general avian chromosome evolutionary theses proposed by cytogenetic and molecular genomic researchers.</p>

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