scholarly journals Molecular characterization and antibiotic resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii in cerebrospinal fluid and blood

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. e0247418
Author(s):  
Xiaohong Shi ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Huaiqi Jing ◽  
Ran Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Carbapenemase Gene

The increasing prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) caused nosocomial infections generate significant comorbidity and can cause death among patients. Current treatment options are limited. These infections pose great difficulties for infection control and clinical treatment. To identify the antimicrobial resistance, carbapenemases and genetic relatedness of Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood, a total of 50 nonrepetitive CSF isolates and 44 blood isolates were collected. The resistance phenotypes were determined, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to examine the mechanisms of carbapenem resistance. Finally, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was conducted to determine the genetic relatedness of these isolates. It was observed that 88 of the 94 collected isolates were resistant to imipenem or meropenem. Among them, the blaOXA-23 gene was the most prevalent carbapenemase gene, with an observed detection rate of 91.5% (86/94), followed by the blaOXA-24 gene with a 2.1% detection rate (2/94). Among all carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) observations, isolates with the blaOXA-23 gene were resistant to both imipenem and meropenem. Interestingly, isolates positive for the blaOXA-24 gene but negative for the blaOXA-23 gene showed an imipenem-sensitive but meropenem-resistant phenotype. The MLST analysis identified 21 different sequence types (STs), with ST195, ST540 and ST208 most frequently detected (25.5%, 12.8% and 11.7%, respectively). 80 of the 94 isolates (85.1%) were clustered into CC92 which showed a carbapenem resistance phenotype (except AB13). Five novel STs were detected, and most of them belong to CRAB. In conclusion, these findings provide additional observations and epidemiological data of CSF and blood A. baumannii strains, which may improve future infection-control measures and aid in potential clinical treatments in hospitals and other clinical settings.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization and Antibiotic Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Blood

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohong Shi ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Huaiqi Jing ◽  
Ran Duan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Multilocus Sequence Typing ◽  
Detection Rate ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Clinical Treatment ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Carbapenemase Gene

Abstract BackgroundThe increasing rates of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) caused nosocomial infections generate significant comorbidity and sometime cause death among patients. Current treatment options are limited. These infections pose great difficulties for infection control and clinical treatment. This study identifies the antimicrobial resistance, carbapenemases and genetic relatedness of A. baumannii isolates from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood in a hospital in Shandong, China. Methods A total of 50 nonrepetitive CSF A. baumannii isolates and 44 blood isolates were collected. The resistance phenotypes were determined according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. We performed Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) experiments to detect the carbapenem resistance mechanism. Finally, we conducted Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) to depict the genetic relatedness of these isolates. Results We observed that eighty-eight of the 94 isolates collected were resistant to imipenem or meropenem. Among them, the bla OXA-23 gene was the most prevalent carbapenemase gene with a 91.5% (86/94) detection rate, followed by the bla OXA-24 gene that showed a 2.1% (2/94) detection rate isolates. Among all CRAB observations in this study, isolates with the bla OXA-23 gene were resistant to both imipenem and meropenem. However, isolates positive for the bla OXA-24 gene but negative for the bla OXA-23 gene showed an imipenem-sensitive but meropenem-resistant phenotype. The outcome of multilocus sequence typing analysis showed 21 different STs were distinguished, of which ST195 (25.5%), ST540 (12.8%) and ST208 (11.7%) were most frequently observed. Eighty of the 94 isolates (85.1%) were clustered into CC92, and all CC92 isolates showed a carbapenem resistance phenotype (except AB13). Five novel STs were detected, and most of them were CRAB, some of which belonged to CC92. Conclusion A high level of carbapenem resistance was detected in this study. The CC92 and bla OXA-23 gene were predominant. Five novel STs were detected, and these new STs require further investigation to understand the nature of and to prevent outbreaks caused by A. baumannii . Our study provides additional observations and epidemiological data of CSF and blood A. baumannii strains, which may improve future infection control measures and aid in potential clinical treatment in hospitals and other clinical settings.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates from Egyptian Patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reem M Hassan ◽  
Sherifa T Salem ◽  
Saly Ismail Mostafa Hassan ◽  
Asmaa Sayed Hegab ◽  
Yasmine S Elkholy
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Egyptian Patients ◽  
Global Threat

AbstractAcinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) represents a global threat owing to its ability to resist most of the currently available antimicrobial agents. Moreover, emergence of carbapenem resistant A. baumannii (CR-AB) isolates limits the available treatment options. Enzymatic degradation by variety of ß-lactamases, have been identified as the most common mechanism of carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii. The alarming increase in the prevalence of CR-AB necessitates continuous screening and molecular characterization to appreciate the problem. The present study was performed to assess the prevalence and characterize carbapenemases among 206 CR-AB isolated from various clinical specimens collected from different intensive care units at Kasr Al-Aini Hospital.All isolates were confirmed to be A. baumannii by detection of the blaOXA-51-like gene. Molecular screening of 13 common Ambler class bla carbapenemases genes in addition to insertion sequence (IS-1) upstream OXA-23 was performed by using four sets of multiplex PCR, followed by identification using gene sequencing technology. Among the investigated genes, the prevalence of blaOXA-23, and blaOXA-58 were 77.7%, and 1.9%, respectively. The ISAba1 was detected in 10% of the blaOXA-23 positive isolates. The prevalence of metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) studied; blaNDM-1, blaSPM, blaVIM, blaSIM-1 were 11.7%, 6.3%, 0.5%, and 0.5% respectively. One of class A; bla KPC was detected in 10.7% of the investigated isolates. blaOXA-24/40, blaIMP, blaGES, blaVEB and blaGIM were not detected in any of the studied isolates. Moreover, 18.4% of the isolates have shown to harbor two or more of the screened bla genes. We concluded that the most prevalent type of ß-lactamases genes among CR-AB isolates collected from Egyptian patients were blaOXA-23 followed by blaNDM-1 and blaKPC.Author summaryCarbapenem-resistant A. baumannii has become a real global health threat. The aim of the present study was to characterize and to assess the prevalence of carbapenemases among 206 CR-AB clinical isolates from Egyptian patients. We concluded that the most prevalent type of ß-lactamases genes among CR-AB isolates collected from Egyptian patients were blaOXA-23 followed by blaNDM-1 and blaKPC. In this study, ISAba1 was detected upstream 10% of blaOXA-23 positive isolates only which indicates that the spread of resistance among Acinetobacter isolates could be either chromosomal or plamid-mediated.

scholarly journals Investigation of Carbapenemase Genes in Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacterales Isolates: First KPC Report From Dokuz Eylul University Hospital

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Şeyda Şilan Okalin ◽  
Ayşe Nur Sarı Kaygısız ◽  
Mahmut Cem Ergon ◽  
İbrahim Mehmet Ali Öktem
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Tracheal Aspirate ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Carbapenemase Gene ◽  
Polymerase Chain

Objective: In recent years, increasing carbapenem resistance of Enterobacterales bacteria limits treatment options, considerably. The main mechanism of this resistance is the production of carbapenemase enzymes. The aim of this study is to determine carbapenemase gene types in Enterobacterales isolates from our hospitalized patients and assess the clonal associations of the isolates with KPC gene. Method: A total of 48 clinical Enterobacterales isolates resistant to at least one carbapeneme and received between January 2019 and March 2019 were included in the study. Sample types were consisted of urine, blood, tracheal aspirate, wound and sputum. Of these isolates, three were Escherichia coli while 45 were Klebsiella pneumoniae. Types of carbapenemases were investigated by polymerase chain reaction, using specific primers for VIM, IMP, NDM, KPC and OXA-48 genes. PFGE was performed to determine the clonal associations between blaKPC positive K. pnemoniae isolates. Results: According to the results, blaOXA-48 (n=2) and blaKPC (n=1) were found to be present among E. coli isolates. Regarding 45 K. pneumoniae isolates; only blaOXA-48 and only blaNDM were present in 30 and two isolates, respectively. Seven K. pneumoniae isolates were found positive for both blaOXA-48 and blaNDM. Remaining K. pneumoniae isolates (n=6) harboured only blaKPC. None of the isolates were positive for blaIMP and blaVIM. PFGE analysis showed four isolates had the same pulsotype (A), while two had different pulsotypes (B-C). Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first report of KPC gene isolated in Dokuz Eylul University Hospital.

scholarly journals Genotypic Characterisation of Multi Drug Resistant Gram-Negative Bacteria with Special Reference to Carbapenem Resistance in a Teaching Hospital, Hyderabad, Telangana State

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. 1039-1041
Author(s):  
Swathi Gurajala ◽  
Sandeep Kumar Tipparthi ◽  
Rajkumar H.R.V.
Keyword(s):  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Drug Resistance ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Carbapenemase Gene ◽  
Prevention And Control Measures ◽  
And Control

Bacteria develop antimicrobial drug resistance through several mechanisms, the common one being the production of enzymes. As the number of antibiotics discovered is in notable numbers in the past few years, it is important to preserve high-end antibiotics for the treatment of multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs) infections, by appropriate use of antibiotics. A study was conducted to record prevalence, phenotypic and genotypic characters of MDROs in our hospital, with reference to carbapenem resistance. 200 multidrug-resistant clinical isolates were collected in 6 months. Carbapenem-resistant organisms were detected phenotypically confirmed for the production of carbapenemases by modified Hodge test (MHT) and genotypic detection was done by a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the five most predominant carbapenemases (bla NDM-1, bla OXA-48 , bla VIM, bla IMP, bla KPC). The isolates consisted of E. coli (53 %) followed by K. pneumoniae (30 %), P. aeruginosa (13 %), and acinetobacter spp (4 %). Among these, 40 (20 %) isolates were carbapenem-resistant. Of these 40, 27 (67.5 %) showed an increase in zone size by the MHT, suggestive of metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) mediated carbapenem resistance and about 32 (80 %) isolates were found to contain at least one carbapenemase gene. bla NDM-1 accounted for 37.5 % (12 / 32) of the isolates and was the most predominant one followed by bla OXA-48 [28 % (9 / 32)]. 22 % (7 / 32) of the isolates had one or more carbapenemase genes. Identifying the mechanisms of resistance of pathogens is important to implement strict infection prevention and control measures in the hospital to prevent the transmission of the resistant pathogens. KEY WORDS Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria, Bla NDM-1 Gene, Bla OXA-48 Gene, Carbapenem Resistance, Carbapenem Resistant Organisms.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Isolated from the Intensive Care Unit in a Tertiary Teaching Hospital in Malaysia

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1340
Author(s):  
Jia Jie Woon ◽  
Cindy Shuan Ju Teh ◽  
Chun Wie Chong ◽  
Kartini Abdul Jabar ◽  
Sasheela Ponnampalavanar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Tertiary Teaching ◽  
Carbapenemase Gene

The emergence of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) has now become a global sentinel event. CRAB infections often instigate severe clinical complications and are potentially fatal, especially for debilitated patients. The present study aimed to conduct molecular characterization on CRAB isolated from patients in the intensive care unit from 2015 to 2016 and determine the risk factors associated with patients’ mortality. One hundred CRAB isolates were retrospectively selected and included in this study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that all isolates remained susceptible to colistin, even though 62% of them conferred resistance to all other classes of antibiotics tested. OXA carbapenemase gene was found to be the predominant carbapenemase gene, with 99% of the isolates coharbouring blaOXA-23-like and blaOXA-51-like carbapenemase genes. All isolates were carrying intact CarO genes, with the presence of various degree of nucleotide insertion, deletion and substitution. Overall, PFGE subtyped the isolates into 13 distinct pulsotypes, with the presence of 2 predominant pulsotypes. Univariate analysis implied that age, infection/colonization by CRAB, ethnicity, comorbidity and CRAB specimen source were significantly associated with in-hospital mortality. Multivariate analysis identified a higher risk of mortality for patients who are of Chinese ethnicity with diabetes as an underlying disease. As CRAB infection could lead to high rate of mortality, comprehensive infection control measures are needed to minimize the spread of this pathogen.

An Outbreak of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Infection in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit: Investigation and Control

2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. McGrath ◽  
Teena Chopra ◽  
Nahed Abdel-Haq ◽  
Katherine Preney ◽  
Winston Koo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Intensive Care ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care Unit ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Surveillance Cultures

Objective.To investigate the mode of transmission of and assess control measures for an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant (multidrug-resistant) Acinetobacter baumannii infection involving 6 premature infants.Design.An outbreak investigation based on medical record review was performed for each neonate during the outbreak (from November 2008 through January 2009) in conjunction with an infection control investigation.Setting.A 36-bed, level 3 neonatal intensive care unit in a university-affiliated teaching hospital in Detroit, Michigan.Interventions.Specimens were obtained for surveillance cultures from all infants in the unit. In addition, geographic cohorting of affected infants and their nursing staff, contact isolation, re-emphasis of adherence to infection control practices, environmental cleaning, and use of educational modules were implemented to control the outbreak.Results.Six infants (age, 10-197 days) with multidrug-resistant A. baumannii infection were identified. All 6 infants were premature (gestational age, 23-30 weeks) and had extremely low birth weights (birth weight, 1000 g or less). Conditions included conjunctivitis (2 infants), pneumonia (4 infants), and bacteremia (1 infant). One infant died of causes not attributed to infection with the organism; the remaining 5 infants were discharged home. All surveillance cultures of unaffected infants yielded negative results.Conclusions.The spread of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii infection was suspected to be due to staff members who spread the pathogen through close contact with infants. Clinical staff recognition of the importance of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii recovery from neonatal intensive care unit patients, geographic cohorting of infected patients, enhanced infection control practices, and staff education resulted in control of the spread of the organism.

scholarly journals Co-infection of ST2IP carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with SARS-CoV-2 in the patients admitted to a Tehran tertiary referral hospital

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Abdollahi ◽  
Amir Aliramezani ◽  
Mohammadreza Salehi ◽  
Mahsa Norouzi Shadehi ◽  
Sedighe Ghourchian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Underlying Disease ◽  
Referral Hospital ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Tertiary Referral ◽  
Tertiary Referral Hospital ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
High Level

Abstract Background Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is among the most concerning cause of healthcare-associated infections (HAI) due to its high level of antibiotic resistance and high mortality. In the era of the COVID-19 pandemic, the key priority of infection control committees is to contain the dissemination of antibiotic resistant Gram-negative bacteria. Here, we aimed to timely recognize the emergence of CRAB in COVID-19 cases admitted to the wards of a tertiary referral hospital and to identify the genetic relatedness of the isolates. Methods From 30 March to 30 May 2020, a total of 242 clinical samples from COVID-19 cases were screened for CRAB isolates using standard microbiologic and antibiotic susceptibility tests. The PCRs targeting oxa23, oxa24, oxa58, blaTEM and blaNDM-1 genes were performed. Two multiplex PCRs for identifying the global clones (GC) of A. baumannii were also performed. The sequence type of CRABs was determined using Institut Pasteur (IP) multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme. Results Eighteen CRAB isolates were recovered from COVID-19 patients with the mean age of 63.94 ± 13.8 years. All but 4 COVID-19 patients co-infected with CRAB were suffering from an underlying disease. Death was recorded as the outcome in ICUs for 9 (50%) COVID-19 patients co-infected with CRAB. The CRAB isolates belong to GC2 and ST2IP and carried the oxa23 carbapenem resistance gene. Conclusion This study demonstrated the co-infection of CRAB isolates and SARS-CoV-2 in the patients admitted to different ICUs at a referral hospital in Tehran. The CRAB isolates were found to belong to ST2IP, share the oxa23 gene and to have caused several outbreaks in the wards admitting COVID-19 patients.

scholarly journals Molecular Characterization of Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Clinical Isolates from Egyptian Patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reem M Hassan ◽  
Sherifa T Salem ◽  
Saly Ismail Mostafa Hassan ◽  
Asmaa Hegab ◽  
Yasmine S Elkholy
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Egyptian Patients ◽  
Global Threat

Abstract Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) represents a global threat owing to its ability to resist most of the currently available antimicrobial agents. Moreover, emergence of carbapenem resistant A. baumannii (CR-AB) isolates limits the available treatment options. Enzymatic degradation by variety of ß-lactamases, have been identified as the most common mechanism of carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii. The alarming increase in the prevalence of CR-AB necessitates continuous screening and molecular characterization to appreciate the problem. The present study was performed to assess the prevalence and characterize carbapenemases among 206 CR-AB isolated from various clinical specimens collected from different intensive care units at Kasr Al-Aini Hospital. All isolates were confirmed to be A. baumannii by detection of the blaOXA-51-like gene. Molecular screening of 13 common Ambler class bla carbapenemases genes in addition to insertion sequence (IS-1) upstream OXA-23 was performed by using four sets of multiplex PCR, followed by identification using gene sequencing technology. Among the investigated genes, the prevalence of blaOXA-23, and blaOXA-58 were 77.7%, and 1.9%, respectively. The ISAba1 was detected in 10% of the blaOXA-23 positive isolates. The prevalence of metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) studied; blaNDM-1, blaSPM, blaVIM, blaSIM-1 were 11.7%, 6.3%, 0.5%, and 0.5% respectively. One of class A; bla KPC was detected in 10.7% of the investigated isolates. blaOXA-24/40, blaIMP, blaGES, blaVEB and blaGIM were not detected in any of the studied isolates. Moreover, 18.4% of the isolates have shown to harbor two or more of the screened bla genes. We concluded that the most prevalent type of ß-lactamases genes among CR-AB isolates collected from Egyptian patients were blaOXA-23 followed by blaNDM-1 and blaKPC.

scholarly journals Subtypes, resistance and virulence platforms in extended-drug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii Romanian isolates

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Gheorghe ◽  
Ilda Czobor Barbu ◽  
Marius Surleac ◽  
Ionela Sârbu ◽  
Laura Ioana Popa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Infection Control Measures ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Ambulatory Patients ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
Healthcare Associated ◽  
Sequence Types

AbstractAcinetobacter baumannii has emerged worldwide as a dominant pathogen in a broad range of severe infections, raising an acute need for efficient antibacterials. This is the first report on the resistome and virulome of 33 extended drug-resistant and carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii (XDR CRAB) strains isolated from hospitalized and ambulatory patients in Bucharest, Romania. A total of 33 isolates were collected and analyzed using phenotypic antibiotic susceptibility and conjugation assays, PCR, whole-genome sequencing (WGS), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and MultiLocus Sequence Typing (MLST). All isolates were extensively drug-resistant (XDR), being susceptible only to colistin. The carbapenem resistance was attributed by PCR mainly to blaOXA-24 and blaOXA-23 genes. PFGE followed by MLST analysis demonstrated the presence of nine pulsotypes and six sequence types. WGS of seven XDR CRAB isolates from healthcare-associated infections demonstrated the high diversity of resistance genes repertoire, as well as of mobile genetic elements, carrying ARGs for aminoglycosides, sulphonamides and macrolides. Our data will facilitate the understanding of resistance, virulence and transmission features of XDR AB isolates from Romanian patients and might be able to contribute to the implementation of appropriate infection control measures and to develop new molecules with innovative mechanisms of action, able to fight effectively against these bugs, for limiting the spread and decreasing the infection rate and mortality.

scholarly journals Carbapenem-Resistant Non-Glucose-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli: the Missing Piece to the Puzzle

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 1700-1710 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas J. Gniadek ◽  
Karen C. Carroll ◽  
Patricia J. Simner
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Gene Transfer ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Carbapenem Resistance ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Carbapenem Resistant ◽  
Ferment Glucose

The non-glucose-fermenting Gram-negative bacilliPseudomonas aeruginosaandAcinetobacter baumanniiare increasingly acquiring carbapenem resistance. Given their intrinsic antibiotic resistance, this can cause extremely difficult-to-treat infections. Additionally, resistance gene transfer can occur between Gram-negative species, regardless of their ability to ferment glucose. Thus, the acquisition of carbapenemase genes by these organisms increases the risk of carbapenemase spread in general. Ultimately, infection control practitioners and clinical microbiologists need to work together to determine the risk carried by carbapenem-resistant non-glucose-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli (CR-NF) in their institution and what methods should be considered for surveillance and detection of CR-NF.

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