scholarly journals Obesity in young South African women living with HIV: A cross-sectional analysis of risk factors for cardiovascular disease

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. e0255652
Author(s):  
Sherika Hanley ◽  
Dhayendre Moodley ◽  
Mergan Naidoo
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
South African ◽  
African Women ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Women Living With Hiv ◽  
South African Women ◽  
Living With Hiv

Background Young South African women are faced with a dual epidemic of HIV and obesity, placing them at a high risk of developing atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). We sought to determine the prevalence of CVD risk factors in a cohort of reproductive-aged South African women living with HIV (WLHIV). Methods While the main purpose of an ongoing intervention study is the reduction of cardiovascular disease through the integration of CVD screening and prevention in the HIV management plan for women of reproductive age (ISCHeMiA trial), we present the prevalence of risk factors for CVD in this cohort of young women at baseline. Sociodemographic, conventional CVD risk factors, HIV-related factors and self body image perception were assessed through study questionnaires and standardized clinical and laboratory procedures. Results Of the 372 WLHIV enrolled from November 2018 to May 2019, 97% had received efavirenz-based antiretroviral treatment (ART) for at least 1 year and 67.5% (248/367) of women were overweight or obese at the time of enrolment. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 17.6% (95%CI 11.6–22.8) at a median age of 35 years (IQR 30.5–40.5). A significant proportion of women had abnormally low levels of high-density lipoprotein (43.2%, 80/185) and elevated levels of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (59.5%, 110/185). Seventy five percent of overweight women with an increased waist circumference reported to be satisfied with their body image. Conclusions The high prevalence of metabolic syndrome, obesity and elevated markers of inflammation in young South African WLHIV, underscores the need for a proactive integrated management approach to prevent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in low and middle income settings.

scholarly journals Effect of DASH Diet Versus Healthy Dietary Advice on the Estimated Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 215013272098095
Author(s):  
Marwa S. Said ◽  
Inas T. El Sayed ◽  
Eman E. Ibrahim ◽  
Ghada M. Khafagy
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Post Intervention ◽  
Dash Diet ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Diet Versus

Introduction: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most leading cause of mortality worldwide. Changes in diet can reduce subclinical cardiac injury and inflammation in parallel with reductions of other CVD risk factors. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the beneficial effect of the DASH diet versus usual healthy dietary advice (HDA) on the estimated risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Methods: It was a prospective interventional nonrandomized controlled study, conducted on 92 participants attending Family Medicine Outpatient Clinics, Cairo University. The participants were assigned to 2 dietary groups, the DASH and HDA groups, for 12 weeks. All subjects were subjected to anthropometric measurement, assessment of lipid profile, and the estimated cardiovascular risk pre-and post-intervention. Results: The estimated cardiovascular risk was reduced significantly in both the DASH and HDA groups, with no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups regarding the risk reduction. By comparing the percent change between pre and post-intervention in both DASH and HDA groups, the following are the results: BMI dropped by 6.5% versus 2.5%, systolic blood pressure decreased by 6.9% and 4.1%, fasting blood sugar dropped by 5.5% and 3.1%, total cholesterol dropped by 5.2% and 3.1%, LDL dropped by 8.2%, and 3.1%, and HDL increased by 8.2% and 2.4%, in DASH and HDA groups, respectively. Conclusion: Both the DASH diet and HDA are associated with improvement in CVD risk factors. Although better risk factors decline with the DASH diet, there was no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups.

Chronic Inflammatory Diseases and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: Innocent Bystanders or Partners in Crime?

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Riis Hansen
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Chronic Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Shared Risk

Inflammation plays a significant role in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases are at increased risk of CVD, but it is debated whether this association is causal or dependent on shared risk factors, other exposures, genes, and/or inflammatory pathways. The current review summarizes epidemiological, clinical, and experimental data supporting the role of shared inflammatory mechanisms between atherosclerotic CVD and rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease, and periodontitis, respectively, and provides insights to future prospects in this area of research. Awareness of the role of inflammation in CVD in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases and the potential for anti-inflammatory therapy, e.g., with tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitors, to also reduce atherosclerotic CVD has evolved into guideline- based recommendations. These include regular CVD risk assessment, aggressive treatment of traditional CVD risk factors, and recognition of reduced CVD as an added benefit of strict inflammatory disease control. At present, chronic inflammatory diseases would appear to qualify as partners in crime and not merely innocent bystanders to CVD. However, definite incremental contributions of inflammation versus effects of the complex interplay with other CVD risk factors may never be fully elucidated and for the foreseeable future, inflammation is posed to maintain its current position as both a marker and a maker of CVD, with clinical utility both for identification of patient at risk of CVD and as target for therapy to reduce CVD.

Abstract 16100: Investigating the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Women Living With HIV: Perspectives From a Large Clinical Cohort in Miami, FL

Circulation ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 142 (Suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louis T Vincent ◽  
Bertrand Ebner ◽  
Jelani Grant ◽  
Quentin Loyd ◽  
Alexis Powell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Laboratory Data ◽  
Retrospective Chart Review ◽  
Art Adherence ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women Living With Hiv ◽  
Persons Living With Hiv ◽  
Living With Hiv

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in persons living with HIV (PLWH). CVD risk in PLWH is often underestimated, and sex stratified analyses are lacking. We sought to investigate the prevalence of CVD and associated viremic and metabolic risk factors in a cohort of men and women living with HIV (MLWH and WLWH respectively). Methods: A retrospective chart review of PLWH seen at the University of Miami/Jackson Memorial Hospital outpatient HIV clinics between 2017-2019 was performed. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data along with diagnostic studies were obtained from electronic health records. Results: A total of 985 patient charts were reviewed, among which 102 patients had one or more manifestations of CVD. Among WLWH and MLWH, overall prevalence of CVD was comparable (9.6% vs 11.0%, p=0.49). Compared to MLWH, WLWH had lower prevalence of atrial fibrillation (0.7% vs 2.2%, p=0.04) but comparable coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, heart failure, and history of stroke or myocardial infarction. Among patients with CVD, WLWH and MLWH were similar in age (61.2±8.4 vs. 58.7±9.8 years, p=0.18) and had no significant differences in race or ethnicity. No differences were noted between genders in systolic blood pressure or LDL-C, although WLWH showed a trend of increased hemoglobin A1c (6.7±1.7 vs. 6.1±1.2, p=0.07), and BMI (29.9±7.6 vs. 27.3±6.2, p=0.06). Of note, WLWH had a higher average CD4 count compared to MLWH (613±335 vs 460±330 cells/mm 3 , p=0.01), but comparable antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence (90.7% vs 84.7%, p=0.39), and presence of undetectable viral load (64.3% vs 67.2%, p=0.76). On multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age, race, viremia, and comorbidities, having diabetes was associated with increased CVD risk (OR=1.69, 95% CI [1.03-2.79], p=0.04). ART treatment was associated with decreased CVD risk (OR=0.30, 95% CI [0.14-0.65], p=0.002), while female gender was not (OR=0.76, 95% CI [0.48-1.20], p=0.24). Conclusion: Men and women living with HIV had comparable prevalence of CVD. This may be associated with a trend towards increased traditional risk factors among WLWH. Improving ART adherence and viremic control is vital to reducing CVD risk in this population.

scholarly journals The association of interleukin-18 genotype and serum levels with metabolic risk factors for cardiovascular disease

2007 ◽  
Vol 157 (5) ◽  
pp. 633-640 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliet Evans ◽  
Malcolm Collins ◽  
Courtney Jennings ◽  
Lize van der Merwe ◽  
Ingegerd Söderström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
South African ◽  
Normal Weight ◽  
Visceral Adiposity ◽  
Metabolic Risk Factors ◽  
African Women ◽  
Metabolic Risk ◽  
Black South African ◽  
South African Women

AbstractObjectiveCirculating levels of interleukin (IL)-18 are associated with the metabolic syndrome and risk for the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study investigated the association between the circulating IL-18 levels and the −137 G/C polymorphism within the IL-18 gene with metabolic risk factors for CVD in normal-weight and obese black South African women.MethodsBlood pressure (BP), body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometer), visceral adiposity (computerized tomography), as well as fasting glucose, insulin, lipid profile, IL-18 levels, and IL-18 genotype were measured in 104 normal-weight (body mass index (BMI) ≤25 kg/m2) and 124 obese (BMI≥30 kg/m2) black South African women.ResultsSubjects with a GC genotype (23%) had a greater mean arterial pressure (MAP, 90.6±11.1 vs 85.5±10.3 mmHg, P<0.001) than the subjects with the GG genotype. Serum IL-18 levels were not associated with IL-18 genotype (P=0.985); however, they significantly correlated with percentage of body fat (r=0.25, P<0.001), visceral adiposity (r=0.32, P<0.001), MAP (r=0.22, P=0.001), HOMA-IR (r=0.33, P<0.001), fasting insulin (r=0.25, P<0.001), triglyceride (r=0.16, P<0.05), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (r=−0.14, P<0.05) levels, after adjusting for age and body fatness.ConclusionsWe show for the first time that the GC genotype of the IL-18 −137 G/C polymorphism and the circulating IL-18 levels are independently associated with raised BP. Moreover, fasting IL-18 levels are associated with the other metabolic risk factors for CVD in normal-weight and obese black South African women.

scholarly journals A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial Evaluating the Efficacy of Peer Mentors to Support South African Women Living with HIV and Their Infants

PLoS ONE ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e84867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Jane Rotheram-Borus ◽  
Linda M. Richter ◽  
Alastair van Heerden ◽  
Heidi van Rooyen ◽  
Mark Tomlinson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
South African ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
African Women ◽  
Peer Mentors ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Women Living With Hiv ◽  
Cluster Randomized ◽  
South African Women ◽  
Living With Hiv

scholarly journals THE CORRELATION BETWEEN ORAL HEALTH AND CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE INCIDENCE

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (7) ◽  
Author(s):  
Khaled Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Cvd Risk Factors ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Periodontal Index

A population-based cluster sampling method was used to recruit 5900 Kerman residents aged 15 to 75 years old. Participants were interviewed for CVD risk factors after providing informed consent. Some oral health markers were evaluated, including DMFT, Gingival Inflammation Index, and Community Periodontal Index. Multivariate regression models were used to investigate the link between oral health indicators and CVD risk variables. Results. The participants' average age was 33.5 years, and 45.1 percent of them were men. In 67.6% of the subjects, there was moderate gingival irritation. Participants were more likely to have sub- or supragingival calculus (90 percent). Cigarette smoking, increased with age (RR from 2.7 to 3.88). (RR = 1.49), and high blood glucose (RR = 1.41) showed an increased risk for oral diseases after adjustment for different covariates including established CVD risk factors. In the presence of some CVD risk factors, the study found an increase in periodontal disorders. As a result, both illnesses may have a bilateral but independent relationship, and a joint risk factor approach preventive program is strongly recommended. Keywords: Periodontal disease, cardiovascular disease (CVD), atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).

scholarly journals Lower genital tract cytokine profiles in South African women living with HIV: influence of mucosal sampling

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shameem Z. Jaumdally ◽  
Lindi Masson ◽  
Heidi E. Jones ◽  
Smritee Dabee ◽  
Donald R. Hoover ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Genital Tract ◽  
African Women ◽  
Cytokine Profiles ◽  
Women Living With Hiv ◽  
Lower Genital Tract ◽  
South African Women ◽  
Living With Hiv
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