scholarly journals Production and Purification of Water from Humid Air by Using Activated Carbon Method

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.24) ◽  
pp. 688
Author(s):  
R. Gnanasekaran ◽  
Ramya. K ◽  
D. Yuvaraj ◽  
Noorul Jamela
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Peltier Effect ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Humid Air ◽  
Hot Air ◽  
Is Design ◽  
Water Purity ◽  
Purification Of Water

Drinking Water scarcity is one of the leading issue in our growing world. The atmospheric air contains large amount of water in the form of water vapor, fog, mist etc.In which 30% of water is wasted.Under this situation the climatic conditions of many regions are suitable for generating water. This moisture content is processed by condensation principle to produce fresh water that may be used as distilled water in laboratory and further purification leads to drinking water purity level. Here cooling is produced by Peltier effect and hot air is passed to cooling medium and when it reaches dew point it start condensing water from air. The obtained water from air contain excess of contaminants such as bacteria, nitrate, nitrate, odor, ammonium etc.., these toxic substances are remove by using biofiltration method. In this research filter medium is constructed by extraction of Activated charcoal from coconut waste. . The main aim of our project is utilization of renewable resources that are already available in nature and turn back this energy into water. This project is design a device that can convert humid air directly into clean water.    

scholarly journals Novel Method for the production of Water from Humid Environment of Qatar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hammad Siddiqui ◽  
Osama Fayyaz ◽  
Syed Zaidi
Keyword(s):  
Water Scarcity ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Water Desalination ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Peltier Effect ◽  
Atmospheric Water ◽  
Novel Method ◽  
Cooling Effects

Water scarcity is the major challenge of the upcoming decades for the entire world. Middle eastern nations are prone to water scarcity due to very less rainfall, scarce fresh water sources, sandy surroundings and harsh humid climatic conditions. Qatar being the leader of natural gas production suffers from the same problem of pure and clean water. Water desalination techniques adopted so far are energy intensive and unknown to oceanic habitat. The use of vapor compression cycle for the condensation of atmospheric water vapor has various limitations such as complex machinery, high power consumption and periodical maintenance. This novel method utilizes heavy humid conditions of Qatar to obtain water from the atmosphere through Peltier Effect. This method uses the dissimilarity of the conductors in the electric circuit such that the current is made to flow through the circuit and the heating and cooling effects are generated at the junctions where cooling temperature of the junction can be achieved below the dew point temperature thus forming the dew which is collected in the closed container as condensed atmospheric water. This technique is superior to other conventional methods of water production due to its cost efficiency, energy saving, simple machinery and portability of the entire system.

scholarly journals Experiments on Energy-Efficient Evaporative Cooling Systems for Poultry Farm Application in Multan (Pakistan)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 2836
Author(s):  
Khawar Shahzad ◽  
Muhammad Sultan ◽  
Muhammad Bilal ◽  
Hadeed Ashraf ◽  
Muhammad Farooq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Evaporative Cooling ◽  
Thermal Exposure ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
Humidity Index

Poultry are one of the most vulnerable species of its kind once the temperature-humidity nexus is explored. This is so because the broilers lack sweat glands as compared to humans and undergo panting process to mitigate their latent heat (moisture produced in the body) in the air. As a result, moisture production inside poultry house needs to be maintained to avoid any serious health and welfare complications. Several strategies such as compressor-based air-conditioning systems have been implemented worldwide to attenuate the heat stress in poultry, but these are not economical. Therefore, this study focuses on the development of low-cost and environmentally friendly improved evaporative cooling systems (DEC, IEC, MEC) from the viewpoint of heat stress in poultry houses. Thermodynamic analysis of these systems was carried out for the climatic conditions of Multan, Pakistan. The results appreciably controlled the environmental conditions which showed that for the months of April, May, and June, the decrease in temperature by direct evaporative cooling (DEC), indirect evaporative cooling (IEC), and Maisotsenko-Cycle evaporative cooling (MEC) systems is 7–10 °C, 5–6.5 °C, and 9.5–12 °C, respectively. In case of July, August, and September, the decrease in temperature by DEC, IEC, and MEC systems is 5.5–7 °C, 3.5–4.5 °C, and 7–7.5 °C, respectively. In addition, drop in temperature-humidity index (THI) values by DEC, IEC, and MEC is 3.5–9 °C, 3–7 °C, and 5.5–10 °C, respectively for all months. Optimum temperature and relative humidity conditions are determined for poultry birds and thereby, systems’ performance is thermodynamically evaluated for poultry farms from the viewpoint of THI, temperature-humidity-velocity index (THVI), and thermal exposure time (ET). From the analysis, it is concluded that MEC system performed relatively better than others due to its ability of dew-point cooling and achieved THI threshold limit with reasonable temperature and humidity indexes.

scholarly journals A Historical Review of the Benefits and Hypothetical Risks of Disinfecting Drinking Water by Chlorination

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip C.W. Cheung
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Public Discourse ◽  
Inorganic Compounds ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
World Health ◽  
Free Radical Scavengers ◽  
Special Interest Groups ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Cytochrome P450 Enzymes ◽  
The Public

This review examines the benefits and alleged risks associated with the disinfection of drinking water by chlorination, through critical appraisal of the historical saga of chloroform as the main disinfection by-product (DBP). The author maintains that the provision of clean drinking water is a survival issue for humankind and supports unreservedly the recommendation by the World Health Organization (WHO) of the United Nations to disinfect by chlorination, for the reasons stated herein. The author aims to lead water professionals to a deeper understanding of the public health issues concerning chloroform and how the corpus of knowledge was attained by colossal multi-disciplinary effort on a global scale.Origins of the alleged risks of chlorination are traced and the assumptions behind these allegations are questioned. The author welcomes and encourages innovations for improved methods of water treatment insofar that the standards of potability set out by the WHO are met in the very least, but argues that the commencement point of research into new techniques should be an acknowledgment of the development of disinfection up to contemporary times, on the part of water engineers and policy makers. There must be a clear recognition of the horrific consequences of failure to eliminate pathogens and toxic substances. To this effect, landmark tragedies are described to emphasize the point.Significantly, this work addresses topics which are sine quo non to the debate over chlorination but which are often lacking in public discourse, namely: differences in the way cytochrome P450 enzymes oxidize carbon tetrachloride which is not normally a product of chlorination, and chloroform, which is a disinfection by-product; the role of free radical scavengers in protecting the human body; the difficulties of extrapolating experimental results from rodents to humans; the awareness of the complex relationship between governments, chemical industries, special interest groups and the public. Also introduced are the aetiologies of some cancers (e.g., Hepatitis B and C viruses as the instigators for hepatocellular carcinoma) to juxtapose claims that chloroform in drinking water is the sole culprit responsible for liver, bladder, colorectal cancers and birth defects etc. Other well known human carcinogens and a few inorganic compounds known to cause harm are also depicted. Lastly, a structured approach towards integrating the overarching concepts in the analysis of alleged carcinogenicity is applied to chloroform and the inferences discussed.The literature reviewed spanned the years 1848 – 2017.

Hygienic Aspects of the Use of Desalinated Sea Water for Drinking and Household Purposes: A Literature Review

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-32
Author(s):  
OO Sinitsyna ◽  
VV Turbinsky ◽  
TM Ryashentseva ◽  
EP Lavrik
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fresh Water ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Seawater Desalination ◽  
Preliminary Preparation ◽  
And Migration ◽  
Desalination Plants

Background. Uneven distribution of fresh water sources on the land surface encourages a search for effective techniques of potable water preparation by desalination of seawater. Hygienic issues of such desalination methods as distillation, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, and ion exchange have been investigated by now and appropriate limitations, requirements, and additional measures to ensure safety of desalinated drinking water have been established. Objective. To summarize and systematize the results of studying characteristics of various methods of seawater desalination for its further use for drinking and household purposes. Materials and methods. We conducted a systematic review of studies published in Russian and in English, found in the PubMed and Web of Science databases, and selected 40 literary sources containing an empirical assessment of effectiveness of seawater desalination and preparation of drinking water. We also scrutinized regulatory documents and guidelines of domestic sanitary legislation. The research results were systematized by the main desalination methods. Results and discussion. We established that the use of seawater for the preparation of fresh water for drinking and household purposes is becoming increasingly widespread around the world. Drinking water obtained from seawater, in all cases, requires additional treatment and measures to optimize its mineral composition and protect against microorganisms. Conclusion. The main challenges of ensuring sanitary and epidemiological wellbeing of the population when using desalinated seawater for drinking and household purposes include selection of a source, arrangement of sites of water intake properly protected from natural and man-made pollution, substantiation of techniques and modes of preliminary preparation of source seawater adequate to its composition, basic desalination, ensuring safety of products of destruction and migration of toxic substances from reagents and materials of desalination plants, additional conditioning with the necessary elements and disinfection of the prepared water, as well as environmental protection from desalination waste.

THE PELTIER EFFECT AND ITS USE FOR DETERMINING RELATIVE ACTIVITY OF SOIL WATER

1959 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. Korven ◽  
S. A. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Relative Activity ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Peltier Effect ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Constant Temperature Bath ◽  
Clay Loam Soil ◽  
Silty Clay Loam ◽  
Laboratory Procedure ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Membrane Methods

An apparatus is described which involves the use of a small thermocouple, cooled to the dew point by the Peltier effect, as a means of determining the relative activity of water in soils.Thermocouples were calibrated over a series of sulphuric acid solutions immersed in a constant temperature bath controlled to within 0.003 °C. The temperature of the bath for all readings was 25 °C. Readings were taken over Benjamin silty clay loam soil samples that had been brought to desired soil moisture relative activities by the pressure plate and pressure membrane methods. The following conclusions were reached:1. The thermocouple technique shows promise as a laboratory procedure for determining the relative activity of water in soils.2. The majority of the results showed a gradual lowering of the readings with time. This was overcome at the expense of speed by treating the thermocouple with a plastic spray paint.3. More study and testing are required before the technique can be considered a completely satisfactory procedure.

Comparison between forecasts of reference evapotranspiration and ETo values calculated using data from different climatic conditions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghaieth Ben Hamouda ◽  
Francesca Ventura ◽  
Daniele Zaccaria ◽  
Khaled M. Bali ◽  
Richard L. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Reference Evapotranspiration ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Physical Models ◽  
Dew Point ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Plant Canopies ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Using Data

<p>Evapotranspiration is the transfer of water from the earth's surface to the atmosphere. It comprises the sum of water losses to atmosphere due to the processes of evaporation of moisture from soil, water bodies and wet plant canopies, and the transpiration of water from plants. Forecasts of this crucial component of the hydrologic cycle can be very valuable for growers, farm managers, irrigation practitioners, water resource planners and managers, and reservoir operators for their planning, allocation, delivery and scheduling decisions, as well as to hydrologic scientists for research purposes. Verifying the reliability of models’ forecasts is among the critical tasks for development and performance evaluation of physical models. In fact, the verification allows understanding the models’ behavior, and evaluating their applicability and dependability. The US National Weather Service (NWS) has released a product that provides forecasts of reference evapotranspiration (FRET) at 2.5-km grid resolution for the entire continental US. In this study, a comparison is made between ETo estimates from FRET and ETo values calculated by the California Irrigation Management Information System (CIMIS) for 68 days during summer 2019. Both the FRET forecasts and ETo values were obtained from NWS and CIMIS, respectively, on the basis of 15 CIMIS locations that are representative of different climatic conditions in California. In addition, air temperature, dew point temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) data were also collected/calculated from the NWS and CIMIS websites to analyze the sensitivity of FRET forecasts to predictions of these parameters. All FRET forecasts were performed with timescales of 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. Statistical indices were calculated to assess the dependability of FRET values. They showed a good correlation of the FRET model outputs with CIMIS ETo data, with some differences depending on the climatic characteristics of selected weather stations’ locations, suggesting that FRET data could be valuable for anticipating near-future water demand and improve irrigation management in California.</p>

scholarly journals Drinking water purity – a UK perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 268-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Machell ◽  
Kevin Prior ◽  
Richard Allan ◽  
John M. Andresen
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Water Science ◽  
Water Purity

This article outlines a UK-based perspective on the meaning of water purity based on relevant literature and consultation with members of the Water Science Forum of the Royal Society of Chemistry.

scholarly journals Drinking water. Microscopic fungi. Mycotoxins (literature review)

2019 ◽  
pp. 253-259
Author(s):  
Dmytro Zabolotnyi ◽  
Adel Rudenko ◽  
Mariia Saprykina
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Microscopic Fungi ◽  
Medical Sciences ◽  
Yeast Fungi ◽  
The Subject ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

We have analized available literature on the capability of micro- scopic fungi (micromycetes) to exist and reproduce in the water (i.e. tap water) that is provided to consumers. The following mi- cromycetes, most typically present in tap water, were identified, namely: Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium, Alternaria, Clad- osporium and Candida. The average number of micromycetes ranges from 8 to 18 CFU/100 cm3 , with yeast fungi dominantly present. Toxic substances (mycotoxins) that produce microscop- ic fungi are described, as well as their effects on the human body. It is noted that most mycotoxins stimulate formation of excessive free radicals and oxidative stress, which leads to impaired func- tion of the body’s antioxidant system, namely the production of a prooxidant enzyme in liver cells, immune organs and in the gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, , the presence of processes of apoptosis that lead to little sorption syndrome, immunosuppres- sion. The potential water routes of mycotoxins into the human body have been identified. The ability of mycotoxins, which form micromycetes – most often found in tap water, to cause cancer, have been analyzed in detail, using available literature on the subject. Mainly the effect of aflatoxins, trichothecenes, ochratox- ins and gliotoxins was examined. The presence of microscopic fungi in water supplied to the consumer, as well as their ability to form toxins necessitates systematic studies of water samples for the detection of micromycetes and the toxins present in it. And, finally, an important avenue for further research is outlined, which is to develop a simple and affordable method for the de- tection of mycotoxins in the water, based on the use of a sensitive test objects. Key words: drinking water‚ micromycetes‚ mycotoxins‚ human health For citation: Zabolotnyi DI, Rudenko AV, Honcharuk VV, Saprykina MM, Bolgova OS. Drinking water. Microscopic fungi. Mycotoxins (literature review). Journal of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine. 2019;25(3):253–59

scholarly journals Moistube™ Irrigation (MTI) Discharge Under Variable Evaporative Demand

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tinashe Lindel Dirwai ◽  
Aidan. Senzanje ◽  
Tafadzwanashe. Mabhaudhi
Keyword(s):  
Negative Pressure ◽  
Null Hypothesis ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Vapour Pressure Deficit ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Positive Pressure ◽  
Evaporative Demand ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Hot Air

AbstractWe investigated the conceptual capability of Moistube irrigation to discharge under zero applied positive pressure under varied climatic conditions by inducing an artificial evaporative demand (Ed) or negative pressure around moistube tubing. This was premised on the null hypothesis that an artificially induced Ed or negative pressure does not impact moistube discharge. Moistube tubing was enclosed in a 1 m long PVC conduit. A 20 l water reservoir placed on an electronic balance provided a continuous supply of water whilst a three-speed hot air blower facilitated the radiative factor and advection process. The procedure was conducted under varied climatic conditions of air velocities (ua) 1.2 m.s−1, 2.5 m.s−1, and 3.0 m.s−1 and the experiment run times were 159 h, 134 h and 10 h, respectively. The average temperature (Tave) and relative humidity (RH) data for ua = 1.2 m.s−1 were 53°C and 7.31%, whilst for ua = 2.5 m.s−1, Tave was 56°C and RH = 7.19%, and for ua = 3.0 m.s−1, Tave was 63°C and RH = 6.16%. The experimental data was input into the four variable Penman-Monteith method to compute the evaporative demand (Ed). For each of the air velocities, the respective Ed values obtained were 0.16, 0.31 and 0.36 mm.d−1. The Bowen ratios (r) were well below 1 (r < 1), which suggested a sufficient supply of moisture to evaporate. For Ed = 0.16 mm.d−1 the vapour pressure deficit (VPD) was 113.08 mbars, whilst for Ed = 0.31 mm.d−1 and for Ed = 0.36 mm.d−1 the VPD were 129.93 mbars and 150.14 mbars, respectively. The recorded discharges (q) at t = 10 hrs for Ed= 0.16 mm.d−1 was 7.67*10−3 l.hr−1.m−1, whilst for Ed = 0.31 mm.d−1q = 14.5*10−3 l.hr−1.m−1, and for Ed = 0.36 mm.d−1q = 20.8*10−3 l.hr−1.m−1. The imposed negative pressure causes an exponential increase in moistube discharge, thus disproving the null hypothesis. The higher the evaporative demand the higher the discharge. This phenomenon allows moistube irrigation to be used for deficit irrigation purposes and allows irrigators to capitalize on realistic soil matric potential irrigation scheduling approach.

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