scholarly journals Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure and toxicosis in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in the United States

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0246134
Author(s):  
Kevin D. Niedringhaus ◽  
Nicole M. Nemeth ◽  
Samantha Gibbs ◽  
Jared Zimmerman ◽  
Lisa Shender ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The United States ◽  
Haliaeetus Leucocephalus ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Anticoagulant Rodenticide ◽  
Aquila Chrysaetos ◽  
Bald Eagles ◽  
University Of Georgia ◽  
Golden Eagles ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Disease Study

Raptors, including eagles, are geographically widespread and sit atop the food chain, thereby serving an important role in maintaining ecosystem balance. After facing population declines associated with exposure to organochlorine insecticides such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) have recovered from the brink of extinction. However, both bald and golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) are exposed to a variety of other toxic compounds in the environment that could have population impacts. Few studies have focused on anticoagulant rodenticide (AR) exposure in eagles. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the types of ARs that eagles are exposed to in the USA and better define the extent of toxicosis (i.e., fatal illness due to compound exposure). Diagnostic case records from bald and golden eagles submitted to the Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study (University of Georgia) 2014 through 2018 were reviewed. Overall, 303 eagles were examined, and the livers from 116 bald eagles and 17 golden eagles were tested for ARs. The percentage of AR exposure (i.e., detectable levels but not associated with mortality) in eagles was high; ARs were detected in 109 (82%) eagles, including 96 (83%) bald eagles and 13 (77%) golden eagles. Anticoagulant rodenticide toxicosis was determined to be the cause of mortality in 12 (4%) of the 303 eagles examined, including 11 bald eagles and 1 golden eagle. Six different AR compounds were detected in these eagles, with brodifacoum and bromadiolone most frequently detected (81% and 25% of eagles tested, respectively). These results suggest that some ARs, most notably brodifacoum, are widespread in the environment and are commonly consumed by eagles. This highlights the need for research to understand the pathways of AR exposure in eagles, which may help inform policy and regulatory actions to mitigate AR exposure risk.

The auditory attributes of Golden Eagles: Do Golden (Aquila chrysaetos) and Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) share the same auditory space?

2018 ◽  
Vol 144 (3) ◽  
pp. 1742-1742
Author(s):  
Edward J. Walsh ◽  
Peggy B. Nelson ◽  
Julia Ponder ◽  
Christopher Milliren ◽  
Christopher Feist ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haliaeetus Leucocephalus ◽  
Aquila Chrysaetos ◽  
Bald Eagles ◽  
Auditory Space ◽  
Golden Eagles

scholarly journals Disparities Between Results and Conclusions: Do Golden Eagles Warrant Special Concern Based on Migration Counts in the Western United States?

The Condor ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 107 (2) ◽  
pp. 469-473
Author(s):  
Brian J. McCaffery ◽  
Carol McIntyre
Keyword(s):  
Population Change ◽  
Population Cycles ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Population Declines ◽  
Aquila Chrysaetos ◽  
Specific Population ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Golden Eagles ◽  
The Status ◽  
Special Concern

Abstract A recent summary of raptor migration count data concluded that the status of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in western North America warranted concern (Hoffman and Smith 2003). Our analysis of these data did not lead us to the same conclusion. We have three specific concerns. First, the regional characterizations of eagle migration in Hoffman and Smith (2003) are based on a very small sample of sites. Therefore, we recommend that these characterizations be considered as hypothetical in nature. Second, we suggest that the population cycles and patterns of age-specific population change described by Hoffman and Smith (2003) are neither as general nor as clear-cut as they indicated. Finally, although the authors expressed concern about the status of Golden Eagles based upon both their findings and data from other sources, we did not find compelling evidence for population declines in our inspection of those same data. Disparidad entre Resultados y Conclusiones: ¿Es el Estatus de Aquila chrysaetos Especialmente Preocupante de Acuerdo a los Conteos Migratorios del Oeste de los Estados Unidos? Resumen. Un resumen de los datos de conteos de migración de rapaces realizado recientemente concluyó que el estatus de Aquila chrysaetos en el oeste de Norte América es preocupante (Hoffman y Smith 2003). Nuestro análisis de los mismos datos no nos llevó a la misma conclusión, y tenemos tres inquietudes específicas. Primero, las caracterizaciones regionales de la migración de las águilas en Hoffman y Smith (2003) están basadas en una muestra de sitios muy pequeña. Por tanto, recomendamos que dichas caracterizaciones se consideren hipotéticas. Segundo, sugerimos que los ciclos poblacionales y los patrones de cambio poblacional edad-específicos descritos por Hoffman y Smith (2003) no son tan generales ni tan claros como ellos lo indicaron. Finalente, aunque los autores se manifestaron preocupados por el estatus de A. chrysaetos basándose en sus hallazgos y en datos de otras fuentes, al inspeccionar los mismos datos nosotros no encontramos evidencia contundente de que existan tales disminuciones poblacionales.

scholarly journals Compared the Burden of Cardiovascular Disease attributable to Tobacco Exposure in China, Japan, USA and World

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Wu ◽  
Bo Zhu ◽  
Shuang Xu ◽  
Yifei Bi ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Measure ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Significant Downward Trend ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Disease Study ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Abstract Background Tobacco exposure (TE) is the major contributor for CVD mortality, but few published studies on CVD mortality attributable to TE have analyzed the potential reasons underlying long-term trends in China. Our study sought to find the potential reasons and compared CVD mortality attributable to TE in China, Japan, the United States of America (USA), and the world between 1990 and 2017.Methods The mortality data in China, Japan, the USA, and the world were obtained from Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017). Joinpoint regression was used to assess the trend magnitude and directions over time for CVD mortality, while the age-period-cohort method was used to analyze the temporal trends of CVD mortality according to age, period, and cohort.Results A significant downward trend was found in the age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) of CVD attributable to smoking in four regions. China had the smallest decline and the Chinese ASMR became the highest in 2017. All the annual net drifts in the four regions were negative and the local drifts were below zero. The longitudinal age curves of CVD mortality attributable to smoking increased in four regions, with China having the largest increase. The period or cohort RRs indicated a decline, and China had the smallest decline. The researchers further analyzed the IHD and stroke trends, finding that the morality and period or cohort RR of IHD in China was always at a high level.Conclusions CVD mortality attributable to TE declined in four regions, and was highest in China. The proportion of IHD mortality attributable to TE was similar to stroke which significantly changed the traditional cognition of CVD composition, but the control measure was not sufficient for IHD in China.

Identifying Bald Versus Golden Eagle Bones: A Primer for Wildlife Biologists and Law Enforcement Officers

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 596-610 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pepper W. Trail
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Power Lines ◽  
Haliaeetus Leucocephalus ◽  
Wildlife Crime ◽  
Bald Eagles ◽  
Golden Eagles ◽  
Osteological Characters

Abstract Remains of bald eagles Haliaeetus leucocephalus and golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos are regularly encountered in avian mortality surveys and wildlife crime investigations. These species exhibit well-documented plumage differences, allowing identification in most instances when feathers are present. However, skeletal remains are much more difficult to identify and may be the only material available after mortality events (e.g., decomposed remains associated with power lines or wind turbines). Eagle bones are also sometimes incorporated into crafted items without other associated remains. I describe and illustrate shape-based osteological characters that have been determined to be reliable for distinguishing most major bones of bald versus golden eagles. Using the annotated photographs provided as a guide, nonspecialists will be able to identify eagle skeletal remains with high accuracy. This information will be of interest to wildlife law enforcement officers; state, federal, and tribal wildlife biologists documenting avian mortality; and anthropologists and archaeologists.

scholarly journals Multidecade Mortality and a Homolog of Hepatitis C Virus in Bald Eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), the National Bird of the USA

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tony L. Goldberg ◽  
Samuel D. Sibley ◽  
Marie E. Pinkerton ◽  
Christopher D. Dunn ◽  
Lindsey J. Long ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dna Sequences ◽  
Isolation By Distance ◽  
Bald Eagle ◽  
Unknown Etiology ◽  
Haliaeetus Leucocephalus ◽  
Envelope Gene ◽  
Bald Eagles ◽  
Continental Scale ◽  
Wisconsin River ◽  
The Usa

Abstract The bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) once experienced near-extinction but has since rebounded. For decades, bald eagles near the Wisconsin River, USA, have experienced a lethal syndrome with characteristic clinical and pathological features but unknown etiology. Here, we describe a novel hepacivirus-like virus (Flaviviridae: Hepacivirus) identified during an investigation of Wisconsin River eagle syndrome (WRES). Bald eagle hepacivirus (BeHV) belongs to a divergent clade of avian viruses that share features with members of the genera Hepacivirus and Pegivirus. BeHV infected 31.9% of eagles spanning 4,254 km of the coterminous USA, with negative strand viral RNA demonstrating active replication in liver tissues. Eagles from Wisconsin were approximately 10-fold more likely to be infected than eagles from elsewhere. Eagle mitochondrial DNA sequences were homogeneous and geographically unstructured, likely reflecting a recent population bottleneck, whereas BeHV envelope gene sequences showed strong population genetic substructure and isolation by distance, suggesting localized transmission. Cophylogenetic analyses showed no congruity between eagles and their viruses, supporting horizontal rather than vertical transmission. These results expand our knowledge of the Flaviviridae, reveal a striking pattern of decoupled host/virus coevolution on a continental scale, and highlight knowledge gaps about health and conservation in even the most iconic of wildlife species.

scholarly journals Natality and calf mortality of the Northern Alaska Peninsula and Southern Alaska Peninsula caribou herds

Rangifer ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Sellers ◽  
Patrick Valkenburg ◽  
Ronald C. Squibb ◽  
Bruce W. Dale ◽  
Randall L. Zarnke
Keyword(s):  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Ursus Arctos ◽  
Haliaeetus Leucocephalus ◽  
Bald Eagles ◽  
Alaska Peninsula ◽  
Golden Eagles ◽  
Calf Mortality ◽  
Northern Alaska ◽  
Old Females ◽  
Annual Mortality

We studied natality in the Northern Alaska Peninsula (NAP) and Southern Alaska Peninsula (SAP) caribou (Rangifer tarandus granti) herds during 1996-1999, and mortality and weights of calves during 1998 and 1999- Natality was lower in the NAP than the SAP primarily because most 3-year-old females did not produce calves in the NAP Patterns of calf mortality in the NAP and SAP differed from those in Interior Alaska primarily because neonatal (i.e., during the first 2 weeks of life) mortality was relatively low, but mortality continued to be significant through August in both herds, and aggregate annual mortality was extreme (86%) in the NAP Predators probably killed more neonatal calves in the SAP, primarily because a wolf den (Canis lupus) was located on the calving area. Despite the relatively high density of brown bears (Ursus arctos) and bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), these predators killed surprisingly few calves. Golden eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) were uncommon on the Alaska Peninsula. At least 2 calves apparently died from pneu¬monia in the range of the NAP but none were suspected to have died from disease in the range of the SAP. Heavy scav¬enging by bald eagles complicated determining cause of death of calves in both the NAP and SAP.

Bald Eagle Nesting Habitats in the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-376 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neal D. Mundahl ◽  
Anthony G. Bilyeu ◽  
Lisa Maas
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Mississippi River ◽  
The United States ◽  
Bald Eagle ◽  
Haliaeetus Leucocephalus ◽  
Upper Mississippi River ◽  
Human Disturbances ◽  
Bald Eagles ◽  
Land Cover Types ◽  
Nest Sites

Abstract This study examined habitat variables associated with 53 active bald eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus nest sites in the Winona District of the Upper Mississippi River National Wildlife and Fish Refuge, Minnesota and Wisconsin. The Refuge is the most heavily visited refuge in the United States, where breeding eagle populations have been increasing dramatically. During February–April 2009, nest trees were identified and measured, nest heights were determined, distances to nearest water bodies were assessed, and forest inventories were conducted for the standing timber surrounding the nest trees. Nest densities and spacing were assessed within each navigation pool, and land cover types were examined within 100- and 1,000-m radii around known eagle nest sites and random points within the Refuge. Ninety-three percent of nest sites had supercanopy eastern cottonwoods Populus deltoides and silver maples Acer saccharinum as the nest trees. Potential human disturbances from highways, railroads, and commercial barge and recreational boat traffic were present within 400 m of 90% of known nest sites. Eagle nest sites were located an average of 1.52 km from the next nearest nest, with nest densities ranging from 0.32 to 9.72 nests/100 km2 among the four navigation pools of the Winona District. Land cover types around known nest sites and random points differed significantly at both 100- and 1,000 m scales, with wet forest and open water significantly more abundant and agricultural and developed lands significantly less abundant than around randomly selected points. Successful nests that fledged at least one young were spaced significantly further away from other active nests and were located in areas with lower tree density than were unsuccessful nests. Floodplain-nesting bald eagles tended to select the tallest, dominant trees for nest sites, placing nests near the height of the surrounding canopy. Human presence within the Refuge does not appear to be limiting the expansion of nesting bald eagles in this riverine habitat.

scholarly journals A cross country comparison for the burden of cardiovascular disease attributable to tobacco exposure in China, Japan, USA and world

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Wu ◽  
Bo Zhu ◽  
Shuang Xu ◽  
Yifei Bi ◽  
Yong Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Measure ◽  
Temporal Trends ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Tobacco Exposure ◽  
Significant Downward Trend ◽  
The World ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Disease Study ◽  
Cvd Mortality

Abstract Background Tobacco exposure (TE) is the major contributor for CVD mortality, but few published studies on CVD mortality attributable to TE have analyzed the potential reasons underlying long-term trends in China. Our study sought to find the potential reasons and compared CVD mortality attributable to TE in China, Japan, the United States of America (USA), and the world between 1990 and 2017.Methods The mortality data in China, Japan, the USA, and the world were obtained from Global Burden of Disease Study 2017 (GBD 2017). Joinpoint regression was used to assess the trend magnitude and directions over time for CVD mortality, while the age-period-cohort method was used to analyze the temporal trends of CVD mortality according to age, period, and cohort.Results A significant downward trend was found in the age-standardised mortality rate (ASMR) of CVD attributable to smoking in four regions. China had the smallest decline and the Chinese ASMR became the highest in 2017. All the annual net drifts in the four regions were negative and the local drifts were below zero. The longitudinal age curves of CVD mortality attributable to smoking increased in four regions, with China having the largest increase. The period or cohort RRs indicated a decline, and China had the smallest decline. The researchers further analyzed the IHD and stroke trends, finding that the morality and period or cohort RR of IHD in China was always at a high level.Conclusions CVD mortality attributable to TE declined in four regions, and was highest in China. The proportion of IHD mortality attributable to TE was similar to stroke, which significantly changed the traditional cognition of CVD composition, but the control measure was not sufficient for IHD in China.

Emigrant Psychoanalysts in the USA and the FBI Archives

2004 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
James E. Goggin
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
National Socialism ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Due Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
External Threats ◽  
The Usa ◽  
The Rich ◽  
New Nation

Interest in the fate of the German psychoanalysts who had to flee Hitler's Germany and find refuge in a new nation, such as the United States, has increased. The ‘émigré research’ shows that several themes recur: (1) the theme of ‘loss’ of one's culture, homeland, language, and family; and (2) the ambiva-lent welcome these émigrés received in their new country. We describe the political-social-cultural context that existed in the United States during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. Documentary evidence found in the FBI files of three émigré psychoanalysts, Clara Happel, Martin Grotjahn, and Otto Fenichel, are then presented in combination with other source material. This provides a provisional impression of how each of these three individuals experienced their emigration. As such, it gives us elements of a history. The FBI documents suggest that the American atmosphere of political insecurity and fear-based ethnocentric nationalism may have reinforced their old fears of National Socialism, and contributed to their inclination to inhibit or seal off parts of them-selves and their personal histories in order to adapt to their new home and become Americanized. They abandoned the rich social, cultural, political tradition that was part of European psychoanalysis. Finally, we look at these elements of a history in order to ask a larger question about the appropriate balance between a liberal democratic government's right to protect itself from internal and external threats on the one hand, or crossover into the blatant invasion of civil rights and due process on the other.

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