scholarly journals The effect of tree age, daily sap volume and date of sap collection on the content of minerals and heavy metals in silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) tree sap

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0244435
Author(s):  
Paweł Staniszewski ◽  
Maciej Bilek ◽  
Wojciech Szwerc ◽  
Robert Tomusiak ◽  
Paweł Osiak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Forest Environment ◽  
Health Safety ◽  
Nutritional Benefits ◽  
Lead Nickel

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the age of trees, daily sap volume as well as the term of tapping birch sap collected in the forest environment on the content of selected minerals (zinc, copper and manganese) and heavy metals (lead, nickel, chromium and cadmium). The study was performed on material taken from two stands (aged 34 and 84 years) in a moist broadleaved forest habitat with a dominant share of silver birch (Betula pendula Roth). The research results confirmed the presence of both nutritional essential minerals and hazardous heavy metals in the birch sap. At the same time, the content of minerals and heavy metals was found to be very variable and the differences between their concentrations, recorded on the same day of collecting in several trees of the same age group, can be even several dozen times higher. Depending on the examined elements, the factors influencing their content vary. The age of the trees determines only the manganese content; daily sap volume significantly affects the content of manganese and copper, and date of collection differentiates the content of zinc, lead, nickel and cadmium. The results may be interesting in the context of developing procedures for collecting birch sap for the purpose of obtaining raw material with beneficial nutritional values and a high level of health safety. For this reason, our recommendation for guaranteeing the health safety and high nutritional value of birch sap is to combine batches of raw material taken from as many trees as possible, and at the same time to publicize the fact that collecting birch sap from just one single tree may result in a raw material that is both dangerous and has no nutritional benefits.

scholarly journals Multivariate Analysis of the Brinell Hardness of Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth.) Wood in Poland

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1308
Author(s):  
Hubert Lachowicz ◽  
Rafał Wojtan ◽  
Antons Seleznovs ◽  
Jānis Lāceklis-Bertmanis ◽  
Aivars Kaķītis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multivariate Analysis ◽  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Transverse Section ◽  
Brinell Hardness ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Forest District

An analysis was undertaken of the Brinell hardness of silver birch wood and its dependence on stand location, tree age, tree thickness and forest habitat type, and the interactions between these factors. Wood was obtained from 12 forest districts throughout Poland, from trees aged approximately 30, 50, and 70 years. A total of 51 study plots was established, from which 306 trees were taken. Hardness was measured on three surfaces (transverse, radial, and tangential sections) for 4777 samples, giving a total of 14,331 measurements. It was shown that the hardness of silver birch wood in Poland is significantly influenced by location, tree age, tree thickness, and habitat type, and by interactions between those factors. Habitat type was not shown to affect radial hardness, except in the case of Giżycko forest district. For the whole of the analysed material, the mean hardness on a transverse section was calculated as 66.26 MPa, corresponding to a very hard wood on Mörath’s scale, whereas the values for the longitudinal sections (radial 44.06 MPa, tangential 44.02 MPa) correspond to a soft wood.

scholarly journals Variability in the basic density of silver birch wood in Poland

Silva Fennica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Lachowicz ◽  
Anna Bieniasz ◽  
Rafał Wojtan
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Basic Density ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Birch Wood ◽  
Forest Habitat ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Forest District

This work presents the findings of a study concerning variability in the basic density of silver birch ( Roth) wood, depending on the geographical location of tree stands, the age and thickness of the trees, the forest habitat type, and interactions between some of these factors. The study was carried out on wood from trees aged approximately 30, 50 and 70 years in 12 forest districts located throughout Poland. In total 4777 wood samples, taken from 306 trees from 51 test plots, were measured. The location, the age of the trees, the thickness of the trees and the forest habitat type, as well as interactions between these factors, proved to have a significant influence on the basic density of silver birch wood. The highest mean values of the basic density of the birch wood were found in Sokołów forest district on the FBF habitat type (549 kg m) and in Giżycko forest district on the FMBF habitat type (548 kg m). For the entire set of examined material, the average values of the basic density of wood increase with tree age. For the examined material originating in FBF and FMBF habitats the average values of basic density showed no significant differences; however, in the cases of the forest districts of Giżycko, Łobez and Rudziniec, significant differences in the analysed property were observed.Betula pendula–3–3

scholarly journals Manganese content in the soil and foliage of some tree species in NP "Fruska Gora"

2005 ◽  
pp. 207-217
Author(s):  
Dragica Stankovic ◽  
Borivoj Krstic ◽  
Ruzica Igic
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Environmental Risk ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
National Park ◽  
Manganese Content ◽  
The Road ◽  
Nickel Zinc ◽  
Lead Nickel ◽  
Iron Manganese

This paper analyses manganese content in the air, in the soil and in the vegetative parts of seven tree species at seven localities. Soil and plants contaminated by heavy metals can cause environmental risk and cause health problems. Heavy metals are substances which signalize environmental pollution. Within the study of other heavy metals (lead, nickel, zinc and iron), manganese content was analyzed in some tree species depending on the concentrations of manganese in the soil and air in the National Park "Fruska Gora", along the road M-21.

scholarly journals The Influence of Location, Tree Age and Forest Habitat Type on Basic Fuel Properties of the Wood of the Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth.) in Poland

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 638-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hubert Lachowicz ◽  
Magdalena Sajdak ◽  
Piotr Paschalis-Jakubowicz ◽  
Wojciech Cichy ◽  
Rafał Wojtan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Fuel Properties ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Forest Habitat ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth

Applications of Bentonite to Soil Decontamination

2018 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1695-1698
Author(s):  
Marin Rusanescu ◽  
Carmen Otilia Rusanescu ◽  
Gheorghe Voicu ◽  
Mihaela Begea
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Heavy Metal Concentration ◽  
Polluted Soil ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Soil Decontamination ◽  
Metal Retention ◽  
Removal Of Heavy Metals

A calcium bentonite from Orasu Nou deposit (Satu Mare Romania) was used as raw material. We have conducted laboratory experiments to determine the influence of bentonite on the degree of heavy metal retention. It has been observed that the rate of retention increases as the heavy metal concentration decreases. Experimental studies have been carried out on metal retention ( Zn) in bentonite. In this paper, we realized laboratory experiments for determining the influence of metal (Zn) on the growth and development of two types of plants (Pelargonium domesticum and Kalanchoe) and the effect of bentonite on the absorption of pollutants. These flowers were planted in unpolluted soil, in heavy metal polluted soil and in heavy metal polluted soil to which bentonite was added to observe the positive effect of bentonite. It has been noticed that the flowers planted in unpolluted soil and polluted with heavy metals to which bentonite has been added, the flowers have flourished, the leaves are still green and the plants whose soils have been polluted with heavy metals began to dry after 6 days, three weeks have yellowish leaves and flowers have dried. Experiments have demonstrated the essential role of bentonite for the removal of heavy metals polluted soil.

scholarly journals Towards Silviculture Guidelines to Produce Large-Sized Silver Birch (Betula pendula Roth) Logs in Western Europe

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 599
Author(s):  
Héloïse Dubois ◽  
Hugues Claessens ◽  
Gauthier Ligot
Keyword(s):  
Betula Pendula ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Forest Health ◽  
Silver Birch ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Betula Pendula Roth ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
Birch Trees ◽  
Timber Tree ◽  
Northeastern France

Forest health problems arising from climate change, pests and pathogens are a threat to the main timber tree species. As a result, silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) has become a precious asset for meeting oncoming forestry challenges in western Europe. However, silviculture guidelines to produce high-value birch logs in this region are lacking. Producing large-sized birch trunks requires crown release, i.e., removing crown competitors around selected target trees. These interventions are currently seldom carried out or else too late when the growth potential of the trees has already diminished. This study set out to ascertain the diameter at breast height (dbh) that could be reached by crown-released birch, determine dbh-associated crown diameters, and further characterize the gain obtained from early crown release on birch dbh growth. We measured 704 birch trees that had undergone crown release in 38 naturally regenerated pure birch stands in southern Belgium and in northeastern France. We then evaluated the variation in stem and crown diameter, and analyzed increments in response to the earliness of the interventions in three subsamples, also compared with control target birch. We found that trees with a dbh of 50 cm could be grown within 60 years. Based on crown diameter, to produce 40, 50 and 60 cm dbh trunk, the distance required between target birch trees at the end of the rotation was around 8, 10 and 12 m. With no intervention and in ordinary dense birch regenerations, the dbh increment was found to decline once the stand reached age 4–7 years. Starting crown release in stands aged 4–5 years can double the dbh increment of target trees and provide a continual gain that may last up to 20 years. When birch crowns are released after 9–12 years, it may already be too late for them to recover their best growth rate. Our contribution should help complete emerging guidelines in support of birch silviculture development.

Fundamental Characterisation of Dredged Marine Sediments from Kuala Perlis Jetty by XRF, XRD and FTIR

2012 ◽  
Vol 620 ◽  
pp. 469-473 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norhashimah Ramli ◽  
Mohammad Hafizuddin Haji Jumali ◽  
Wan Safizah Wan Salim
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Marine Sediments ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Ftir Analysis ◽  
Huge Amount ◽  
The Us ◽  
Dredged Marine Sediment ◽  
Primary Mineral ◽  
Us Epa

Dredging along Kuala Perlis Jetty results in huge amount of marine sediments which has thrown considerable challenge for disposal. This research was conducted to characterize dredged marine sediment which was collected at Kuala Perlis Jetty as potential raw material for brick production. Three different characterizations were performed namely XRF, XRD and FTIR. XRF analysis showed the presence of SiO2 and Al2O3 as major quantities. Low concentration of heavy metals namely As, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn presence in the sediment comply the US EPA guideline for brick production. XRD analysis indicated the presence of quartz as primary mineral while kaolinite and illite also present as secondary and ternary phases. FTIR analysis identified various form of minerals presence in the samples which strongly supported XRD results.

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