scholarly journals Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody Associated Transverse Myelitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 123-126
Author(s):  
Iveta Chroustová ◽  
Miroslav Mareš ◽  
Leoš Ungermann ◽  
Edvard Ehler
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Transverse Myelitis ◽  
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Inflammatory Lesions ◽  
Important Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Central Myelin

Antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein cause inflammatory lesions of central myelin – in optic nerves, of the brainstem, and spinal cord. There are characteristic changes of CNS white matter, protein-cytological association in cerebrospinal fluid, MOG IgG antibodies, a very important differential diagnosis and a relatively mild course.

Correlation of MRI with the Neuropathologic Changes in Two Cats with Bromethalin Intoxication

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc Kent ◽  
Eric N. Glass ◽  
Lindsay Boozer ◽  
Rachel B. Song ◽  
Elyshia J. Hankin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Cervical Spinal Cord ◽  
Spongy Degeneration ◽  
Intramyelinic Edema ◽  
Apparent Diffusion ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Uncoupling Of Oxidative Phosphorylation ◽  
T2 Hyperintensity

ABSTRACT Two cats were presented with multifocal neurological signs. One cat’s signs progressed over 2 wk; the other cat progressed over 5 days. Examinations were consistent with a process involving the prosencephalon, vestibular system, and general proprioceptive/upper motor neuron systems. MRI of the brain and cervical spinal cord reveal widespread T2 hyperintensity of the white matter. Affected areas included the cerebrum, cerebral peduncles, corticospinal tracts of the pons and medulla, and the cerebellum. T2 hyperintensity was present in all funiculi of the spinal cord. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were consistent with cytotoxic or intramyelinic edema. Differential diagnosis included toxic or metabolic/degenerative leukoencephalopathies. Necropsies revealed widespread spongy degeneration of the central nervous system white matter. Toxicologic assays of liver specimens revealed desmethylbromethalin, a metabolite of bromethalin. Bromethalin is a rodenticide that causes uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation. Antemortem diagnosis is challenging. DWI and ADC maps were instrumental in narrowing the differential diagnosis and raised the index of suspicion for bromethalin. Bromethalin intoxication should be considered in all animals with a progressive course of multifocal neurologic deficits. MRI, specifically, DWI and ADC maps, may serve as a biomarker of cytotoxic or intramyelinic edema associated with spongiform leukoencephalomyelopathy.

An autopsied case of neuromyelitis optica with a large cavitary cerebral lesion

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 735-738 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Nakamura ◽  
M Endo ◽  
K Murakami ◽  
H Konno ◽  
K Fujihara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Neuromyelitis Optica ◽  
White Matter Lesion ◽  
Transverse Myelitis ◽  
Cerebral Lesion ◽  
Tissue Destruction ◽  
Consciousness Disturbance ◽  
Frontal White Matter ◽  
Inflammatory Changes

We report a case of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) with a large cerebral lesion. The patient had an episode of fever and consciousness disturbance with a tumefactive frontal white matter lesion at age 43, and then repeated bilateral optic neuritis and transverse myelitis until she died at age 63. Histopathological examinations revealed that marked tissue destruction, cavities and inflammatory changes typical of NMO were seen in the cerebrum as well as the optic nerves and spinal cord. This is the first autopsied case of NMO with a tumefactive cerebral lesion that later became cavitary.

scholarly journals Extradural Synovial Cyst of the Cervical Spine in a Saint Bernard

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dênis Antonio Ferrarin ◽  
Dakir Nilton Polidoro Neto ◽  
Marcelo Luís Schwab ◽  
Angel Ripplinger ◽  
Mathias Reginatto Wrzesinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Synovial Cyst ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis ◽  
Cervical Neoplasm ◽  
Fluid Analysis ◽  
Dorsal Laminectomy ◽  
Synovial Cysts ◽  
Saint Bernard

Background: Extradural synovial cysts (ESC) originate from an extrusion of the synovium in unstable or degenerated joints. In the spine, this condition can cause neurological signs such as hyperesthesia, proprioceptive ataxia and paresis. Since extradural presentations of synovial cysts are unusual in dogs, the aim of this manuscript is to report a case of extradural synovial cyst of the cervical spine, as well as the clinical findings, diagnosis, surgical treatment and clinical evolution after therapy.Case: A 3-year-old spayed Saint Bernard weighing 60 kg was presented to a Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with a history of acute paraparesis that evolved to non-ambulatory tetraparesis five days after the appearance of the first clinical signs. Neurological examination revealed non-ambulatory tetraparesis, normal muscle tone and segmental spinal reflexes in the thoracic and pelvic limbs, as well as cervical pain associated with limited neck movement. According to the neurological examination, the likely lesion location was the C1-C5 spinal cord segment. The differential diagnosis list included intervertebral disc disease, caudal cervical spondylomyelopathy, neoplasm, infectious or noninfectious inflammatory disease, and cystic diseases. Complete blood (cell) count and serum biochemistry tests were within reference limits. The cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed 35 mg/dL of protein (< 30 mg/dL) and 27 cells (up to 5 cells/mm3) with a predominance of lymphocytes. In plain radiography, bone proliferations of the C4 (caudal) C5 (cranial) articular processes were observed and, in myelography, extradural spinal cord compression was evident between C4-C5 on the right side. The animal underwent dorsal laminectomy for spinal cord decompression. An extradural synovial cyst and proliferated articular processes were removed. At 1,281 days after surgery, the dog was clinically normal and presented no neurological deficits.Discussion: The etiology of synovial cysts has not been well established. However, it is believed that osteoarthritic degeneration associated with joint mobility could cause a rupture in the articular capsule, leading to a synovial membrane protrusion, which would fill with synovial fluid and compress spinal structures. ESC in the cervical region have been reported, often associated with cervical neoplasm. The case we report had no evidence of bone or intervertebral disc compression in myelographic and radiographic exams, abnormalities that would appear in cervical neoplasm. The patient underwent dorsal laminectomy to confirm the presumptive diagnosis and decompress the spine. In the histopathological exam, the cystic material consisted of connective fibrous tissue with a synovial cell lining layer, compatible with synovial cysts. The fluid drained during surgery was also analyzed, showing similarities to synovial fluid drained from other conventional joints. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed mononuclear pleocytosis, a common finding in ESC. The ESC should be included in the differential diagnosis of dogs with cervical myelopathy, especially in young animals and large breeds. A myelographic exam is an important but not definitive auxiliary tool for diagnosis and the therapeutic plan. Dorsal laminectomy is an effective technique for treating ESC.

Infection-Related Myelopathies

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ann Yeh ◽  
Carmen Yea ◽  
Ari Bitnun
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Online Publication ◽  
Clinical Presentation ◽  
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein ◽  
Annual Review ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Pathogen Invasion ◽  
Acute Flaccid Myelitis

Recent years have seen growing attention to inflammatory and infectious disorders of the spinal cord, not only due to the discovery of autoantibody-mediated disorders of the spinal cord [e.g., aquaporin-4 immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein IgG antibodies], but also due to the emergence of clusters of infection-related myelopathy, now known as acute flaccid myelitis. We review the spectrum of infection-related myelopathies and outline a nosological classification system based on association with infection. We describe the epidemiology and definitions of myelopathies, with a discussion of clinical presentation and neuroimaging features, and then turn to specific discussion of myelopathies due to direct pathogen invasion and those considered to be post- or parainfectious. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pathology: Mechanisms of Disease, Volume 17 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Clinic and CNS pathology of natural Visna cases

2007 ◽  
Vol 35 (03) ◽  
pp. 219-224
Author(s):  
P. Henze ◽  
P. Wohlsein ◽  
M. Ganter
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Mononuclear Cells ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Lymphocytic Infiltration ◽  
Serological Screening ◽  
Laboratory Findings ◽  
Cytologic Examination ◽  
Important Differential Diagnosis

Summary Objective: This study summarizes the clinical, serological, pathomorphological and laboratory findings in 19 sheep with spontaneous Visna in Germany. The cases occurred over a period of 13 years in 13 flocks. In all affected sheep cytologic examination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was performed. In addition in six flocks from which 12 of the Visna cases came the whole flock was tested for Maedi/Visna virus (MVV) antibodies. Material and methods: The diagnosis of spontaneous Visna with typical clinical signs was proven by serological and histopathological investigations. Serological screening for MVV antibodies was performed with the agargel-immuno- precipitation-test (AGIDT). Additionally, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained by lumbosacral puncture and examined cytologically. Results: Nine of the 19 cases were Texels and six East Frisian Milk sheep. Six out of nine Texels came from the same flock with a MVV-antibody intra-flock prevalence of 0.94. The mean age of the sheep was 3.9 ± 2.3 years (0.5–10 years). Time between onset of clinical symptoms until euthanasia due to recumbency was 35 ± 23 days (6–102 days). In most cases clinical signs started with ataxia, staggering and circling, followed by increasing paresis of the hind legs. In the late stages of the disease 14 sheep suffered from tetraparesis. Trembling of lips or eye lids, blindness and scratching were rare signs. In all cases pleocytosis (11–876 M/l, mean = 167 M/l) with mononuclear cells, predominantly macrophages, was found. This finding provides an additional diagnostic aid to support the clinical differentiation from other infectious diseases with neurological manifestation in sheep. Histopathology of the CNS revealed in most cases a severe leukoencephalitis and demyelinisation with perivascular lymphocytic infiltration. Conclusion and clinical relevance: Visna is an important differential diagnosis in CNS disorders of sheep. It also occurs in animals younger than one year. Visna occurs especially in highly infected flocks of susceptible sheep breeds. CSF cytology can help to differentiate Visna from other CNS diseases. Clinically, Visna may be an important differential diagnosis to Scrapie.

scholarly journals Toxocariasis Presenting as Encephalomyelitis

2011 ◽  
Vol 2011 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory Helsen ◽  
Stefaan J. Vandecasteele ◽  
Ludo J. Vanopdenbosch
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Thoracic Spinal Cord ◽  
Inflammatory Lesions ◽  
Neurological Syndrome ◽  
Thoracic Spinal

We describe a farmer who presented with a clinical picture of a transverse thoracic myelitis. MRI showed inflammatory lesions in brain and thoracic spinal cord. Toxocariasis was suspected because of eosinophilia in blood and cerebrospinal fluid, and this diagnosis was confirmed immunologically. He was successfully treated with antihelminthics in combination with corticosteroids. Neurotoxocariasis is rare and diagnosis can be difficult because of the different and atypical clinical manifestations. It should be considered in every case of central neurological syndrome associated with eosinophilia.

scholarly journals 3-Tesla Study of the Spinal Cord White Matter

2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 85-93
Author(s):  
L. Albini Riccioli ◽  
A.F. Marliani ◽  
M. Leonardi
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
White Matter ◽  
High Field ◽  
Transverse Myelitis ◽  
Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Inhomogeneous Magnetic Field ◽  
Demyelinating Diseases ◽  
High Field Strength ◽  
Anatomical Area ◽  
3T Mr

Spinal cord as soon as brain, can be affected by dysmyelinating and demyelinating diseases, as Multiple Sclerosis (MS), Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis (ADEM), Neuromyelis Optica (NMO) and Transverse Myelitis. Investigation of the spinal cord with a high field strength MR system is hampered by the inhomogeneous magnetic field, physiological movements and the small size of the anatomical area. We describe normal and pathological neuroradiological findings in spinal cord white matter and the parameters of optimized sequences for use with the 3T MR systems.

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