scholarly journals A quasi-experimental study of ethnic and gender bias in university grading

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (7) ◽  
pp. e0254422
Author(s):  
Carina Saxlund Bischoff ◽  
Anders Ejrnæs ◽  
Olivier Rubin
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Ethnic Discrimination ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Interaction Terms ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Discrimination In Employment ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Written Assignments ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

This paper contributes to the debate on race- and gender-based discrimination in grading. We apply a quasi-experimental research design exploiting a shift from open grading in 2018 (examinee’s name clearly visible on written assignments), to blind grading in 2019 (only student ID number visible). The analysis thus informs name-based stereotyping and discrimination, where student ethnicity and gender are derived from their names on written assignments. The case is a quantitative methods exam at Roskilde University (Denmark). We rely on OLS regression models with interaction terms to analyze whether blind grading has any impact on the relative grading differences between the sexes (female vs. male examinees) and/or between the two core ethnic groups (ethnic minorities vs. ethnic majority examinees). The results show no evidence of gender or ethnic bias based on names in the grading process. The results were validated by several checks for robustness. We argue that the weaker evidence of ethnic discrimination in grading vis-à-vis discrimination in employment and housing suggests the relevance of gauging the stakes involved in potentially discriminatory activities.

THE SINS OF THE FATHER: GENDER- BASED VIOLENCE IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTH AFRICA

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lyn Snodgrass
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Black Women ◽  
South African ◽  
African Women ◽  
Gender Based Violence ◽  
Political Issues ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
South African Women

This article explores the complexities of gender-based violence in post-apartheid South Africa and interrogates the socio-political issues at the intersection of class, ‘race’ and gender, which impact South African women. Gender equality is up against a powerful enemy in societies with strong patriarchal traditions such as South Africa, where women of all ‘races’ and cultures have been oppressed, exploited and kept in positions of subservience for generations. In South Africa, where sexism and racism intersect, black women as a group have suffered the major brunt of this discrimination and are at the receiving end of extreme violence. South Africa’s gender-based violence is fuelled historically by the ideologies of apartheid (racism) and patriarchy (sexism), which are symbiotically premised on systemic humiliation that devalues and debases whole groups of people and renders them inferior. It is further argued that the current neo-patriarchal backlash in South Africa foments and sustains the subjugation of women and casts them as both victims and perpetuators of pervasive patriarchal values.

Abstract 9759: Race and Gender Differences in Survival Among Hospitalized Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Surveillance Study

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 130 (suppl_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavita Sharma ◽  
Sunil K Agarwal ◽  
Lisa M Wrick ◽  
Kunihiro Matsushita ◽  
Patricia P Chang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Failure ◽  
Ejection Fraction ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
Preserved Ejection Fraction ◽  
Washington County ◽  
Atherosclerosis Risk In Communities ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Forsyth County

Background: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) accounts for about half of HF hospitalizations, and has been reported to be more common amongst Caucasians and women in outpatient population studies. There are limited data, however, on the influence of race and gender on survival in HFpEF. We evaluated whether clinical characteristics and outcomes differ amongst HFpEF patients by race and gender. Methods: HFpEF (EF≥ 50%) hospitalization cases from 2005-2009 adjudicated by a physician panel were analyzed from the community-based surveillance component of the ARIC study, comprising 4 US communities (Jackson, MS; Washington County, MD; Minneapolis, MN; and Forsyth County, NC; combined population in 2009 = 214,000). The association of race and gender with mortality at 28-days and 1-year was evaluated. Results: Of 3,786 (weighted n = 18,265) adjudicated acute decompensated HF cases, 1,726 (weighted n = 8114) were categorized as HFpEF. Patient characteristics included: female (44%), African American (AA, 32%), hypertension (83%), diabetes (46%), and mean BMI of 28. Compared to Caucasians, AA’s were younger (70 vs. 77 years, p<0.001), more frequently women (47% vs. 42%, p<0.001), with higher systolic blood pressure (SBP, 145 vs. 135 mmHg, p<0.001), and more prior HF hospitalizations (50% vs. 37%, p<0.001). Compared to men, women were older (76 vs. 73 years, p<0.001), with higher SBP (141 vs. 138 mmHg, p=0.03), and better renal function (eGFR 42 vs. 38 mL/min/1.73m 2 , p<0.001). Overall 28-day and 1-year mortality was 13.1% and 32.8%, respectively, with no differences in un-adjusted or adjusted estimates by race or gender (Table 1). Conclusions: In hospitalized HFpEF patients, overall 28-day and 1-year mortality were high without apparent race- or gender-based differences in mortality. These data may help inform the development of future interventions and resource allocation.

Age, Race and Gender Issues Related to On-line Learning

2010 ◽  
pp. 999-1012
Author(s):  
M. F. Stuck ◽  
Mary. C. Ware
Keyword(s):  
Learning Style ◽  
Learning Technology ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Blended Courses ◽  
Mobile Learning Technology ◽  
On Line ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Skills Learning ◽  
On Line Learning ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

Research has shown that demographic factors such as age, race, ethnicity and gender affect one’s communication skills, learning style preference, and consequently, one’s preferences for aspects of on-line learning. This chapter will explore the literature related to these issues (i.e., age, race, gender) as they affect students’ preferences for and success with various styles of on-line learning (e.g., distance learning, hybrid or blended courses, mobile learning technology).

scholarly journals Assessing the Livelihood Vulnerability of Rural Indigenous Households to Climate Changes in Central Nepal, Himalaya

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2977 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nani Maiya Sujakhu ◽  
Sailesh Ranjitkar ◽  
Jun He ◽  
Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt ◽  
Yufang Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Vulnerability Index ◽  
Financial Assets ◽  
Nepal Himalaya ◽  
Mountain Communities ◽  
Farming Communities ◽  
Central Nepal ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

Climate change and related hazards affect the livelihoods of people and their vulnerability to shocks and stresses. Though research on the linkages between a changing climate and vulnerability has been increasing, only a few studies have examined the caste/ethnicity and gender dimensions of livelihood vulnerability. In this study, we attempt to explore how cultural and gender-related aspects influence livelihood vulnerability in indigenous farming mountain communities of the Nepal Himalaya in the context of climate change. We applied the Livelihood Vulnerability Index (LVI) to estimate household (social group and gender-based) vulnerability in farming communities in the Melamchi River Valley, Nepal. The results identified female-headed families, and those belonging to disadvantaged social groups as more vulnerable and in need of being preferentially targeted by policy measures. Higher exposure to climatic extremes and related hazards, dependency on natural resources, lack of financial assets, and weak social networking were identified as components that determine overall vulnerability. The study also visualizes complex adaptation pathways and analyzes the influence of gender and ethnicity on the capacities of households and communities to adapt to climate change.

Mapping Intersectionality and Latina/o and Chicana/o Students Along Educational Frameworks of Power

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonya M. Alemán
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Students ◽  
Institutional Practices ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
College Age ◽  
Educational Trajectories ◽  
Structure And Agency ◽  
Intersectional Analysis ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Racist Nativism

This chapter reviews scholarship using intersectional analyses to assess how Latina/o and Chicana/o youth navigate imbricated systems of privilege and oppression in their educational trajectories. Scholars have explored the navigational tactics Latina/o and Chicana/o students use to negotiate their intersectional identities and the institutional practices that amplify or negate experiences of privilege or disenfranchisement. Others have articulated distinct forms of overlapping oppression, such as racist nativism, gendered familism, privilege paradox, and citizenship continuum. Researchers have also developed a methodology for intersectional analysis that combines both quantitative and qualitative elements, as well as a conceptual model that maps out the micro, meso, and macro levels of intersectionality to account for both structure and agency within multifaceted dynamics of power. This chapter notes the reliance on race- and gender-based frameworks, on interviews and focus groups, and on college-age or graduate students for intersectional analysis on Latina/o and Chicana/o students. Together, the chapter reveals the complexity of capturing the multitiered planes of privilege and power that intersect in dynamic ways to disenfranchise and empower Latina/o and Chicana/o students.

scholarly journals EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AND YOUNG ADULT HEALTH IN THE UNITED STATES: DIFFERENCES BY RACE AND GENDER

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S591-S591
Author(s):  
Grace A Noppert
Keyword(s):  
Health Outcome ◽  
The United States ◽  
Adult Health ◽  
Race And Gender ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Young Adult Health ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract There is compelling evidence to suggest that educational disparities in health differ by both race and gender. This study examines the relationship between respondents’ education and six health outcomes related to cardiometabolic and inflammatory outcomes using data from Wave IV of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (ages 24-32 years; N = 13,458). We used logistic regression models to examine the relationship between education and the odds of each health outcome. Models were stratified by race and gender. We found that the association between education and each health outcome differed by race/ethnicity and gender. While among whites we observed an association between education and each health outcome, for blacks we observed no such associations. It may be that the benefits of education are particularly salient for those in more structurally advantaged positions, pointing to the continued need to address structural inequalities by both gender and race.

scholarly journals Racial/ethnic/gender-based Disparities in Health Trajectories among American Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 894-894
Author(s):  
Dexia Kong ◽  
Peiyi Lu ◽  
Joan Davitt ◽  
Mack Shelley
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Black Women ◽  
Physical Function ◽  
Hispanic Women ◽  
White Men ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender ◽  
Racial Ethnic

Abstract Numerous studies have examined racial/ethnic- or gender-based disparities in health. However, few examined health outcomes based on a combination of individuals’ race, ethnicity, and gender. Guided by an intersectionality framework, this study explores racial/ethnic/gender-based differences in older adults’ health trajectories over a ten-year period. Longitudinal data from the Health and Retirement Study (2004-2014) were used (n=16,654). Older adults (65+) were stratified into six groups based on their race, ethnicity, and gender, including (1) Non-Hispanic (NH) White Men; (2) NH White Women; (3) NH Black Men; (4) NH Black Women; (5) Hispanic Men; and (6) Hispanic Women. Growth curve models were used to examine the trajectories of three health indicators over time, including cognitive function, physical function (i.e. the sum of activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living), and depressive symptoms. The results indicated that NH White men and women outperformed racial/ethnic minority groups in cognition and physical function trajectories. Females in all racial/ethnic groups had more depressive symptoms but better cognition than their male counterparts. Hispanic women reported the most depressive symptoms. Hispanic women and NH Black women had the poorest physical function. NH Black men/women had the lowest cognition. Study findings highlighted the utility of an intersectionality framework in understanding health disparities in later life. Multiple social identities intersect with each other and generate protective and/or risk effects on cognitive, mental, and physical health status. Multilevel intervention strategies are warranted to close the health equity gap among various marginalized population groups.

scholarly journals Toward an Intersectional Approach to Health Justice

2020 ◽  
pp. 002073142098185
Author(s):  
Arnel M. Borras
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Social Justice ◽  
Health Inequality ◽  
Health Inequity ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Race Ethnicity ◽  
Gender Based ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Health Justice ◽  
Ethnicity And Gender

Despite unprecedented global wealth creation, health inequity—the unjust health inequality between classes and groups among and within countries—persists, reviving the relevance of social justice as a lens to understand and as an instrument to intervene in these issues. However, the theoretical aspects and polysemous character of social justice as applied in the field of public health are often assumed rather than explicitly explained. An intersectional justice approach to understanding health inequality, inequity, and injustice might be useful. It argues that preexisting class-, race/ethnicity-, and gender-based health injustice and the socially differentiated impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic are shaped, interconnectedly, by economic maldistribution, cultural misrecognition, and political misrepresentation. Pursuing health justice requires analyses, strategies, and interventions that integrate the economic, cultural, and political spheres of redistribution, recognition, and representation, respectively. Such an intersectional approach to health justice is even more relevant and compelling in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. This article is broadly about class, race/ethnicity, and gender political economy of public health—but with a narrower focus on maldistribution, misrecognition, and misrepresentation, shaping social and health injustices.

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